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New development pitched in East St
PHOTO BY DAN FALLOON
Fahr Group vice president of operations Johnathan Fahr is shown by a virtual tour of his company's proposed East St. Paul development.
Plans call for approximately 600 homes and another 150 units in multi family housing to be built, while a village centre with services like restaurants, boutique shops, medical services, a farmers market, and condominium and assisted living facilities is planned for the east end of the development.
The village centre, which Fahr Group vice president of operations Johnathan Fahr said is designed to recreate classic European town centres, is slotted at the east end of the development along Raleigh Street.
Fahr said plans have been in the works for over six years, and he said now is the right time to proceed.
"East St. Paul has got a demand for multi family and small scale commercial development," Fahr said. "That why we bringing it forward now."
Fahr envisions the development will be a sustainable one, with active transportation paths running from the village centre to Manlius Street, to the north end of the property, while the southern part of the path will link to a roadway. As well, the proposal hopes to extend active transportation paths along Birds Hill Road to the recreational lands just south of Garven Road.
The plan also notes Raleigh Street is proposed van cleef necklace fake as a collector/arterial parkway.
Joyce Petryk, who lives near the proposed village centre, said the plans proposed changed from those she saw presented to East St. Paul council last year.
"I thought it was going to be residential right to Raleigh," she said. "We back onto it, so it interesting to see that there going to be the commercial. Is it going to affect the value of my property?"
Van Whitehead, a resident of Silver Fox Estates, said he likes the idea of the development, but is concerned about lot sizes. He pointed to the development of Headmaster Row in North Kildonan as a look to avoid.
"All you see is a garage and a driveway," Whitehead said of the development. "East St. Paul is not Winnipeg, and it has a unique copy van cleef clover necklace character. It shouldn end up resembling Transcona.
"(I like to see) attention paid to streetscaping, fake necklace van cleef arpels walking trails, and, ideally, a larger lot size."
Allan Akins, who lives east of town, said he consider moving into one of the condominium units when he looking to downsize.
"It looks pretty good. I like the walking trails," Akins said. "It got a lot of the amenities that we looking for. How long it going to take is probably the biggest question."
PHOTO BY DAN FALLOON
Fahr Group vice president of operations Johnathan Fahr is shown by a virtual tour of his company's proposed East St. Paul development.
Plans call for approximately 600 homes and another 150 units in multi family housing to be built, while a village centre with services like restaurants, boutique shops, medical services, a farmers market, and condominium and assisted living facilities is planned for the east end of the development.
The village centre, which Fahr Group vice president of operations Johnathan Fahr said is designed to recreate classic European town centres, is slotted at the east end of the development along Raleigh Street.
Fahr said plans have been in the works for over six years, and he said now is the right time to proceed.
"East St. Paul has got a demand for multi family and small scale commercial development," Fahr said. "That why we bringing it forward now."
Fahr envisions the development will be a sustainable one, with active transportation paths running from the village centre to Manlius Street, to the north end of the property, while the southern part of the path will link to a roadway. As well, the proposal hopes to extend active transportation paths along Birds Hill Road to the recreational lands just south of Garven Road.
The plan also notes Raleigh Street is proposed van cleef necklace fake as a collector/arterial parkway.
Joyce Petryk, who lives near the proposed village centre, said the plans proposed changed from those she saw presented to East St. Paul council last year.
"I thought it was going to be residential right to Raleigh," she said. "We back onto it, so it interesting to see that there going to be the commercial. Is it going to affect the value of my property?"
Van Whitehead, a resident of Silver Fox Estates, said he likes the idea of the development, but is concerned about lot sizes. He pointed to the development of Headmaster Row in North Kildonan as a look to avoid.
"All you see is a garage and a driveway," Whitehead said of the development. "East St. Paul is not Winnipeg, and it has a unique copy van cleef clover necklace character. It shouldn end up resembling Transcona.
"(I like to see) attention paid to streetscaping, fake necklace van cleef arpels walking trails, and, ideally, a larger lot size."
Allan Akins, who lives east of town, said he consider moving into one of the condominium units when he looking to downsize.
"It looks pretty good. I like the walking trails," Akins said. "It got a lot of the amenities that we looking for. How long it going to take is probably the biggest question."
Mini Motorhome Class B RV
How knock off alhambra earrings many people know the difference between a Conversion Van, Camper Van, or Mini Motorhome? Knowing the differences can help an individual make Good Purchase Decisions. The right Van can be your daily transportation or RV. The differences become important for simple reasons like:How much will it cost me to insure my vehicle?
How do I determine a fair Blue Book price to buy or sell?
Keep in mind there is room to stretch from one class of vehicle to another; and there is no defacto industry definition; just guidelines. Youll even find ordinary Conversion Vans in the mix.
Cargo Van A Cargo van is a vehicle provided direct from the Manufacture with no rear seats, carpeting, or windows. These vans can be Up fitted or Converted to meet the needs of a variety of purposes.
Camper Van This is the simple conversion of a stock cargo van to add features helpful fake van cleef diamond earrings for camping. So a Camper Van is any van that has been converted for the purpose of camping simple enough! Yes and No. There alhambra earrings replica is no such thing as a commercial "Camper Van" unless you get outside of the USA where the nomenclature changes. Camper Vans are typically Homemade modifications. A Class B Motorhome can be Called a Camper Van if you please, but you can not call a Camper Van a Class B Motorhome unless it has some very specific features! (See next)
Class B Motorhome (Class B RV) Any full fledged Motorhome built on a Cargo Van Chassis by a licensed up fitter. The van may have the top removed or the sides widened, but it is still essentially a van in size and shape. Additionally in order to qualify as a Class B Motorhome the van must have built in sleeping, eating, and bathroom facilities (Including properly mounting fresh and grey water holding tanks). If the frame of the van has been cut down clear to the floor level (they come direct from Ford, Chevy, and Dodge this way just a frame and a cab) and built up completely from the floor it's a Class "C" not a Class "B".
Conversion Van (aka Luxury Van, Custom Van) Any van that has been customized for comfort can be considered a conversion van. These are really luxury vehicles used to transport 6 10 people in comfort. Conversion vans can have some of the features of a "Camper Van" or even a "Class B Motorhome", but are typically more upscale and designed for daytime use and luxury transportation. These vans may have a raised roof, fancy paintjob, Custom Wheels, Leather Seats, 4 Captains chairs, dual stereo, TV/VCR Combos etc.
Mini C's B+'s These are really Class "C" Motorhomes masquerading as Class B Motorhomes. They feature sleek aerodynamic body styles often made of a single fiberglass shell. The Chinook line of Motorhomes by TrailWagons, Inc. is probably the best example. These are also sometimes referred to as B+ Vans. They are in fact built from the same chassis as a Class C, but are made more to look like a Call B. Confusing? Ultimately it doesn't matter, as long as you find what you want.
So there you have it! The Van is an incredibly versatile mode of transportation that can be converted to suit the needs of a variety of individuals and purposes. Vans offer large storage capacity for hauling cargo to completely self contained luxury travel. So dont just rush out and get a giant RV until you have considered a Conversion Van or Class B RV.
How knock off alhambra earrings many people know the difference between a Conversion Van, Camper Van, or Mini Motorhome? Knowing the differences can help an individual make Good Purchase Decisions. The right Van can be your daily transportation or RV. The differences become important for simple reasons like:How much will it cost me to insure my vehicle?
How do I determine a fair Blue Book price to buy or sell?
Keep in mind there is room to stretch from one class of vehicle to another; and there is no defacto industry definition; just guidelines. Youll even find ordinary Conversion Vans in the mix.
Cargo Van A Cargo van is a vehicle provided direct from the Manufacture with no rear seats, carpeting, or windows. These vans can be Up fitted or Converted to meet the needs of a variety of purposes.
Camper Van This is the simple conversion of a stock cargo van to add features helpful fake van cleef diamond earrings for camping. So a Camper Van is any van that has been converted for the purpose of camping simple enough! Yes and No. There alhambra earrings replica is no such thing as a commercial "Camper Van" unless you get outside of the USA where the nomenclature changes. Camper Vans are typically Homemade modifications. A Class B Motorhome can be Called a Camper Van if you please, but you can not call a Camper Van a Class B Motorhome unless it has some very specific features! (See next)
Class B Motorhome (Class B RV) Any full fledged Motorhome built on a Cargo Van Chassis by a licensed up fitter. The van may have the top removed or the sides widened, but it is still essentially a van in size and shape. Additionally in order to qualify as a Class B Motorhome the van must have built in sleeping, eating, and bathroom facilities (Including properly mounting fresh and grey water holding tanks). If the frame of the van has been cut down clear to the floor level (they come direct from Ford, Chevy, and Dodge this way just a frame and a cab) and built up completely from the floor it's a Class "C" not a Class "B".
Conversion Van (aka Luxury Van, Custom Van) Any van that has been customized for comfort can be considered a conversion van. These are really luxury vehicles used to transport 6 10 people in comfort. Conversion vans can have some of the features of a "Camper Van" or even a "Class B Motorhome", but are typically more upscale and designed for daytime use and luxury transportation. These vans may have a raised roof, fancy paintjob, Custom Wheels, Leather Seats, 4 Captains chairs, dual stereo, TV/VCR Combos etc.
