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Presidential Trivia
citizen was Martin Van Buren (1837 41). Van Buren was Hermes Birkin 30CM Handbag replica delivered on December 5, 1782, making him the first President born after the Declaration of Independence was signed.
Virginia is the birthplace of the greatest number of Presidents. It boasts eight. Thirty one states have never claimed a native son as President.
George W. Bush, the 43rd and current President, lost the popular vote to Al Gore in 2000. without the backing of the majority of the people. He shares the distinction with John Quincy Hermes handbag fake Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 81), and Benjamin Harrison.
James Monroe (1817 25), the fifth President, received every Electoral College vote handbag Hermes knock off except one. The holdout: a New Hampshire delegate who wanted to preserve the legacy of George Washington, the first and only Hermes Birkin bag replica President elected unanimously by the Electoral College.
George W. Bush is the second President to follow in the footsteps of his father. George Herbert Walker Bush was the 41st President. John Quincy Adams (1825 29), the sixth President, was the son of John Adams (1797 1801), the second President.
citizen was Martin Van Buren (1837 41). Van Buren was Hermes Birkin 30CM Handbag replica delivered on December 5, 1782, making him the first President born after the Declaration of Independence was signed.
Virginia is the birthplace of the greatest number of Presidents. It boasts eight. Thirty one states have never claimed a native son as President.
George W. Bush, the 43rd and current President, lost the popular vote to Al Gore in 2000. without the backing of the majority of the people. He shares the distinction with John Quincy Hermes handbag fake Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 81), and Benjamin Harrison.
James Monroe (1817 25), the fifth President, received every Electoral College vote handbag Hermes knock off except one. The holdout: a New Hampshire delegate who wanted to preserve the legacy of George Washington, the first and only Hermes Birkin bag replica President elected unanimously by the Electoral College.
George W. Bush is the second President to follow in the footsteps of his father. George Herbert Walker Bush was the 41st President. John Quincy Adams (1825 29), the sixth President, was the son of John Adams (1797 1801), the second President.
ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States
AbstractAnthropogenic threats, such as collisions with man made structures, vehicles, poisoning and predation by domestic pets, combine to kill billions of wildlife annually. Free ranging domestic cats have been introduced globally and have contributed to multiple wildlife extinctions on islands. The magnitude of mortality they cause in mainland areas remains speculative, with large scale estimates based on non systematic analyses and little consideration of scientific data. Here we conduct a systematic review and quantitatively estimate mortality caused by cats in the United States. We estimate that free ranging domestic cats kill 1.3 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 22.3 billion mammals annually. Un owned cats, as opposed to owned pets, cause the majority of this mortality. Our findings suggest that free ranging cats cause substantially greater wildlife mortality than previously thought and are likely the single greatest source of anthropogenic mortality for US birds and mammals. Scientifically sound conservation and policy intervention is needed to reduce this impact.IntroductionDomestic cats (Felis catus) are predators that humans have introduced globally1,2 and that have been listed among the 100 worst non native invasive species in the world3. Free ranging cats on islands have caused or contributed to 33 (14%) of the modern bird, mammal and reptile extinctions recorded by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List4. Mounting evidence from three continents indicates that cats can also locally reduce mainland bird and mammal populations5,6,7 and cause a substantial proportion of total wildlife mortality8,9,10. Despite these harmful effects, policies for management of free ranging cat populations and regulation of Knockoff hermes gold bracelet pet ownership behaviours are dictated by animal welfare issues rather than ecological impacts11. Projects to manage free ranging cats, such as Trap Neuter Return (TNR) colonies, are potentially harmful to wildlife populations, but are implemented across the United States without widespread public knowledge, consideration of scientific evidence or the environmental review processes typically required for actions with harmful environmental consequences11,12.A major reason for the current non scientific approach to management of free ranging cats is that total mortality from cat predation is often argued to be negligible compared with other anthropogenic threats, such as collisions with man made structures and habitat destruction. However, assessing the conservation importance of a mortality source requires identification of which species are being killed (for example, native versus non native invasive species and rare versus common species) in addition to estimation of total numbers of fatalities. Estimates of annual US bird mortality from predation by all cats, including both owned and un owned cats, are in the hundreds of millions13,14 (we define un owned cats to include farm/barn cats, strays that are fed by humans but not granted access to habitations, cats in subsidized colonies and cats that are completely feral). This magnitude would place cats among the top sources of anthropogenic bird mortality; however, window and building collisions have been suggested to cause even greater mortality15,16,17. Existing estimates of mortality from cat predation are speculative and not based on scientific data13,14,15,16 or, at best, are based on extrapolation of results from a single study18. In addition, no large scale mortality estimates exist for mammals, which form a substantial component of cat diets.We conducted a data driven systematic review of studies that estimate predation rates of owned and un owned cats, and estimated the magnitude of bird and mammal mortality caused by all cats