Mini C's B+'s These are really Class "C" Motorhomes masquerading as Class B Motorhomes. They feature sleek aerodynamic body styles often made of a single fiberglass shell. The Chinook line of Motorhomes by TrailWagons, Inc. is probably the best example. These are also sometimes referred to as B+ Vans. They are in fact built from the same chassis as a Class C, but are made more to look like a Call B. Confusing? Ultimately it doesn't matter, as long as you find what you want.
So there you have it! The Van is an incredibly versatile mode of transportation that can be converted to suit the needs of a variety of individuals and purposes. Vans offer large storage capacity for hauling cargo to completely self contained luxury travel. So dont just rush out and get a giant RV until you have considered a Conversion Van or Class B RV.
Negotiators talking through ventilation pipe to US captor in bunker
MIDLAND CITY, Ala. Speaking into a 4 inch wide ventilation pipe, hostage negotiators tried Thursday to talk a man into releasing a kindergartener and ending a standoff in an underground bunker that stretched into its third day.
The man identified by multiple neighbours and witnesses as 65 year old retired truck driver Jimmy Lee Dykes was accused of pulling the boy from a school bus on Tuesday and killing the driver.
James Arrington, police chief of the neighbouring town of Pinckard, said the shelter was about 4 feet underground, with about 6 by 8 feet of floor space and a PVC pipe that negotiators were speaking through.
There were signs that the standoff could continue for some time: A state legislator said the shelter has electricity, food and TV. The police chief said the captor has been sleeping and told negotiators that he has spent long periods in the shelter before. "It's pretty small, but he's been known to stay in there eight days."
Midland City Mayor Virgil Skipper said he has been briefed by law enforcement and visited with the boy's parents.
"He's crying for his parents," he said. "They are praying and asking all of us to fake van cleef and arpels earrings pray with them."
Republican Rep. Steve Clouse, who represents the Midland City area, said he visited the boy's mother Thursday and that she is "hanging on by a thread."
"Everybody is praying with her for the boy," he said.
Clouse said the mother told him that the boy has Asperger's syndrome, an autism like disorder, as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Police have been delivering medication to him through the pipe, he said.
The normally quiet red clay road leading to the bunker was teeming Thursday with more than a dozen police cars and trucks, a fire truck, a helicopter, officers from multiple agencies, news media and at least one ambulance near Midland City, population 2,300.
As night fell and temperatures dipped into the low 40s, police and other emergency workers wore heavy coats outside a small church being used as a command post. Neighbors said Dykes had a small heater in the bunker.
Overhead, a small aircraft with blinking lights flew wide circles high above the man's property. An ambulance remained parked on the side of the dirt road.
"The three past days have not been easy on anybody," Sheriff Wally Olson said at a news briefing late Thursday.
"There's no reason to believe the child has been harmed," he said.
Dykes was known around the neighbourhood as a menacing figure who neighbours said once beat a dog to death with a lead pipe, threatened to shoot children for setting foot on his property and patrolled his yard at night with a flashlight and a firearm.
The chief confirmed that Dykes held anti government views, as described by multiple neighbours: "He's against the government starting with Obama on down."
"He doesn't like law enforcement or the government telling him what to do," he said. When the driver tried to block his way, the gunman shot him several times and took a 5 year old boy off the bus.
The bus driver, Charles Albert Poland Jr., 66, was hailed by locals as a hero who gave his life to protect the 21 students aboard the bus.
No motive has been discussed by investigators, but the police chief said the FBI had evidence suggesting it could be considered a hate crime. The mayor said he hasn't seen anything tying together Dykes' anti government views and the allegations against him.
Dykes had been scheduled to appear in court Wednesday to answer charges he shot at his neighbours in a dispute last month over a speed bump. Neighbor Claudia Davis said he yelled and fired shots at her, her son and her baby grandson over damage Dykes claimed their pickup truck did to a makeshift speed bump in the dirt road. No one was hurt.
The son, James Davis Jr., believes Tuesday's shooting was connected knock off alhambra earrings to the court date. "I believe he thought I was going to be in court and he was going to get more charges than the menacing, which he deserved, and he had a bunch of stuff to hide and that's why he did it."
Neighbours described a number of other run ins with Dykes in the time since he moved to this small town near the Georgia and Florida borders, in a region known for peanut farming.
A neighbour directly across the street, Brock Parrish, said Dykes usually wore overalls and glasses and his posture was hunched over. He said Dykes usually drove a run down "creeper" van with some of the windows covered in aluminum foil.
Parrish saw him often digging in his yard, as if he was preparing a spot to lay down a driveway or a building foundation. He lived in a small camping trailer on the site. He patrolled his lawn at night, walking from corner to corner with a flashlight and an assault rifle.
Mike and Patricia Smith, who also live across the street from Dykes and whose two children were on the bus, said their youngsters had a run in with him about 10 months ago.
"My bulldogs got loose and went over there," Patricia Smith said. "The children went to get them. He threatened to shoot them if they came back."
Another neighbour, Ronda Wilbur, said Dykes beat her 120 pound (55 kilogram) dog with a lead pipe for coming onto his side of the dirt road. The dog died imitation van cleef & arpels earrings a week later.
MIDLAND CITY, Ala. Speaking into a 4 inch wide ventilation pipe, hostage negotiators tried Thursday to talk a man into releasing a kindergartener and ending a standoff in an underground bunker that stretched into its third day.
The man identified by multiple neighbours and witnesses as 65 year old retired truck driver Jimmy Lee Dykes was accused of pulling the boy from a school bus on Tuesday and killing the driver.
James Arrington, police chief of the neighbouring town of Pinckard, said the shelter was about 4 feet underground, with about 6 by 8 feet of floor space and a PVC pipe that negotiators were speaking through.
There were signs that the standoff could continue for some time: A state legislator said the shelter has electricity, food and TV. The police chief said the captor has been sleeping and told negotiators that he has spent long periods in the shelter before. "It's pretty small, but he's been known to stay in there eight days."
Midland City Mayor Virgil Skipper said he has been briefed by law enforcement and visited with the boy's parents.
"He's crying for his parents," he said. "They are praying and asking all of us to fake van cleef and arpels earrings pray with them."
Republican Rep. Steve Clouse, who represents the Midland City area, said he visited the boy's mother Thursday and that she is "hanging on by a thread."
"Everybody is praying with her for the boy," he said.
Clouse said the mother told him that the boy has Asperger's syndrome, an autism like disorder, as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Police have been delivering medication to him through the pipe, he said.
The normally quiet red clay road leading to the bunker was teeming Thursday with more than a dozen police cars and trucks, a fire truck, a helicopter, officers from multiple agencies, news media and at least one ambulance near Midland City, population 2,300.
As night fell and temperatures dipped into the low 40s, police and other emergency workers wore heavy coats outside a small church being used as a command post. Neighbors said Dykes had a small heater in the bunker.
Overhead, a small aircraft with blinking lights flew wide circles high above the man's property. An ambulance remained parked on the side of the dirt road.
"The three past days have not been easy on anybody," Sheriff Wally Olson said at a news briefing late Thursday.
"There's no reason to believe the child has been harmed," he said.
Dykes was known around the neighbourhood as a menacing figure who neighbours said once beat a dog to death with a lead pipe, threatened to shoot children for setting foot on his property and patrolled his yard at night with a flashlight and a firearm.
The chief confirmed that Dykes held anti government views, as described by multiple neighbours: "He's against the government starting with Obama on down."
"He doesn't like law enforcement or the government telling him what to do," he said. When the driver tried to block his way, the gunman shot him several times and took a 5 year old boy off the bus.
The bus driver, Charles Albert Poland Jr., 66, was hailed by locals as a hero who gave his life to protect the 21 students aboard the bus.
No motive has been discussed by investigators, but the police chief said the FBI had evidence suggesting it could be considered a hate crime. The mayor said he hasn't seen anything tying together Dykes' anti government views and the allegations against him.
Dykes had been scheduled to appear in court Wednesday to answer charges he shot at his neighbours in a dispute last month over a speed bump. Neighbor Claudia Davis said he yelled and fired shots at her, her son and her baby grandson over damage Dykes claimed their pickup truck did to a makeshift speed bump in the dirt road. No one was hurt.
The son, James Davis Jr., believes Tuesday's shooting was connected knock off alhambra earrings to the court date. "I believe he thought I was going to be in court and he was going to get more charges than the menacing, which he deserved, and he had a bunch of stuff to hide and that's why he did it."
Neighbours described a number of other run ins with Dykes in the time since he moved to this small town near the Georgia and Florida borders, in a region known for peanut farming.
A neighbour directly across the street, Brock Parrish, said Dykes usually wore overalls and glasses and his posture was hunched over. He said Dykes usually drove a run down "creeper" van with some of the windows covered in aluminum foil.
Parrish saw him often digging in his yard, as if he was preparing a spot to lay down a driveway or a building foundation. He lived in a small camping trailer on the site. He patrolled his lawn at night, walking from corner to corner with a flashlight and an assault rifle.
Mike and Patricia Smith, who also live across the street from Dykes and whose two children were on the bus, said their youngsters had a run in with him about 10 months ago.
"My bulldogs got loose and went over there," Patricia Smith said. "The children went to get them. He threatened to shoot them if they came back."
Another neighbour, Ronda Wilbur, said Dykes beat her 120 pound (55 kilogram) dog with a lead pipe for coming onto his side of the dirt road. The dog died imitation van cleef & arpels earrings a week later.
more Like Fifty Shades Of Ridiculous
With all the hype that has been surrounding this book, I felt sure it had to be a great read. I asked my friends whether I was "missing out" on something by not reading it. The answer was mostly an empathic yes, from those now acquainted with Mr Christian Grey! So, I decided to take the plungeno pun intended!
I started reading and I was shockedshocked by the complete lack of literary skills! The writing is at best, questionableatrocious and contrived at worst! It is reminiscent of something my Granny could have writtenwith euphemisms such as, "he touched my sex", "something was happening down there." What's wrong with just saying plain old vagina? The only saving grace is that she didn't start calling it a hoo hoo, flower, nin, mini, ladygarden, Va JJ, coochie, or some other ridiculous analogy!
Ana, who is clearly "a total babe," according to her friend Kate. From virgin "never been touched" to submissive, S porn star queen, sex slave in a matter of a few weeksReally? How on earth did this happen? Particularly when poor, poor Ana blushes at EVERYTHING!He looks at me I blush, he says my name I blush, I think a thought I blush, he buys me a tea I blush, he runs his hand through his hair I blush, I look at him I blush, bleeeeuurrgghh!
I'm actually surprised her head didn't explode, or that she didn't at least have a stroke, when they had sex! Hasn't she heard of corrective makeup? Even if she is the absolute naive, clumsy mouse that she pretends to be, she's supposed to have friends! The van cleef gold necklace replica world wise Kate "she's so beautiful" Kavanagh for one! Who I'm beginning to think is a total bitch for letting Ana walk around with a face that's, quite clearly, as red as a baboon's bum!
Furthermore, Ana seems to have the dexterity of a brick! Unable to perform simple tasks such as tying up her hair. She constantly had an "escaping tendril of hair"Seriously, if that thing had escaped once more, I was pleading with Grey to shave her head!!
Now, step forward Mr Grey, total Nutjob! I'm somewhat bemused as copy van cleef arpels necklace to the ridiculous fascination with this Mr Christian Grey. He is seemingly portrayed, on the surface, as an absolutely beautiful, charming, charismatic Adonis who is far too beautiful for Ana. Let's face it, he's an over privileged, arrogant, egotistical, misogynistic, control freak billionaire, with sadistic tendencies where he likes to hit and hurt women, and he has a purpose built Domination S sex "playroom" in his house
Now, we all know he's replica van cleef and arpel necklace got some dark secret and is damagedConsidering he was the son of some crackhead whore, was adopted, and then seduced at the age of 15 by one of his mother's friends and introduced to the world of Domination, S wouldn't be!
I'm also not entirely sure that Mr Grey isn't from another planet, as allegedly he has a very long index finger, which is mentioned one or fifty times (placing said "tendril" back behind Ana's ear)I can't help but now imagine, that his hand is on a par with that of the hand of ET!
Will I be reading Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed not likely! I am, however, off to write Fifty Shades of Normal.
With all the hype that has been surrounding this book, I felt sure it had to be a great read. I asked my friends whether I was "missing out" on something by not reading it. The answer was mostly an empathic yes, from those now acquainted with Mr Christian Grey! So, I decided to take the plungeno pun intended!
I started reading and I was shockedshocked by the complete lack of literary skills! The writing is at best, questionableatrocious and contrived at worst! It is reminiscent of something my Granny could have writtenwith euphemisms such as, "he touched my sex", "something was happening down there." What's wrong with just saying plain old vagina? The only saving grace is that she didn't start calling it a hoo hoo, flower, nin, mini, ladygarden, Va JJ, coochie, or some other ridiculous analogy!
Ana, who is clearly "a total babe," according to her friend Kate. From virgin "never been touched" to submissive, S porn star queen, sex slave in a matter of a few weeksReally? How on earth did this happen? Particularly when poor, poor Ana blushes at EVERYTHING!He looks at me I blush, he says my name I blush, I think a thought I blush, he buys me a tea I blush, he runs his hand through his hair I blush, I look at him I blush, bleeeeuurrgghh!
I'm actually surprised her head didn't explode, or that she didn't at least have a stroke, when they had sex! Hasn't she heard of corrective makeup? Even if she is the absolute naive, clumsy mouse that she pretends to be, she's supposed to have friends! The van cleef gold necklace replica world wise Kate "she's so beautiful" Kavanagh for one! Who I'm beginning to think is a total bitch for letting Ana walk around with a face that's, quite clearly, as red as a baboon's bum!
Furthermore, Ana seems to have the dexterity of a brick! Unable to perform simple tasks such as tying up her hair. She constantly had an "escaping tendril of hair"Seriously, if that thing had escaped once more, I was pleading with Grey to shave her head!!
Now, step forward Mr Grey, total Nutjob! I'm somewhat bemused as copy van cleef arpels necklace to the ridiculous fascination with this Mr Christian Grey. He is seemingly portrayed, on the surface, as an absolutely beautiful, charming, charismatic Adonis who is far too beautiful for Ana. Let's face it, he's an over privileged, arrogant, egotistical, misogynistic, control freak billionaire, with sadistic tendencies where he likes to hit and hurt women, and he has a purpose built Domination S sex "playroom" in his house
Now, we all know he's replica van cleef and arpel necklace got some dark secret and is damagedConsidering he was the son of some crackhead whore, was adopted, and then seduced at the age of 15 by one of his mother's friends and introduced to the world of Domination, S wouldn't be!
I'm also not entirely sure that Mr Grey isn't from another planet, as allegedly he has a very long index finger, which is mentioned one or fifty times (placing said "tendril" back behind Ana's ear)I can't help but now imagine, that his hand is on a par with that of the hand of ET!
Will I be reading Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed not likely! I am, however, off to write Fifty Shades of Normal.
Montana lawmakers allow roadkill salvage
HELENA, Montana The Montana Senate on Thursday passed a bill that would allow residents to harvest for food big game animals like deer, elk and moose killed by vehicles.
The Senate voted 28 21 to pass the roadkill salvage bill. It has previously cleared the House, and now goes to Governor Steve Bullock, a Democrat, who has not yet indicated whether he will sign it.
Under the measure, law enforcement officers would issue permits for the salvage of deer, elk, moose and antelope struck by vehicles in the state. Currently, road kill is either destroyed or left to rot.
seems like a waste, said van cleef arpels necklace copy Representative Bill Lavin, the Republican sponsor of the bill, who is also a Montana Highway Patrolman. bill . would allow me to legally call the food bank or allow somebody else who requests it to take it and use it, he said.
Under the legislation, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks would be responsible for regulating the salvage permitting process.
Lavin had also originally included the likes of fur bearing animals and game birds in the draft bill, but removed them amid concerns that it might encourage poaching because of the value of some of their parts. of the bill raised concerns over food safety should Montana residents be allowed to feed on animals pulled dead off the state highways.
highway patrolmen copy van cleef and arpels necklace and law enforcement experts in meat replica van cleef and arpels earrings inspection? Asked Democratic Senator Kendall Van Dyk. have not seen anything in the bill . that indicates to me that the safety parameters are in place to let me know beyond a shadow of a doubt that this is a safe food source for those in need, or anyone else for that matter. Dyk said the Montana Food Bank Network sent him a letter opposing the bill and clarifying the network cannot accept roadkill.
HELENA, Montana The Montana Senate on Thursday passed a bill that would allow residents to harvest for food big game animals like deer, elk and moose killed by vehicles.
The Senate voted 28 21 to pass the roadkill salvage bill. It has previously cleared the House, and now goes to Governor Steve Bullock, a Democrat, who has not yet indicated whether he will sign it.
Under the measure, law enforcement officers would issue permits for the salvage of deer, elk, moose and antelope struck by vehicles in the state. Currently, road kill is either destroyed or left to rot.
seems like a waste, said van cleef arpels necklace copy Representative Bill Lavin, the Republican sponsor of the bill, who is also a Montana Highway Patrolman. bill . would allow me to legally call the food bank or allow somebody else who requests it to take it and use it, he said.
Under the legislation, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks would be responsible for regulating the salvage permitting process.
Lavin had also originally included the likes of fur bearing animals and game birds in the draft bill, but removed them amid concerns that it might encourage poaching because of the value of some of their parts. of the bill raised concerns over food safety should Montana residents be allowed to feed on animals pulled dead off the state highways.
highway patrolmen copy van cleef and arpels necklace and law enforcement experts in meat replica van cleef and arpels earrings inspection? Asked Democratic Senator Kendall Van Dyk. have not seen anything in the bill . that indicates to me that the safety parameters are in place to let me know beyond a shadow of a doubt that this is a safe food source for those in need, or anyone else for that matter. Dyk said the Montana Food Bank Network sent him a letter opposing the bill and clarifying the network cannot accept roadkill.
Metro Transit offers Family Passes for van cleef and arpels bracelet replica Twins games
Metro Transit is offering discounted rides on buses and trains to fans heading to Twins games at Target Field this season.
It's new Twins imitation van cleef earrings Family Pass will allow two adults and up to three children ages 6 to 17 or seniors 65 and older to ride round trip to the stadium in Minneapolis for $8.50 on weekdays and $7 on weekends. Passes can be used on buses and the Metro Blue and Green light rail lines.
Passes also can be used on the Metro Red Line, which runs along Cedar Avenue from the Dakota County suburbs to the Mall of America. From there, fans can ride the Blue Line to Target Field.