across the contiguous United States (all states excluding Alaska and Hawaii). We estimate that free ranging domestic cats kill 1.3 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 22.3 billion mammals annually, and that un owned cats cause the majority of this mortality. This magnitude of mortality is far greater than previous estimates of cat predation on wildlife and may exceed all other sources of anthropogenic mortality of US birds and mammals.ResultsThe magnitude of bird mortality caused by cat predationAfter excluding studies that did not meet a priori inclusion criteria designed to increase the accuracy of our analysis, we developed probability distributions of predation rates on birds and mammals. We combined predation rate distributions with literature derived probability distributions for US cat population sizes, and we also accounted for the proportion of owned cats allowed outdoors, the proportion of owned and un owned cats that hunt, and imperfect detection of owned cats' prey items.We generated an estimated range of bird and mammal mortality caused by cat predation by incorporating the above distributions including separate predation rate distributions for owned and un owned cats and running 10,000 calculation iterations. We augmented US predation data by incorporating predation rate estimates from other temperate regions (Supplementary Table S1). For birds, we generated three US mortality estimates based on predation data from studies in: (1) the United States, (2) the United States and Europe and (3) the United States, Europe, and other temperate regions (primarily Australia and New Zealand). Owing to a lack of US studies of un owned cat predation on mammals, we estimated mammal mortality using data groupings 2 and 3. We based all other probability distributions on US studies (distribution details in Table 1; data in Supplementary Table S2). We focus interpretation on the estimate generated using US and European predation data because it is the lowest value. Furthermore, this estimate is more likely to be representative of the US than the estimate based on incorporation of data from Australia and New Zealand, where the wildlife fauna and climate are less similar to the United States. We estimate that cats in the contiguous United States annually kill between 1.3 and 4.0 billion birds (median=2.4 billion) (Fig. 1a), with 69% of this mortality caused by un owned cats. The predation estimate for un owned cats was higher primarily due to predation rates by this group averaging three times greater than rates for owned cats. (b) Probability distribution of estimated mammal mortality caused by all free ranging cats in mainland areas of the contiguous United States.The magnitude of mammal mortality caused by cat predationOur estimate of mammal mortality was robust to the choice of predation data as evidenced by a 1.6% difference between the two median estimates (Table 2). We focus interpretation on the lower estimate, which was based on United States and European predation data and US values of other parameters. We estimate annual mammal mortality in the contiguous United States at between 6.3 and 22.3 billion (median=12.3 billion) (Fig. 1b) with 89% of this mortality caused by un owned cats. The estimate that incorporated European data (but not data from Australia and hermes mens bracelet fake New Zealand) may be slightly lower because wildlife across much of Europe were historically exposed to predation by a similarly sized wild cat (Felis sylvestris) and, therefore, may be less naive to predation by domestic cats. However, it is unlikely that European wildlife have fully adapted to the unusually high densities of domestic cats in much of this continent9.Factors explaining estimate uncertaintyFor both birds and mammals, sensitivity analyses indicated that un owned cat parameters explained the greatest variation in total mortality estimates (Fig. 2). Un owned cat population size explained the greatest variation in mortality estimates (42% for birds and 51% for mammals), and the un owned cat predation rate explained the second greatest variation (24% for birds and 40% for mammals). The only other parameters that explained >5% of variation in mortality estimates were the owned cat predation rate on birds (16%) and the correction factor for imperfect detection of owned cats' prey items (8%).DiscussionOur estimate of bird mortality far exceeds any previously estimated US figure for cats13,14,16, as well as estimates for any other direct source of anthropogenic mortality, including collisions with windows, buildings, communication towers, vehicles and pesticide poisoning13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21. Systematic reviews like ours, which includes protocol formulation, a data search strategy, data inclusion criteria, data extraction and formal quantitative analyses22, are scarce for other anthropogenic mortality sources.21 Increased rigour of mortality estimates should be a high priority and will allow increased comparability of mortality sources23. Nonetheless, no estimates of any other anthropogenic mortality source approach the value we calculated for cat predation, and our estimate is the first for cats to be based on rigorous data driven methods. Notably, we excluded high local predation rates and used assumptions that led to minimum predation rate estimates for un owned cats; therefore, actual numbers of birds killed may be even greater than our estimates.Free roaming cats in the United States may also have a substantial impact on reptiles and amphibians. However, US studies of cat predation on these taxa are scarce. To generate a first approximation of US predation rates on reptiles and amphibians, we used the same model of cat predation along with estimates of cat predation rates on these taxa from studies in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. We estimate that between 228 and 871 million reptiles (median=478 million) and between 86 and 320 million amphibians (median=173 million) could be killed by cats in the contiguous United States each year. Reptile and amphibian populations, and, therefore, cat predation rates, may differ between the regions where we gathered predation data for these taxa and the United States. Furthermore, reptiles and amphibians are unavailable as prey