Passes can be purchased in advance at the Metro Transit website or on train station platforms on game day. Passes purchased at vending machines are good until midnight on the day of purchase.
Metro Transit also has family passes available for Northstar riders, although they cost a bit more. Prices range from $11 to $20 depending on which station fans board. Northstar trains will operate for all Twins home games in 2014.
The agency will continue operating its Twins Express Bus service from the County Road 73 Park and Ride Lot on I 394 in Minnetonka for all home games. Route 679 buses to Target Field will run every 15 minutes starting two hours before game time. Return trips will start two fake van cleef and arpels pendant hours after the game starts and operate until an hour after the final out.
Metro Transit is offering discounted rides on buses and trains to fans heading to Twins games at Target Field this season.
It's new Twins imitation van cleef earrings Family Pass will allow two adults and up to three children ages 6 to 17 or seniors 65 and older to ride round trip to the stadium in Minneapolis for $8.50 on weekdays and $7 on weekends. Passes can be used on buses and the Metro Blue and Green light rail lines.
Passes also can be used on the Metro Red Line, which runs along Cedar Avenue from the Dakota County suburbs to the Mall of America. From there, fans can ride the Blue Line to Target Field.
Passes can be purchased in advance at the Metro Transit website or on train station platforms on game day. Passes purchased at vending machines are good until midnight on the day of purchase.
Metro Transit also has family passes available for Northstar riders, although they cost a bit more. Prices range from $11 to $20 depending on which station fans board. Northstar trains will operate for all Twins home games in 2014.
The agency will continue operating its Twins Express Bus service from the County Road 73 Park and Ride Lot on I 394 in Minnetonka for all home games. Route 679 buses to Target Field will run every 15 minutes starting two hours before game time. Return trips will start two fake van cleef and arpels pendant hours after the game starts and operate until an hour after the final out.
Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth
AbstractObjective To assess the main risk factors associated with stillbirth in a multiethnic English maternity population.Results Multivariable analysis identified a significant risk of stillbirth for parity (para 0 and para 3), ethnicity (African, African Caribbean, Indian, and Pakistani), maternal obesity (body mass index 30), smoking, pre existing diabetes, and history of mental health problems, antepartum haemorrhage, and fetal growth restriction (birth weight below 10th customised birthweight centile). As potentially modifiable risk factors, maternal obesity, smoking in pregnancy, and fetal growth restriction together accounted for 56.1% of the stillbirths. Presence of fetal growth restriction constituted the highest risk, and this applied to pregnancies where mothers did not smoke (adjusted relative risk 7.8, 95% confidence interval 6.6 to 10.9), did smoke (5.7, 3.6 to 10.9), and were exposed to passive smoke only (10.0, 6.6 to 15.8). Fetal growth restriction also had the largest population attributable risk for stillbirth and was fivefold greater if it was not detected antenatally than when it was (32.0% v 6.2%). In total, 195 of the 389 stillbirths in this cohort had fetal growth restriction, but in 160 (82%) it had not been detected antenatally. Antenatal recognition of fetal growth restriction resulted in delivery 10 days earlier than when it was not detected: median 270 (interquartile range 261 279) days v 280 (interquartile range 273 287) days. Stillbirth rates in the United Kingdom are among the highest in high income countries2 and have shown little improvement since the early 1990s.3Despite free availability of postmortem investigations in the English National Health Service as many as 50 70% of stillbirths have until recently been categorised as unclassified or unexplained4 and are, by implication, often considered unavoidable.5 Further investigation found that many stillborn fetuses had failed to reach their growth potential,6 7 8 and inclusion of fetal growth restriction as a category in stillbirth classifications resulted in imitation van cleef gold necklace a substantial drop to around 15% in the proportion of cases considered unexplained.8 9 This encouraged a renewed focus on understanding the underlying, mostly placental disease related, causes of fetal growth restriction. Recent reports of laboratory investigations10 and postmortem studies11 have confirmed the large contribution of placental failure in the cause of stillbirth.The clinical relevance of such findings van cleef alhambra necklace imitation is that although there are limited means by which to treat fetal growth restriction in utero, recognition that the fetus is at risk after appropriate maternal fetal investigations can lead to well timed delivery and improved perinatal outcome.12 13 However, there are currently no established and routinely used means to predict stillbirth, and risk factors known at the beginning of pregnancy are considered weak predictors of outcome.14We investigated the role of demographic, social, and medical risk factors that can be ascertained at the beginning of pregnancy together with those that become apparent as pregnancy progresses, and their respective contributions to the incidence of stillbirths in an NHS region in England with a multiethnic population.15 To focus on potentially avoidable factors we excluded congenital anomalies, as their contribution to stillbirth is contingent on incidence as well as cultural choices on antenatal screening, prenatal diagnosis, and decisions in response to positive results. We therefore explored the risk factors in pregnancies with normally formed singletons and estimated the respective contribution of these factors to the overall burden of stillbirth in our population.MethodsMaternity dataThe database was derived from the regional, NHSnet based perinatal episode electronic record (PEER) hosted and managed by the West Midlands Perinatal Institute.16 This electronic record was first implemented in April 2009 in the 19 maternity units in the West Midlands. For this study we used the data collected over a two year period, representing births between June 2009 and May 2011.The data originated from prospective records created in the standardised hand held maternity notes during pregnancy by the midwives and doctors.17 Trained data clerks in the respective hospitals transfer information from the notes on to the perinatal episode electronic record at the end of pregnancy. Quality was assured by central project staff through training workshops and regular on site data quality audits. The dataset contained 87 regionally agreed and defined data items,18 with information about maternal characteristics, including age, parity, ethnic origin, and maternal height and weight (expressed as body mass index); social factors, including employment status of the mother and her partner, consanguinity with the partner, and index of multiple deprivation; history of mental health problems, pre existing diabetes or hypertensive disease, or previous stillbirth; smoking status, alcohol consumption, non prescription drugs, folic acid intake, and time of first visit in pregnancy (the information for all these previous variables was usually recorded at the early pregnancy booking visit); complications in pregnancy, including gestational diabetes, antepartum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension, and pre eclampsia (defined as pregnancy induced hypertension with proteinuria); and fetal or neonatal characteristics, including sex, gestational age and weight at birth, and estimated weight during pregnancy. Gestational age was determined on the basis of routinely offered dating scans, which were carried out in the first or second trimester (The presence of intrauterine growth restriction was established on the basis of a birth weight below the 10th weight for gestational age centile, using the gestation related optimal weight standard (GROW),19 with coefficients derived from the West Midlands population. This method defines the fetal growth potential by excluding pathological factors such as smoking and diabetes, and individual adjustment or "customisation" for the baby's sex and the mother's height, weight, ethnic origin, and parity.20 21 A weight that is small for gestational age after such adjustment by growth potential has been shown to represent pathological smallness22 and is referred to as fetal growth restriction. We applied the 10th centile as the cut off, as it is in standard clinical use and has been validated through receiver operator curves as being close to optimal for predicting pathology by customised centiles.23The case notes were also examined for any recording of fetal growth problems. Fetal growth surveillance is usually done by a protocol of measuring fundal height at each antenatal visit in the third trimester, with referral for ultrasound assessment of estimated fetal weight when the serially plotted fundal height measurements do not follow the predicted curve. In pregnancies where assessment of fundal height is difficult (for example, maternal obesity) or where the risk of fetal growth restriction is considered increased (for example, due to obstetric history) serial estimated fetal weight measurements are done according to local protocols of varying scan frequency. Antenatal recognition of fetal growth restriction in pregnancies with birth weights below the 10th customised centile was defined as at least one antenatal entry with this diagnosis, usually based on one or more estimated fetal weights below the 10th customised centile, or an abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, or both. This assessment of the maternity record is part of routine ascertainment, as the proportion of pregnancies with antenatally detected fetal growth restriction is a regionally agreed key performance indicator.Linkage to mortality dataData on fetal, neonatal, and infant deaths and congenital anomalies were notified to the Perinatal Institute by a network of coordinators, and had a consistently high level of ascertainment. The information is held on secure NHS servers and is pseudonymised before any further analysis. Data linkage was established with the electronic maternity database, using the NHS number as unique identifier.Stillbirth was defined as a child born after the 24th week of pregnancy who did not, at any time after delivery, breathe or show any other signs of life. Along the lines of previously applied methods,6 we adjusted the gestational age of each stillborn fetus by deducting two days from the length of pregnancy at delivery, to correct for the estimated 48 hour average delay between intrauterine death and delivery.24Confidentiality and consentMaternal consent was obtained by provision of information and opt out. Mothers are informed at their first antenatal visit about the intention of collection and analysis of secondary data, and this is also explained in text printed in their standardised, hand held pregnancy notes. That this information has been given and explained is recorded in the notes and signed by the midwife. A mother can opt out at any time from her data being used, in which case her NHS number is added to an "opt out register" and further analysis is blocked. The Perinatal Institute's confidentiality and consent protocol has been reviewed and passed as appropriate by UK Connecting for Health, the NHS, and the Information Commissioner.Statistical analysesAfter initial exploratory analysis, we assessed the independent and multiple variable effects of explanatory variables on stillbirths in Poisson regression models. Variables entered in the multivariable analysis are those of known clinical relevance and from previous publications2 14 and included maternal age, parity, ethnic origin, place of birth, body mass index, history of mental health problems, pre existing hypertension, pre existing diabetes, cardiac disease, previous stillbirths, smoking in pregnancy, alcohol consumption, antenatal folic acid intake, late booking (13 weeks), gestational diabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension, pre eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage, and fetal growth restriction. In addition to the index of multiple deprivation, we included maternal and paternal employment status as social factors in the multivariable analysis. We entered variables using the manual stepwise (forward backward) method. To reduce the over reliance in the estimates and the selection mechanism that may arise due to rarity of stillbirths, we used the bootstrapping approach to calculate standard errors. In the multivariable analysis all variables reaching a 0.05 significance level were retained in the model. We also considered van cleef and arpels earrings fake all two factor interactions between the explanatory variables and used empirical probability plots to check the final model to assess whether the modelling assumptions were met. We carried out sensitivity analyses to assess the influence of factors excluded because of P>0.05, potential clustering by maternity unit, and the effect of repeat pregnancies from the same mother.To assess the proportion of stillbirths that could be potentially prevented if risk factors were removed, we calculated adjusted population attributable risk estimates using standard methods25: population attributable risk=expected number of cases in the populationexpected number of cases if nobody in the population has the risk factor of interest/expected number of cases in the population 100The analyses were done using statistical package STATA version 11.ResultsA total of 105476 cases were entered during the two year collection period. Of these, 13258 were excluded because of congenital anomaly or multiple pregnancy, which left 92218 normally formed singleton pregnancies leading to 91829 live births and 389 stillbirths. This represented a stillbirth rate of 4.2/1000 births and compares with nationally reported stillbirth rates of normally formed singletons of 3.9 4.1/1000 over the same period.26 The analysis included 841 (0.9%) repeat pregnancies during the two year period of the 92218 mothers in the cohort.Univariate analysisTable 1 lists the variables, grouped according to maternal and fetal characteristics, social factors, medical history, and complications during pregnancy. Analysis was for complete cases only. The stillbirth rate is presented for subgroups, together with relative risks and 95% confidence intervals in relation to the respective reference values.Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with stillbirths compared with live birthsView this table:View popupView inlineFor maternal characteristics, stillbirth rates were increased in first as well as third and subsequent pregnancies compared with second pregnancies, and in mothers of African, African Caribbean, and South Asian ethnic origin compared with their European counterparts. First generation migrants had an overall higher risk of stillbirth. Maternal age indicated a slight increase in younger (Social factors with significant associations included deprivation and unemployment of the mother or her partner. Pregnancies in which the parents were blood relations were not at significantly increased risk. Obesity (body mass index 30), active as well as passive smoking, lack of antenatal folic acid, and booking after 13 weeks were all associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. A history of mental health problems, diabetes, and stillbirth increased the risk. In the current pregnancy, pre eclampsia and antepartum haemorrhage were strongly associated, whereas gestational diabetes was not.The strongest factor was fetal growth restriction, with a relative risk of 4.0 (95% confidence interval 2.8 to 5.7) when fetal growth restriction was detected antenatally, doubling to 8.0 (6.5 to 9.9) when it was not detected. The overall stillbirth rate (per 1000 births) was 4.2, which was a composite of a rate of 2.4 (185/76356) in pregnancies without fetal growth restriction and 16.7 (195/11697) in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (table 1). Of pregnancies with fetal growth restriction, the stillbirth rate for cases detected antenatally was 9.7 (35/3601), whereas the rate increased to 19.8 (160/8096) when cases were not detected (fig 1).
AbstractObjective To assess the main risk factors associated with stillbirth in a multiethnic English maternity population.Results Multivariable analysis identified a significant risk of stillbirth for parity (para 0 and para 3), ethnicity (African, African Caribbean, Indian, and Pakistani), maternal obesity (body mass index 30), smoking, pre existing diabetes, and history of mental health problems, antepartum haemorrhage, and fetal growth restriction (birth weight below 10th customised birthweight centile). As potentially modifiable risk factors, maternal obesity, smoking in pregnancy, and fetal growth restriction together accounted for 56.1% of the stillbirths. Presence of fetal growth restriction constituted the highest risk, and this applied to pregnancies where mothers did not smoke (adjusted relative risk 7.8, 95% confidence interval 6.6 to 10.9), did smoke (5.7, 3.6 to 10.9), and were exposed to passive smoke only (10.0, 6.6 to 15.8). Fetal growth restriction also had the largest population attributable risk for stillbirth and was fivefold greater if it was not detected antenatally than when it was (32.0% v 6.2%). In total, 195 of the 389 stillbirths in this cohort had fetal growth restriction, but in 160 (82%) it had not been detected antenatally. Antenatal recognition of fetal growth restriction resulted in delivery 10 days earlier than when it was not detected: median 270 (interquartile range 261 279) days v 280 (interquartile range 273 287) days. Stillbirth rates in the United Kingdom are among the highest in high income countries2 and have shown little improvement since the early 1990s.3Despite free availability of postmortem investigations in the English National Health Service as many as 50 70% of stillbirths have until recently been categorised as unclassified or unexplained4 and are, by implication, often considered unavoidable.5 Further investigation found that many stillborn fetuses had failed to reach their growth potential,6 7 8 and inclusion of fetal growth restriction as a category in stillbirth classifications resulted in imitation van cleef gold necklace a substantial drop to around 15% in the proportion of cases considered unexplained.8 9 This encouraged a renewed focus on understanding the underlying, mostly placental disease related, causes of fetal growth restriction. Recent reports of laboratory investigations10 and postmortem studies11 have confirmed the large contribution of placental failure in the cause of stillbirth.The clinical relevance of such findings van cleef alhambra necklace imitation is that although there are limited means by which to treat fetal growth restriction in utero, recognition that the fetus is at risk after appropriate maternal fetal investigations can lead to well timed delivery and improved perinatal outcome.12 13 However, there are currently no established and routinely used means to predict stillbirth, and risk factors known at the beginning of pregnancy are considered weak predictors of outcome.14We investigated the role of demographic, social, and medical risk factors that can be ascertained at the beginning of pregnancy together with those that become apparent as pregnancy progresses, and their respective contributions to the incidence of stillbirths in an NHS region in England with a multiethnic population.15 To focus on potentially avoidable factors we excluded congenital anomalies, as their contribution to stillbirth is contingent on incidence as well as cultural choices on antenatal screening, prenatal diagnosis, and decisions in response to positive results. We therefore explored the risk factors in pregnancies with normally formed singletons and estimated the respective contribution of these factors to the overall burden of stillbirth in our population.MethodsMaternity dataThe database was derived from the regional, NHSnet based perinatal episode electronic record (PEER) hosted and managed by the West Midlands Perinatal Institute.16 This electronic record was first implemented in April 2009 in the 19 maternity units in the West Midlands. For this study we used the data collected over a two year period, representing births between June 2009 and May 2011.The data originated from prospective records created in the standardised hand held maternity notes during pregnancy by the midwives and doctors.17 Trained data clerks in the respective hospitals transfer information from the notes on to the perinatal episode electronic record at the end of pregnancy. Quality was assured by central project staff through training workshops and regular on site data quality audits. The dataset contained 87 regionally agreed and defined data items,18 with information about maternal characteristics, including age, parity, ethnic origin, and maternal height and weight (expressed as body mass index); social factors, including employment status of the mother and her partner, consanguinity with the partner, and index of multiple deprivation; history of mental health problems, pre existing diabetes or hypertensive disease, or previous stillbirth; smoking status, alcohol consumption, non prescription drugs, folic acid intake, and time of first visit in pregnancy (the information for all these previous variables was usually recorded at the early pregnancy booking visit); complications in pregnancy, including gestational diabetes, antepartum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension, and pre eclampsia (defined as pregnancy induced hypertension with proteinuria); and fetal or neonatal characteristics, including sex, gestational age and weight at birth, and estimated weight during pregnancy. Gestational age was determined on the basis of routinely offered dating scans, which were carried out in the first or second trimester (The presence of intrauterine growth restriction was established on the basis of a birth weight below the 10th weight for gestational age centile, using the gestation related optimal weight standard (GROW),19 with coefficients derived from the West Midlands population. This method defines the fetal growth potential by excluding pathological factors such as smoking and diabetes, and individual adjustment or "customisation" for the baby's sex and the mother's height, weight, ethnic origin, and parity.20 21 A weight that is small for gestational age after such adjustment by growth potential has been shown to represent pathological smallness22 and is referred to as fetal growth restriction. We applied the 10th centile as the cut off, as it is in standard clinical use and has been validated through receiver operator curves as being close to optimal for predicting pathology by customised centiles.23The case notes were also examined for any recording of fetal growth problems. Fetal growth surveillance is usually done by a protocol of measuring fundal height at each antenatal visit in the third trimester, with referral for ultrasound assessment of estimated fetal weight when the serially plotted fundal height measurements do not follow the predicted curve. In pregnancies where assessment of fundal height is difficult (for example, maternal obesity) or where the risk of fetal growth restriction is considered increased (for example, due to obstetric history) serial estimated fetal weight measurements are done according to local protocols of varying scan frequency. Antenatal recognition of fetal growth restriction in pregnancies with birth weights below the 10th customised centile was defined as at least one antenatal entry with this diagnosis, usually based on one or more estimated fetal weights below the 10th customised centile, or an abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, or both. This assessment of the maternity record is part of routine ascertainment, as the proportion of pregnancies with antenatally detected fetal growth restriction is a regionally agreed key performance indicator.Linkage to mortality dataData on fetal, neonatal, and infant deaths and congenital anomalies were notified to the Perinatal Institute by a network of coordinators, and had a consistently high level of ascertainment. The information