during winter across much of the United States. Additional research is needed to clarify impacts of cats on US herpetofauna, especially given numerous anthropogenic stressors that threaten their populations (for example, climate change, habitat loss and infectious diseases) and documented extinctions of reptiles and amphibians due to cat predation in other regions4,24.The exceptionally high estimate of mammal mortality from cat predation is supported by individual US studies that illustrate high annual predation rates by individual un owned cats in excess of 200 mammals per year6,25,26,27,28 and the consistent finding that cats preferentially depredate mammals over other taxa (Supplementary Table S1). Even with a lower yearly predation rate of 100 mammals per cat, annual mortality would range from 3 8 billion mammals just for un owned cats, based on a population estimate of between 30 and 80 million un owned cats. This estimated level of mortality could exceed any other direct source of anthropogenic mortality for small mammals; however, we are unaware of studies that have systematically quantified direct anthropogenic mortality of small terrestrial mammals across large scales.Native species make up the majority of the birds preyed upon by cats. On average, only 33% of bird prey items identified to species were non native species in 10 studies with 438 specimens of 58 species (Supplementary Table S3). For mammals, patterns of predation on native and non native species are less clear and appear to vary by landscape type. In densely populated urban areas where native small mammals are less common, non native species of rats and mice can make up a substantial component of mammalian prey29. However, studies of mammals in suburban and rural areas found that 75 100% of mammalian prey were native mice, shrews, voles, squirrels and rabbits26,30,31. Further research of mammals is needed to clarify patterns of predation by both owned and un owned cats on native and non native mammals, and across different landscape types.Sensitivity analyses indicate that additional research of un owned cats will continue to improve precision of mortality estimates. Our finding that un owned cat population size and predation rate explained the greatest variation in mortality estimates reflects the current lack of knowledge about un owned cats. No precise estimate of the un owned cat population exists for the United States because obtaining such an estimate is cost prohibitive, and feral un owned cats are wary of humans and tend to be solitary outside of urban areas. In addition, human subsidized colonies of un owned cats are maintained without widespread public knowledge. For example, in Washington DC alone there are >300 managed colonies of un owned cats and an unknown number of unmanaged colonies. Population size estimates can be improved by incorporating observations of free ranging cats into a wildlife mortality reporting database23.Context for the population impact of a mortality source depends on comparing mortality estimates to estimates of population abundance of individual species. However, continental scale estimates of wildlife population abundance are uncertain due to spatio temporal variation in numbers. For mammals, clarification of the population impacts of cat predation is hindered by the absence of nationwide population estimates. For all North American land birds, the group of species most susceptible to mainland cat predation (Supplementary Table S3), existing estimates range from 10 20 billion individuals in North America32. A lack of detail about relative proportions of different bird species killed by cats and spatio temporal variation of these proportions makes it difficult to identify the species and populations that are most vulnerable. The magnitude of our mortality estimates suggest that cats are likely causing population declines for some species and in some regions. Threatened and endangered wildlife species on islands are most susceptible to the effects of cat predation, and this may also be true for vulnerable species in localized mainland areas5 because small numbers of fatalities could cause significant population declines. Threatened species in close proximity to cat colonies including managed TNR colonies11,12 face an especially high level of risk; therefore, cat colonies in such locations comprise a wildlife management priority. Claims that TNR colonies are effective in reducing cat populations, and, therefore, wildlife mortality, are not supported by peer reviewed scientific studies11.Our estimates should alert policy makers and the general public about the large magnitude of wildlife mortality caused by free ranging cats. Structured decisions about actions to reduce wildlife mortality require a quantitative evidence base. We provide evidence of large scale cat predation impacts based on systematic analysis of multiple data sources. Future specific management decisions, both in the United States and globally, must be further informed by fine scale research that allows analysis of population responses to cats and assessment of the success of particular management actions. We are not suggesting that other anthropogenic threats that kill fewer individuals are biologically unimportant. Virtually nothing is known about the cumulative population impacts of multiple mortality sources. Furthermore, comparison of total mortality numbers has limited use for prioritization of risks and development of conservation objectives. Combining per species estimates of mortality with population size estimates will provide the greatest information about the risk of population level impacts of cat predation. Although our results suggest that owned cats have relatively less impact than un owned cats, owned cats still cause substantial wildlife mortality (Table 2); simple solutions to reduce mortality caused by pets, such as limiting or preventing outdoor access, should be pursued. Efforts to better quantify and minimize mortality from all anthropogenic threats are needed to increase sustainability of wildlife populations.The magnitude of wildlife mortality caused by cats that we report here far exceeds all prior estimates. Available evidence suggests that mortality from cat predation is likely to be substantial in all parts of the world where free