is held on secure NHS servers and is pseudonymised before any further analysis. Data linkage was established with the electronic maternity database, using the NHS number as unique identifier.Stillbirth was defined as a child born after the 24th week of pregnancy who did not, at any time after delivery, breathe or show any other signs of life. Along the lines of previously applied methods,6 we adjusted the gestational age of each stillborn fetus by deducting two days from the length of pregnancy at delivery, to correct for the estimated 48 hour average delay between intrauterine death and delivery.24Confidentiality and consentMaternal consent was obtained by provision of information and opt out. Mothers are informed at their first antenatal visit about the intention of collection and analysis of secondary data, and this is also explained in text printed in their standardised, hand held pregnancy notes. That this information has been given and explained is recorded in the notes and signed by the midwife. A mother can opt out at any time from her data being used, in which case her NHS number is added to an "opt out register" and further analysis is blocked. The Perinatal Institute's confidentiality and consent protocol has been reviewed and passed as appropriate by UK Connecting for Health, the NHS, and the Information Commissioner.Statistical analysesAfter initial exploratory analysis, we assessed the independent and multiple variable effects of explanatory variables on stillbirths in Poisson regression models. Variables entered in the multivariable analysis are those of known clinical relevance and from previous publications2 14 and included maternal age, parity, ethnic origin, place of birth, body mass index, history of mental health problems, pre existing hypertension, pre existing diabetes, cardiac disease, previous stillbirths, smoking in pregnancy, alcohol consumption, antenatal folic acid intake, late booking (13 weeks), gestational diabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension, pre eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage, and fetal growth restriction. In addition to the index of multiple deprivation, we included maternal and paternal employment status as social factors in the multivariable analysis. We entered variables using the manual stepwise (forward backward) method. To reduce the over reliance in the estimates and the selection mechanism that may arise due to rarity of stillbirths, we used the bootstrapping approach to calculate standard errors. In the multivariable analysis all variables reaching a 0.05 significance level were retained in the model. We also considered van cleef and arpels earrings fake all two factor interactions between the explanatory variables and used empirical probability plots to check the final model to assess whether the modelling assumptions were met. We carried out sensitivity analyses to assess the influence of factors excluded because of P>0.05, potential clustering by maternity unit, and the effect of repeat pregnancies from the same mother.To assess the proportion of stillbirths that could be potentially prevented if risk factors were removed, we calculated adjusted population attributable risk estimates using standard methods25: population attributable risk=expected number of cases in the populationexpected number of cases if nobody in the population has the risk factor of interest/expected number of cases in the population 100The analyses were done using statistical package STATA version 11.ResultsA total of 105476 cases were entered during the two year collection period. Of these, 13258 were excluded because of congenital anomaly or multiple pregnancy, which left 92218 normally formed singleton pregnancies leading to 91829 live births and 389 stillbirths. This represented a stillbirth rate of 4.2/1000 births and compares with nationally reported stillbirth rates of normally formed singletons of 3.9 4.1/1000 over the same period.26 The analysis included 841 (0.9%) repeat pregnancies during the two year period of the 92218 mothers in the cohort.Univariate analysisTable 1 lists the variables, grouped according to maternal and fetal characteristics, social factors, medical history, and complications during pregnancy. Analysis was for complete cases only. The stillbirth rate is presented for subgroups, together with relative risks and 95% confidence intervals in relation to the respective reference values.Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with stillbirths compared with live birthsView this table:View popupView inlineFor maternal characteristics, stillbirth rates were increased in first as well as third and subsequent pregnancies compared with second pregnancies, and in mothers of African, African Caribbean, and South Asian ethnic origin compared with their European counterparts. First generation migrants had an overall higher risk of stillbirth. Maternal age indicated a slight increase in younger (Social factors with significant associations included deprivation and unemployment of the mother or her partner. Pregnancies in which the parents were blood relations were not at significantly increased risk. Obesity (body mass index 30), active as well as passive smoking, lack of antenatal folic acid, and booking after 13 weeks were all associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. A history of mental health problems, diabetes, and stillbirth increased the risk. In the current pregnancy, pre eclampsia and antepartum haemorrhage were strongly associated, whereas gestational diabetes was not.The strongest factor was fetal growth restriction, with a relative risk of 4.0 (95% confidence interval 2.8 to 5.7) when fetal growth restriction was detected antenatally, doubling to 8.0 (6.5 to 9.9) when it was not detected. The overall stillbirth rate (per 1000 births) was 4.2, which was a composite of a rate of 2.4 (185/76356) in pregnancies without fetal growth restriction and 16.7 (195/11697) in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (table 1). Of pregnancies with fetal growth restriction, the stillbirth rate for cases detected antenatally was 9.7 (35/3601), whereas the rate increased to 19.8 (160/8096) when cases were not detected (fig 1).
nation fracking rules
Brian van der Brug / Los Angeles Times
California's newregulations require oil companies to expand monitoring and reporting of water use and water quality, conduct broad analysis of potential engineering and seismic impacts of their operations, and disclose chemicals used during fracking. Above, drilling equipment in Kern County.
California's newregulations require oil companies to expand monitoring and reporting of water use and water quality, conduct broad analysis of potential engineering and seismic impacts of their operations, and disclose chemicals used during fracking. Above, drilling equipment in Kern County.
(Brian fake van cleef & arpels bracelet van der Brug / Los Angeles Times)
State officials on Wednesday formally adopted new rules governing hydraulic fracturing in California, setting in motion some of the toughest guidelines in the nation for the controversial oil extraction practice. The oil and gas agency also released its environmental impact report that concluded fracking could have "significant and unavoidable impacts" on a number of fronts, including air quality, greenhouse gas emissions and public safety.
The regulations, which lawmakers approved in 2013, require oil companies to expand monitoring and reporting of water use and water quality, conduct broad analysis of potential engineering and seismic impacts of their operations, and comprehensively disclose chemicals used during fracking and other operations.
The full implementation of the law comes as the Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources the agency charged with enforcing the rules faces increasing criticism from lawmakers over its failure to adequately oversee oil and gas operations. The landmark legislation greatly expands the volume of information about oil operations that will be publicly available. Implementation of the new law has also exposed impacts of oil production operations on air and water, drawing the attention of the state agency charged with protecting those resources.
It has particularly shed light on the intersection of California's extensive oil industry and the state's dwindling water supplies. Oil production generates large volumes of wastewater that contains oil and other chemicals and has been routinely injected into protected aquifers.
The new rules were released by DOGGR along with its environmental impact report, which may provide ammunition to drilling opponents. The three volume report concluded that fracking could, in a worst case scenario, "generate greenhouse gas emissions that may have a significant impact on the environment." The operations could also increase pollutants "to levels that violate an air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation," the report said. Transporting crude from fracking could also expose the public to potential oil spills and accidents.
Julie Cart
Testing of recycled oil field wastewater used on about 45,000 acres of farmland in the Central Valley shows the water contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals, including oil, benzene and acetone.
Local water regulators in April ordered comprehensive testing of the irrigation water.
Testing of recycled oil field wastewater used on about 45,000 acres of farmland in the Central Valley shows the water contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals, including oil, benzene and acetone.
Local water regulators in April ordered comprehensive testing of the irrigation water.
(Julie Cart)
Mitigation efforts could reduce the hazards in some cases, the report said.
"It is concluded that the public remains severely divided on the subject of whether well stimulation treatments should be entirely prohibited at a statewide level, or if they should remain legal practices," the report fake van cleef bracelets said.
Critics, including lawmakers in Sacramento, question whether the state's scandal plagued oil regulator is up to the task of implementing the wide ranging new rules. The agency has admittedly fallen behind in monitoring oil field wastewater injections into federally protected aquifers. It has failed to obtain required data from oil operators and has missed deadlines imposed by legislators.
"Regulations are only as good as their enforcement," said Andrew Grinberg, California oil and gas manager for the environmental group Clean Water Action. "Unfortunately, knock off van cleef and arpels perlee clover bracelet DOGGR has already shown that they are unable to enforce existing laws."
The agency is working to "strengthen compliance and enforcement," said state oil and gas supervisor Steve Bohlen.
"With these strong regulations, we are confident that well stimulation can continue in California without the kind of environmental problems that have plagued other states with lesser levels of environmental protection," Bohlen said in a written statement.
Also on Wednesday, the California Council on Science and Technology announced that its independent report on fracking risks was made available to state officials but will not be published until July 9. The multi volume report has been kept under close wraps by those working on it and is said to take a hard look at how fracking may threaten the state's water supplies.
"Oil regulators can't protect us from oil industry pollution if they won't wait for experts to explain the dangers," said Hollin Kretzmann of the Center for Biological Diversity. "The state's weak fracking rules focus on notification and do almost nothing to safeguard California's air, water or public health."
Pavley said she was concerned that the state issued its environmental analysis before the science report. But she said the California Resources Agency assured her "that all pertinent findings in the scientific study will be taken into account.".
Brian van der Brug / Los Angeles Times
California's newregulations require oil companies to expand monitoring and reporting of water use and water quality, conduct broad analysis of potential engineering and seismic impacts of their operations, and disclose chemicals used during fracking. Above, drilling equipment in Kern County.