ranging cats occur. This mortality is of particular concern within the context of steadily increasing populations of owned cats, the potential for increasing populations of un owned cats12, and an increasing abundance of direct and indirect mortality sources that threaten wildlife in the United States and globally.MethodsLiterature searchWe searched JSTOR, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science database (formerly ISI Web of Science) within the Web of Knowledge search engine published by Thomson Reuters to identify studies that document cat predation on birds and mammals. We initially focused this search on US studies, but due to a limited sample of these studies, we expanded the search to include predation research from other temperate regions. We also searched for studies providing estimates of cat population sizes at the scale of the contiguous United States and for US studies that estimate the proportion of owned cats with outdoor access and the proportion of cats that hunt wildlife. The search terms we used included: 'domestic cat' in combination with 'predation,' 'prey,' 'diet,' 'food item' and 'mortality'; all previous terms with 'domestic cat' replaced by 'Felis catus,' 'feral,' 'stray,' 'farm,' 'free ranging,' Hermes Collier de Chien Bracelet replica and 'pet'; 'trap neuter return colony'; 'TNR colony'; and 'cat predation' in combination with 'wildlife,' 'bird,' 'mammal,' and 'rodent'. We checked reference lists of articles to identify additional relevant studies.Classification of cat ranging behaviourWe grouped studies based on the ranging behaviour of cats investigated. We defined owned cats to include owned cats in both rural and urban areas that spend at least some time indoors and are also granted outdoor access. We defined un owned cats to include all un owned cats that spend all of their time outdoors. The un owned cat group includes semi feral cats that are sometimes considered pets (for example, farm/barn cats and strays that are fed by humans but not granted access to habitations), cats in subsidized (including TNR) colonies, and cats that are completely feral (that is, completely independent and rarely interacting with humans). We did not classify cats by landscape type or whether they receive H bracelet replica food from humans because the amount of time cats spend outdoors is a major determinant of predation rates33,34 and because predation is independent of whether cats are fed by humans6,34,35.Study inclusion criteriaStudies were only included if: (1) they clearly reported cat ranging behaviour (that is, a description of whether cats were owned or un owned and whether they were outdoor cats or indoor outdoor cats), and (2) the group of cats investigated fit exclusively into one of the two groups we defined above (that is, we excluded studies that lumped owned and un owned cats in a single predation rate estimate). For some studies, we extracted a portion of data that met these criteria but excluded other data from cats with unknown ranging behaviour. We only included mainland and large island (New Zealand and United Kingdom) predation studies, because cat predation on small islands is often exceptionally high36,37 and focused on colony nesting seabirds38. We excluded studies from outside temperate regions and those with predation rate estimates based on fewer than 10 cats, 39. (For a list of all included and excluded studies, see Supplementary Table S1).Data extraction and standardization of predation ratesMost studies report an estimate of cat predation rate (that is, daily, monthly or annual prey killed per cat) or present data that allowed us to calculate this rate. When studies onl
AbstractAnthropogenic threats, such as collisions with man made structures, vehicles, poisoning and predation by domestic pets, combine to kill billions of wildlife annually. Free ranging domestic cats have been introduced globally and have contributed to multiple wildlife extinctions on islands. The magnitude of mortality they cause in mainland areas remains speculative, with large scale estimates based on non systematic analyses and little consideration of scientific data. Here we conduct a systematic review and quantitatively estimate mortality caused by cats in the United States. We estimate that free ranging domestic cats kill 1.3 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 22.3 billion mammals annually. Un owned cats, as opposed to owned pets, cause the majority of this mortality. Our findings suggest that free ranging cats cause substantially greater wildlife mortality than previously thought and are likely the single greatest source of anthropogenic mortality for US birds and mammals. Scientifically sound conservation and policy intervention is needed to reduce this impact.IntroductionDomestic cats (Felis catus) are predators that humans have introduced globally1,2 and that have been listed among the 100 worst non native invasive species in the world3. Free ranging cats on islands have caused or contributed to 33 (14%) of the modern bird, mammal and reptile extinctions recorded by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List4. Mounting evidence from three continents indicates that cats can also locally reduce mainland bird and mammal populations5,6,7 and cause a substantial proportion of total wildlife mortality8,9,10. Despite these harmful effects, policies for management of free ranging cat populations and regulation of Knockoff hermes gold bracelet pet ownership behaviours are dictated by animal welfare issues rather than ecological impacts11. Projects to manage free ranging cats, such as Trap Neuter Return (TNR) colonies, are potentially harmful to wildlife populations, but are implemented across the United States without widespread public knowledge, consideration of scientific evidence or the environmental review processes typically required for actions with harmful environmental consequences11,12.A major reason for the current non scientific approach to management of free ranging cats is that total mortality from cat predation is often argued to be negligible compared with other anthropogenic threats, such as collisions with man made structures and habitat destruction. However, assessing the conservation importance of a mortality source requires identification of which species are being killed (for example, native versus non native invasive species and rare versus common species) in addition to estimation of total numbers of fatalities. Estimates of annual US bird mortality from predation by all cats, including both owned and un owned cats, are in the hundreds of millions13,14 (we define un owned cats to include farm/barn cats, strays that are fed by humans but not granted access to habitations, cats in subsidized colonies and cats that are completely feral). This magnitude would place cats among the top sources of anthropogenic bird mortality; however, window and building collisions have been suggested to cause even greater mortality15,16,17. Existing estimates of mortality from cat predation are speculative and not based on scientific data13,14,15,16 or, at best, are based on extrapolation of results from a single study18. In addition, no large scale mortality estimates exist for mammals, which form a substantial component of cat diets.We conducted a data driven systematic review of studies that estimate predation rates of owned and un owned cats, and estimated the magnitude of bird and mammal mortality caused by all cats across the contiguous United States (all states excluding Alaska and Hawaii). We estimate that free ranging domestic cats kill 1.3 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 22.3 billion mammals annually, and that un owned cats cause the majority of this mortality. This magnitude of mortality is far greater than previous estimates of cat predation on wildlife and may exceed all other sources of anthropogenic mortality of US birds and mammals.ResultsThe magnitude of bird mortality caused by cat predationAfter excluding studies that did not meet a priori inclusion criteria designed to increase the accuracy of our analysis, we developed probability distributions of predation rates on birds and mammals. We combined predation rate distributions with literature derived probability distributions for US cat population sizes, and we also accounted for the proportion of owned cats allowed outdoors, the proportion of owned and un owned cats that hunt, and imperfect detection of owned cats' prey items.We generated an estimated range of bird and mammal mortality caused by cat predation by incorporating the above distributions including separate predation rate distributions for owned and un owned cats and running 10,000 calculation iterations. We augmented US predation data by incorporating predation rate estimates from other temperate regions (Supplementary Table S1). For birds, we generated three US mortality estimates based on predation data from studies in: (1) the United States, (2) the United States and Europe and (3) the United States, Europe, and other temperate regions (primarily Australia and New Zealand). Owing to a lack of US studies of un owned cat predation on mammals, we estimated mammal mortality using data groupings 2 and 3. We based all other probability distributions on US studies (distribution details in Table 1; data in Supplementary Table S2). We focus interpretation on the estimate generated using US and European predation data because it is the lowest value. Furthermore, this estimate is more likely to be representative of the US than the estimate based on incorporation of data from Australia and New Zealand, where the wildlife fauna and climate are less similar to the United States. We estimate that cats in the contiguous United States annually kill between 1.3 and 4.0 billion birds (median=2.4 billion) (Fig. 1a), with 69% of this mortality caused by un owned cats. The predation estimate for un owned cats was higher primarily due to predation rates by this group averaging three times greater than rates for owned cats. (b) Probability distribution of estimated mammal mortality caused by all free ranging cats in mainland areas of the contiguous United States.The magnitude of mammal mortality caused by cat predationOur estimate of mammal mortality was robust to the choice of predation data as evidenced by a 1.6% difference between the two median estimates (Table 2). We focus interpretation on the lower estimate, which was based on United States and European predation data and US values of other parameters. We estimate annual mammal mortality in the contiguous United States at between 6.3 and 22.3 billion (median=12.3 billion) (Fig. 1b) with 89% of this mortality caused by un owned cats. The estimate that incorporated European data (but not data from Australia and hermes mens bracelet fake New Zealand) may be slightly lower because wildlife across much of Europe were historically exposed to predation by a similarly sized wild cat (Felis sylvestris) and, therefore, may be less naive to predation by domestic cats. However, it is unlikely that European wildlife have fully adapted to the unusually high densities of domestic cats in much of this continent9.Factors explaining estimate uncertaintyFor both birds and mammals, sensitivity analyses indicated that un owned cat parameters explained the greatest variation in total mortality estimates (Fig. 2). Un owned cat population size explained the greatest variation in mortality estimates (42% for birds and 51% for mammals), and the un owned cat predation rate explained the second greatest variation (24% for birds and 40% for mammals). The only other parameters that explained >5% of variation in mortality estimates were the owned cat predation rate on birds (16%) and the correction factor for imperfect detection of owned cats' prey items (8%).DiscussionOur estimate of bird mortality far exceeds any previously estimated US figure for cats13,14,16, as well as estimates for any other direct source of anthropogenic mortality, including collisions with windows, buildings, communication towers, vehicles and pesticide poisoning13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21. Systematic reviews like ours, which includes protocol formulation, a data search strategy, data inclusion criteria, data extraction and formal quantitative analyses22, are scarce for other anthropogenic mortality sources.21 Increased rigour of mortality estimates should be a high priority and will allow increased comparability of mortality sources23. Nonetheless, no estimates of any other anthropogenic mortality source approach the value we calculated for cat