California's newregulations require oil companies to expand monitoring and reporting of water use and water quality, conduct broad analysis of potential engineering and seismic impacts of their operations, and disclose chemicals used during fracking. Above, drilling equipment in Kern County.
(Brian fake van cleef & arpels bracelet van der Brug / Los Angeles Times)
State officials on Wednesday formally adopted new rules governing hydraulic fracturing in California, setting in motion some of the toughest guidelines in the nation for the controversial oil extraction practice. The oil and gas agency also released its environmental impact report that concluded fracking could have "significant and unavoidable impacts" on a number of fronts, including air quality, greenhouse gas emissions and public safety.
The regulations, which lawmakers approved in 2013, require oil companies to expand monitoring and reporting of water use and water quality, conduct broad analysis of potential engineering and seismic impacts of their operations, and comprehensively disclose chemicals used during fracking and other operations.
The full implementation of the law comes as the Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources the agency charged with enforcing the rules faces increasing criticism from lawmakers over its failure to adequately oversee oil and gas operations. The landmark legislation greatly expands the volume of information about oil operations that will be publicly available. Implementation of the new law has also exposed impacts of oil production operations on air and water, drawing the attention of the state agency charged with protecting those resources.
It has particularly shed light on the intersection of California's extensive oil industry and the state's dwindling water supplies. Oil production generates large volumes of wastewater that contains oil and other chemicals and has been routinely injected into protected aquifers.
The new rules were released by DOGGR along with its environmental impact report, which may provide ammunition to drilling opponents. The three volume report concluded that fracking could, in a worst case scenario, "generate greenhouse gas emissions that may have a significant impact on the environment." The operations could also increase pollutants "to levels that violate an air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation," the report said. Transporting crude from fracking could also expose the public to potential oil spills and accidents.
Julie Cart
Testing of recycled oil field wastewater used on about 45,000 acres of farmland in the Central Valley shows the water contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals, including oil, benzene and acetone.
Local water regulators in April ordered comprehensive testing of the irrigation water.
Testing of recycled oil field wastewater used on about 45,000 acres of farmland in the Central Valley shows the water contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals, including oil, benzene and acetone.
Local water regulators in April ordered comprehensive testing of the irrigation water.
(Julie Cart)
Mitigation efforts could reduce the hazards in some cases, the report said.
"It is concluded that the public remains severely divided on the subject of whether well stimulation treatments should be entirely prohibited at a statewide level, or if they should remain legal practices," the report fake van cleef bracelets said.
Critics, including lawmakers in Sacramento, question whether the state's scandal plagued oil regulator is up to the task of implementing the wide ranging new rules. The agency has admittedly fallen behind in monitoring oil field wastewater injections into federally protected aquifers. It has failed to obtain required data from oil operators and has missed deadlines imposed by legislators.
"Regulations are only as good as their enforcement," said Andrew Grinberg, California oil and gas manager for the environmental group Clean Water Action. "Unfortunately, knock off van cleef and arpels perlee clover bracelet DOGGR has already shown that they are unable to enforce existing laws."
The agency is working to "strengthen compliance and enforcement," said state oil and gas supervisor Steve Bohlen.
"With these strong regulations, we are confident that well stimulation can continue in California without the kind of environmental problems that have plagued other states with lesser levels of environmental protection," Bohlen said in a written statement.
Also on Wednesday, the California Council on Science and Technology announced that its independent report on fracking risks was made available to state officials but will not be published until July 9. The multi volume report has been kept under close wraps by those working on it and is said to take a hard look at how fracking may threaten the state's water supplies.
"Oil regulators can't protect us from oil industry pollution if they won't wait for experts to explain the dangers," said Hollin Kretzmann of the Center for Biological Diversity. "The state's weak fracking rules focus on notification and do almost nothing to safeguard California's air, water or public health."
Pavley said she was concerned that the state issued its environmental analysis before the science report. But she said the California Resources Agency assured her "that all pertinent findings in the scientific study will be taken into account.".
may have had an allergic reaction to pesticide in his yard
An autopsy is scheduled for today to determine what caused the death of Jeff Porcaro, 38, who helped found the group that sold millions of records during the 1970s and '80s. He was also a highly respected session drummer who played for such musicians as Bruce Springsteen, Elton John and Paul McCartney, said Toto's longtime co manager, Larry Fitzgerald.Fitzgerald said replica bracelet van cleef he was told by doctors that the heart attack may have been triggered by an allergic reaction. It is not known what kind of spray Porcaro was using.Los Angeles County Coroner spokesman Bob Dambacher said autopsy results may not be released for several days. "We have it as a possible inhalation of spray," he said. Witnesses told paramedics that Porcaro complained that he felt sick while doing yardwork."He was in critical condition when we got there," Vlach said. "There was no breathing, no pulse. He was in full cardiac arrest."Rescue workers managed to briefly revive Porcaro, who was taken by helicopter to Humana Hospital West Hills, Vlach said.Porcaro lived with his three children and wife, Susan, who is mayor pro tem of Hidden Hills, Fitzgerald said.Porcaro's 20 year music career started while he was a student at Grant High School in Van Nuys, playing in bands with friends who would later earn reputations as top session players and eventually form the nucleus of Toto. Porcaro's two brothers, Mike and Steve, were also band members.Toto's premiere album in 1978 sold more than 4 million copies. In 1983, Toto earned six Grammys for its "Toto IV" album, which contained three Top 40 hits, including the song "Rosanna."Porcaro plays on the new Bruce Springsteen album, "Human Touch," and had recently completed a John Fogerty album, Fitzgerald said. "Jeff was one of replica van cleef and arpels clover bracelet the top replica van cleef white gold bracelet session players in the world," Fitzgerald said.Porcaro had just returned from a family vacation in Florida and the band was scheduled to begin rehearsals for a concert tour supporting its new album.In addition to his wife, children and brothers, Porcaro is survived by his father, jazz percussionist Joe Porcaro, his mother, Eileen Porcaro, and sister, Joleen.Funeral arrangements were pending at St. Mel's Catholic Church, 20870 Ventura Blvd., Woodland Hills.The Associated Press contributed to this story.School Days in TotoDecember 19, 1992Paying Tribute to Toto's Jeff Porcaro : Pop music: Four months after the drummer's death, his brother Mike faces up to loss at tonight's benefit.December 14, 1992Drummer's Death Linked to Cocaine, Coroner Says : Autopsy: Report finds no evidence to support earlier belief that Toto's Jeff Porcaro died of an allergic reaction to a pesticide.September 4, 1992Rock 'n' Roll High School : Van Nuys: The death of Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro prompts Grant alumni to reminisce about a campus bursting with musical talent in the early '70s.
An autopsy is scheduled for today to determine what caused the death of Jeff Porcaro, 38, who helped found the group that sold millions of records during the 1970s and '80s. He was also a highly respected session drummer who played for such musicians as Bruce Springsteen, Elton John and Paul McCartney, said Toto's longtime co manager, Larry Fitzgerald.Fitzgerald said replica bracelet van cleef he was told by doctors that the heart attack may have been triggered by an allergic reaction. It is not known what kind of spray Porcaro was using.Los Angeles County Coroner spokesman Bob Dambacher said autopsy results may not be released for several days. "We have it as a possible inhalation of spray," he said. Witnesses told paramedics that Porcaro complained that he felt sick while doing yardwork."He was in critical condition when we got there," Vlach said. "There was no breathing, no pulse. He was in full cardiac arrest."Rescue workers managed to briefly revive Porcaro, who was taken by helicopter to Humana Hospital West Hills, Vlach said.Porcaro lived with his three children and wife, Susan, who is mayor pro tem of Hidden Hills, Fitzgerald said.Porcaro's 20 year music career started while he was a student at Grant High School in Van Nuys, playing in bands with friends who would later earn reputations as top session players and eventually form the nucleus of Toto. Porcaro's two brothers, Mike and Steve, were also band members.Toto's premiere album in 1978 sold more than 4 million copies. In 1983, Toto earned six Grammys for its "Toto IV" album, which contained three Top 40 hits, including the song "Rosanna."Porcaro plays on the new Bruce Springsteen album, "Human Touch," and had recently completed a John Fogerty album, Fitzgerald said. "Jeff was one of replica van cleef and arpels clover bracelet the top replica van cleef white gold bracelet session players in the world," Fitzgerald said.Porcaro had just returned from a family vacation in Florida and the band was scheduled to begin rehearsals for a concert tour supporting its new album.In addition to his wife, children and brothers, Porcaro is survived by his father, jazz percussionist Joe Porcaro, his mother, Eileen Porcaro, and sister, Joleen.Funeral arrangements were pending at St. Mel's Catholic Church, 20870 Ventura Blvd., Woodland Hills.The Associated Press contributed to this story.School Days in TotoDecember 19, 1992Paying Tribute to Toto's Jeff Porcaro : Pop music: Four months after the drummer's death, his brother Mike faces up to loss at tonight's benefit.December 14, 1992Drummer's Death Linked to Cocaine, Coroner Says : Autopsy: Report finds no evidence to support earlier belief that Toto's Jeff Porcaro died of an allergic reaction to a pesticide.September 4, 1992Rock 'n' Roll High School : Van Nuys: The death of Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro prompts Grant alumni to reminisce about a campus bursting with musical talent in the early '70s.