predation, and our estimate is the first for cats to be based on rigorous data driven methods. Notably, we excluded high local predation rates and used assumptions that led to minimum predation rate estimates for un owned cats; therefore, actual numbers of birds killed may be even greater than our estimates.Free roaming cats in the United States may also have a substantial impact on reptiles and amphibians. However, US studies of cat predation on these taxa are scarce. To generate a first approximation of US predation rates on reptiles and amphibians, we used the same model of cat predation along with estimates of cat predation rates on these taxa from studies in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. We estimate that between 228 and 871 million reptiles (median=478 million) and between 86 and 320 million amphibians (median=173 million) could be killed by cats in the contiguous United States each year. Reptile and amphibian populations, and, therefore, cat predation rates, may differ between the regions where we gathered predation data for these taxa and the United States. Furthermore, reptiles and amphibians are unavailable as prey during winter across much of the United States. Additional research is needed to clarify impacts of cats on US herpetofauna, especially given numerous anthropogenic stressors that threaten their populations (for example, climate change, habitat loss and infectious diseases) and documented extinctions of reptiles and amphibians due to cat predation in other regions4,24.The exceptionally high estimate of mammal mortality from cat predation is supported by individual US studies that illustrate high annual predation rates by individual un owned cats in excess of 200 mammals per year6,25,26,27,28 and the consistent finding that cats preferentially depredate mammals over other taxa (Supplementary Table S1). Even with a lower yearly predation rate of 100 mammals per cat, annual mortality would range from 3 8 billion mammals just for un owned cats, based on a population estimate of between 30 and 80 million un owned cats. This estimated level of mortality could exceed any other direct source of anthropogenic mortality for small mammals; however, we are unaware of studies that have systematically quantified direct anthropogenic mortality of small terrestrial mammals across large scales.Native species make up the majority of the birds preyed upon by cats. On average, only 33% of bird prey items identified to species were non native species in 10 studies with 438 specimens of 58 species (Supplementary Table S3). For mammals, patterns of predation on native and non native species are less clear and appear to vary by landscape type. In densely populated urban areas where native small mammals are less common, non native species of rats and mice can make up a substantial component of mammalian prey29. However, studies of mammals in suburban and rural areas found that 75 100% of mammalian prey were native mice, shrews, voles, squirrels and rabbits26,30,31. Further research of mammals is needed to clarify patterns of predation by both owned and un owned cats on native and non native mammals, and across different landscape types.Sensitivity analyses indicate that additional research of un owned cats will continue to improve precision of mortality estimates. Our finding that un owned cat population size and predation rate explained the greatest variation in mortality estimates reflects the current lack of knowledge about un owned cats. No precise estimate of the un owned cat population exists for the United States because obtaining such an estimate is cost prohibitive, and feral un owned cats are wary of humans and tend to be solitary outside of urban areas. In addition, human subsidized colonies of un owned cats are maintained without widespread public knowledge. For example, in Washington DC alone there are >300 managed colonies of un owned cats and an unknown number of unmanaged colonies. Population size estimates can be improved by incorporating observations of free ranging cats into a wildlife mortality reporting database23.Context for the population impact of a mortality source depends on comparing mortality estimates to estimates of population abundance of individual species. However, continental scale estimates of wildlife population abundance are uncertain due to spatio temporal variation in numbers. For mammals, clarification of the population impacts of cat predation is hindered by the absence of nationwide population estimates. For all North American land birds, the group of species most susceptible to mainland cat predation (Supplementary Table S3), existing estimates range from 10 20 billion individuals in North America32. A lack of detail about relative proportions of different bird species killed by cats and spatio temporal variation of these proportions makes it difficult to identify the species and populations that are most vulnerable. The magnitude of our mortality estimates suggest that cats are likely causing population declines for some species and in some regions. Threatened and endangered wildlife species on islands are most susceptible to the effects of cat predation, and this may also be true for vulnerable species in localized mainland areas5 because small numbers of fatalities could cause significant population declines. Threatened species in close proximity to cat colonies including managed TNR colonies11,12 face an especially high level of risk; therefore, cat colonies in such locations comprise a wildlife management priority. Claims that TNR colonies are effective in reducing cat populations, and, therefore, wildlife mortality, are not supported by peer reviewed scientific studies11.Our estimates should alert policy makers and the general public about the large magnitude of wildlife mortality caused by free ranging cats. Structured decisions about actions to reduce wildlife mortality require a quantitative evidence base. We provide evidence of large scale cat predation impacts based on systematic analysis of multiple data sources. Future specific management decisions, both in the United States and globally, must be further informed by fine scale research that allows analysis of population responses to cats and assessment of the success of particular management actions. We are not suggesting that other anthropogenic threats that kill fewer individuals are biologically unimportant. Virtually nothing is known about the cumulative population impacts of multiple mortality sources. Furthermore, comparison of total mortality numbers has limited use for prioritization of risks and development of conservation objectives. Combining per species estimates of mortality with population size estimates will provide the greatest information about the risk of population level impacts of cat predation. Although our results suggest that owned cats have relatively less impact than un owned cats, owned cats still cause substantial wildlife mortality (Table 2); simple solutions to reduce mortality caused by pets, such as limiting or preventing outdoor access, should be pursued. Efforts to better quantify and minimize mortality from all anthropogenic threats are needed to increase sustainability of wildlife populations.The magnitude of wildlife mortality caused by cats that we report here far exceeds all prior estimates. Available evidence suggests that mortality from cat predation is likely to be substantial in all parts of the world where free ranging cats occur. This mortality is of particular concern within the context of steadily increasing populations of owned cats, the potential for increasing populations of un owned cats12, and an increasing abundance of direct and indirect mortality sources that threaten wildlife in the United States and globally.MethodsLiterature searchWe searched JSTOR, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science database (formerly ISI Web of Science) within the Web of Knowledge search engine published by Thomson Reuters to identify studies that document cat predation on birds and mammals. We initially focused this search on US studies, but due to a limited sample of these studies, we expanded the search to include predation research from other temperate regions. We also searched for studies providing estimates of cat population sizes at the scale of the contiguous United States and for US studies that estimate the proportion of owned cats with outdoor access and the proportion of cats that hunt wildlife. The search terms we used included: 'domestic cat' in combination with 'predation,' 'prey,' 'diet,' 'food item' and 'mortality'; all previous terms with 'domestic cat' replaced by 'Felis catus,' 'feral,' 'stray,' 'farm,' 'free ranging,' Hermes Collier de Chien Bracelet replica and 'pet'; 'trap neuter return colony'; 'TNR colony'; and 'cat predation' in combination with 'wildlife,' 'bird,' 'mammal,' and 'rodent'. We checked reference lists of articles to identify additional relevant studies.Classification of cat ranging behaviourWe grouped studies based on the ranging behaviour of cats investigated. We defined owned cats to include owned cats in both rural and urban areas that spend at least some time indoors and are also granted outdoor access. We defined un owned cats to include all un owned cats that spend all of their time outdoors. The un owned cat group includes semi feral cats that are sometimes considered pets (for example, farm/barn cats and strays that are fed by humans but not granted access to habitations), cats in subsidized (including TNR) colonies, and cats that are completely feral (that is, completely independent and rarely interacting with humans). We did not classify cats by landscape type or whether they receive H bracelet replica food from humans because the amount of time cats spend outdoors is a major determinant of predation rates33,34 and because predation is independent of whether cats are fed by humans6,34,35.Study inclusion criteriaStudies were only included if: (1) they clearly reported cat ranging behaviour (that is, a description of whether cats were owned or un owned and whether they were outdoor cats or indoor outdoor cats), and (2) the group of cats investigated fit exclusively into one of the two groups we defined above (that is, we excluded studies that lumped owned and un owned cats in a single predation rate estimate). For some studies, we extracted a portion of data that met these criteria but excluded other data from cats with unknown ranging behaviour. We only included mainland and large island (New Zealand and United Kingdom) predation studies, because cat predation on small islands is often exceptionally high36,37 and focused on colony nesting seabirds38. We excluded studies from outside temperate regions and those with predation rate estimates based on fewer than 10 cats, 39. (For a list of all included and excluded studies, see Supplementary Table S1).Data extraction and standardization of predation ratesMost studies report an estimate of cat predation rate (that is, daily, monthly or annual prey killed per cat) or present data that allowed us to calculate this rate. When studies onl
Pont Alexandre and Rezorbi die to mar opening day
Pont Alexandre was trained by Willie Mullins for owner Rich Ricci, who had an otherwise unparalleled day of success winning the Champion Hurdle with Annie Power, the Arkle with Douvan and the Mares' Hurdle with Vroum Vroum Mag.
Since finishing third to The New One in the 2013 Neptune Hurdle, Pont Alexandre had been off the track for two years but had managed three races this season and was well fancied for the four mile National Hunt Chase.
"He hermes gold bracelet fake was a lovely big, old fashioned chaser and the type that had a laid back personality. I thought I had him back this season and he will be sorely missed at the yard."
The Govaness was in the process of running an excellent race in the OLBG Mares' Hurdle for Dr Richard Newland, looking sure to be placed when she suffered a fatal fall at the last flight.
Jonjo O'Neill's Rezorbi was having just his second run for new connections in the Close Brothers Novices' Handicap Chase since joining from France when he fell two out and was humanely destroyed. Our thoughts are with the owners, trainers and all the staff who have cared for these horses.
"The BHA works closely with Cheltenham, and indeed all British racecourses, to ensure that the highest possible standards of welfare are in place at all fixtures. Each of the horses injured today were attended to promptly and received a high standard of professional veterinary care from the team at Cheltenham Racecourse.