Model of the Origin of Life and Other Hypotheses
Metabolism before Nucleic Acids
Some scientists believe that the steps to create a self replication molecule, as posited by the "RNA world" hypothesis would be too complex and impossible to sustain. They also argue that before such an orderly process as self replication would arise, it would be more likely that chemical reactions involving the abundant inorganic compounds present on primitive Earth would have predominated.
At the end of the 1980s, Gnther Wchtershuser, a German biochemist, proposed the "metabolism first" hypothesis. He observed that iron pyrite (also known as iron disulfide), or fool's gold, is able to catalyze biochemical reactions and the presence of iron pyrite on the early Earth would have quickly led to a proliferation of chemical reactions that take place in living things today. Indeed, many enzymes present in modern cells contain iron pyrite clusters within their structure, attesting to the importance of fool's gold. The "metabolism first" hypothesis essentially posits that the precursor to life was not a nucleic acid based chain that replicated itself, but a structure that metabolized inorganic compounds on the surface of iron pyrite, most likely around small deep sea hydrothermal vents.
Of Hydrothermal Vents and Fatty Acids
The proponents of the "metabolism first" model were the first to propose that life originated around deep sea hydrothermal vents. Since these structures are located well below the surface of the water, any nascent life would be protected from the damaging UV rays of the sun; at this point replica van cleef and arpels alhambra diamond necklace in earth's history, there was no ozone layer to protect life. Also, while the intense bombardments experienced by Earth during its early process of formation had subsided somewhat, bodies from space would still hit the planet, obliterating anything on the surface; life located deep in the sea would be protected from these bombardments.
Furthermore, while all scientists agree that water is extremely necessary for the origin of life, there has been the objection that life originating in the oceans would seem highly unlikely because the concentrations of the building blocks necessary to build the molecules would be far too dilute. Concentrating everything near hydrothermal vents would make chemical collisions far more likely. Finally, hydrothermal vents release copious amounts of chemical substances and dissolved gases and facilitate thermal cycling; these conditions provide for very convenient sources of energy. Interestingly, DNA research attempting to shed light on the most recent common ancestor of all living things seems to point to a microorganism that lived in an aquatic environment, at extremely high temperatures. This organism would have been perfectly adapted to a hydrothermal vent habitat.
Again, however, the issue of the first cell needs to be tackled. Life today can indeed be characterized by a specific set of biochemical reactions; but van cleef alhambra replica necklace these chemical reactions need to be separated from the environment surrounding them or they would be of no use to an organism. Some scientists argue that the proteinoid proto cell is not very similar to a modern cell membrane, composed primarily of lipids or fats. What these scientists claim is that primitive fatty acid molecules would have been present on Earth, and very well could have been present in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents. Fatty acids, when in solution, spontaneously form "bubbles", called micelles. Some hinge on details regarding either how replication of a molecule like a nucleic acid started, while others hinge on where life started exactly. An example of the former is the "clay hypothesis", put forward by A. Graham Cairns Smith in the mid 1980s, who was troubled by the absence of "scaffolding" for the early replication of molecules. He proposed that the first organic molecules needed some kind of platform, or template, to aid their replication; the platform was clay, or silicate crystals in solution. Scientists have researched the idea of crystals as templates and found that there may be some basis to the idea. As an example of the latter, there is the "deep biosphere" model of Thomas Gold, proposed in the 1970s, which states that life may have originated several kilometers below Earth's surface and could have taken advantage of reactions replica sweet alhambra necklace between minerals and gases.
Finally, there are some scientists who subscribe to the idea that life, or at least organic molecules, arose somewhere in space and found their way to Earth by some means, usually an asteroid or a comet. The theories of panspermia and exogenesis are found in this category. Organic material is actually relatively common in outer space, having been found on rocks originating from Mars and on comets. Researchers have taken water, ammonia, carbon monoxide and methanol, have frozen this mixture and then have exposed it to UV radiation; these conditions would be similar to those found in extraterrestrial environments. Organic molecules were created and these molecules, when hydrated, formed bubbles. The simple fact that organic molecules (the basic building blocks of life as we know it, such as proteins, sugars and fatty acids) is found in outer space, though, does not provide the definitive answer to the question as to exactly how these organic molecules arose in the first place.
At this point, a number of scientists allow for the possibility that perhaps more than one of these "models" is true. In other words, perhaps life arose through a combination of mechanisms, or perhaps life "tried" to get started along different pathways. We may never know which one was ultimately the successful pathway that led to life as we know it. The important thing is that mechanisms are being discovered in which the basic building blocks of life are created and linked together by physical and chemical means, by processes that very well could have operated on early Earth. To wrap up the series, we'll look at what these origin of life theories mean for the search for extraterrestrial life and what kind of clues could indicate that life may have been or may be present on other planets.
Metabolism before Nucleic Acids
Some scientists believe that the steps to create a self replication molecule, as posited by the "RNA world" hypothesis would be too complex and impossible to sustain. They also argue that before such an orderly process as self replication would arise, it would be more likely that chemical reactions involving the abundant inorganic compounds present on primitive Earth would have predominated.
At the end of the 1980s, Gnther Wchtershuser, a German biochemist, proposed the "metabolism first" hypothesis. He observed that iron pyrite (also known as iron disulfide), or fool's gold, is able to catalyze biochemical reactions and the presence of iron pyrite on the early Earth would have quickly led to a proliferation of chemical reactions that take place in living things today. Indeed, many enzymes present in modern cells contain iron pyrite clusters within their structure, attesting to the importance of fool's gold. The "metabolism first" hypothesis essentially posits that the precursor to life was not a nucleic acid based chain that replicated itself, but a structure that metabolized inorganic compounds on the surface of iron pyrite, most likely around small deep sea hydrothermal vents.
Of Hydrothermal Vents and Fatty Acids
The proponents of the "metabolism first" model were the first to propose that life originated around deep sea hydrothermal vents. Since these structures are located well below the surface of the water, any nascent life would be protected from the damaging UV rays of the sun; at this point replica van cleef and arpels alhambra diamond necklace in earth's history, there was no ozone layer to protect life. Also, while the intense bombardments experienced by Earth during its early process of formation had subsided somewhat, bodies from space would still hit the planet, obliterating anything on the surface; life located deep in the sea would be protected from these bombardments.
Furthermore, while all scientists agree that water is extremely necessary for the origin of life, there has been the objection that life originating in the oceans would seem highly unlikely because the concentrations of the building blocks necessary to build the molecules would be far too dilute. Concentrating everything near hydrothermal vents would make chemical collisions far more likely. Finally, hydrothermal vents release copious amounts of chemical substances and dissolved gases and facilitate thermal cycling; these conditions provide for very convenient sources of energy. Interestingly, DNA research attempting to shed light on the most recent common ancestor of all living things seems to point to a microorganism that lived in an aquatic environment, at extremely high temperatures. This organism would have been perfectly adapted to a hydrothermal vent habitat.
Again, however, the issue of the first cell needs to be tackled. Life today can indeed be characterized by a specific set of biochemical reactions; but van cleef alhambra replica necklace these chemical reactions need to be separated from the environment surrounding them or they would be of no use to an organism. Some scientists argue that the proteinoid proto cell is not very similar to a modern cell membrane, composed primarily of lipids or fats. What these scientists claim is that primitive fatty acid molecules would have been present on Earth, and very well could have been present in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents. Fatty acids, when in solution, spontaneously form "bubbles", called micelles. Some hinge on details regarding either how replication of a molecule like a nucleic acid started, while others hinge on where life started exactly. An example of the former is the "clay hypothesis", put forward by A. Graham Cairns Smith in the mid 1980s, who was troubled by the absence of "scaffolding" for the early replication of molecules. He proposed that the first organic molecules needed some kind of platform, or template, to aid their replication; the platform was clay, or silicate crystals in solution. Scientists have researched the idea of crystals as templates and found that there may be some basis to the idea. As an example of the latter, there is the "deep biosphere" model of Thomas Gold, proposed in the 1970s, which states that life may have originated several kilometers below Earth's surface and could have taken advantage of reactions replica sweet alhambra necklace between minerals and gases.
Finally, there are some scientists who subscribe to the idea that life, or at least organic molecules, arose somewhere in space and found their way to Earth by some means, usually an asteroid or a comet. The theories of panspermia and exogenesis are found in this category. Organic material is actually relatively common in outer space, having been found on rocks originating from Mars and on comets. Researchers have taken water, ammonia, carbon monoxide and methanol, have frozen this mixture and then have exposed it to UV radiation; these conditions would be similar to those found in extraterrestrial environments. Organic molecules were created and these molecules, when hydrated, formed bubbles. The simple fact that organic molecules (the basic building blocks of life as we know it, such as proteins, sugars and fatty acids) is found in outer space, though, does not provide the definitive answer to the question as to exactly how these organic molecules arose in the first place.
At this point, a number of scientists allow for the possibility that perhaps more than one of these "models" is true. In other words, perhaps life arose through a combination of mechanisms, or perhaps life "tried" to get started along different pathways. We may never know which one was ultimately the successful pathway that led to life as we know it. The important thing is that mechanisms are being discovered in which the basic building blocks of life are created and linked together by physical and chemical means, by processes that very well could have operated on early Earth. To wrap up the series, we'll look at what these origin of life theories mean for the search for extraterrestrial life and what kind of clues could indicate that life may have been or may be present on other planets.