"We record and monitor all injuries and fatalities that occur on the racecourse to provide a benchmark from which the industry continually strives to reduce injury rates. Over the last 20 years, the equine fatality rate has fallen by a third hermes clic h bracelet replica and in 2015 was the lowest on record, falling to just 0.18 per cent of runners."
One animal rights group criticised Channel 4's coverage of the injured horses.
Animal Aid's Dene Strensall said: "It was particularly sickening hermes bracelet imitation that Channel 4 conspicuously failed to mention, as they finished broadcasting, that at least one serious injury had happened. Any self respecting human being should condemn the use of animals in this way."
In response, a Channel 4 Collier de Chien hermes bracelet copy spokesperson underlined the nature of the injuries to The Govaness were not confirmed until its afternoon show was off air, while the other two races were not covered live, saying: "We extend our sympathies to all connections.
"We weren't given confirmation until we were off air and it is not our protocol to speculate.
"The other two incidents happened off air and we again extend our condolences to connections.
"Our highlights programme has taken into account the incidents of the day with care and consideration."
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
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Pont Alexandre was trained by Willie Mullins for owner Rich Ricci, who had an otherwise unparalleled day of success winning the Champion Hurdle with Annie Power, the Arkle with Douvan and the Mares' Hurdle with Vroum Vroum Mag.
Since finishing third to The New One in the 2013 Neptune Hurdle, Pont Alexandre had been off the track for two years but had managed three races this season and was well fancied for the four mile National Hunt Chase.
"He hermes gold bracelet fake was a lovely big, old fashioned chaser and the type that had a laid back personality. I thought I had him back this season and he will be sorely missed at the yard."
The Govaness was in the process of running an excellent race in the OLBG Mares' Hurdle for Dr Richard Newland, looking sure to be placed when she suffered a fatal fall at the last flight.
Jonjo O'Neill's Rezorbi was having just his second run for new connections in the Close Brothers Novices' Handicap Chase since joining from France when he fell two out and was humanely destroyed. Our thoughts are with the owners, trainers and all the staff who have cared for these horses.
"The BHA works closely with Cheltenham, and indeed all British racecourses, to ensure that the highest possible standards of welfare are in place at all fixtures. Each of the horses injured today were attended to promptly and received a high standard of professional veterinary care from the team at Cheltenham Racecourse.
"We record and monitor all injuries and fatalities that occur on the racecourse to provide a benchmark from which the industry continually strives to reduce injury rates. Over the last 20 years, the equine fatality rate has fallen by a third hermes clic h bracelet replica and in 2015 was the lowest on record, falling to just 0.18 per cent of runners."
One animal rights group criticised Channel 4's coverage of the injured horses.
Animal Aid's Dene Strensall said: "It was particularly sickening hermes bracelet imitation that Channel 4 conspicuously failed to mention, as they finished broadcasting, that at least one serious injury had happened. Any self respecting human being should condemn the use of animals in this way."
In response, a Channel 4 Collier de Chien hermes bracelet copy spokesperson underlined the nature of the injuries to The Govaness were not confirmed until its afternoon show was off air, while the other two races were not covered live, saying: "We extend our sympathies to all connections.
"We weren't given confirmation until we were off air and it is not our protocol to speculate.
"The other two incidents happened off air and we again extend our condolences to connections.
"Our highlights programme has taken into account the incidents of the day with care and consideration."
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
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old boy being dragged kicking and screaming into van on July 4
Although no missing children have been reported police say they have credible evidence to believe it was a kidnapping.
'We have a 24 hour emergency operation command center set up to fake hermes H bracelet black deal strictly with this case,' Captain Jeff Pearce, of Spotsylvania County Sheriff's Office, told ABC News.
The bicycle the child, who appeared to be about 12, was allegedly riding has been found by police, but they have not yet found the blue work van he was dragged into.
'A witness called Collier de Chien hermes bracelet copy 911 after
they saw a boy kicking and screaming for help and resisting a man who
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EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Manchester Arena suicide bomber Salman Abedi flew back. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande's hero mom who helped bring. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Mother of teen, 18, killed in Manchester terror attack. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
Although no missing children have been reported police say they have credible evidence to believe it was a kidnapping.
'We have a 24 hour emergency operation command center set up to fake hermes H bracelet black deal strictly with this case,' Captain Jeff Pearce, of Spotsylvania County Sheriff's Office, told ABC News.
The bicycle the child, who appeared to be about 12, was allegedly riding has been found by police, but they have not yet found the blue work van he was dragged into.
'A witness called Collier de Chien hermes bracelet copy 911 after
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Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane hermes clic h bracelet replica arrives back in the US Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber Terrifying scenes inside Manchester Arena as crowd flee concert Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker Armed police prepare to raid of Manchester suicide bomber Threat level imitation hermes bracelet sale now CRITICAL: PM raises terror level Ariana Grande fans running away from venue after an explosion
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Manchester Arena suicide bomber Salman Abedi flew back. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande's hero mom who helped bring. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Mother of teen, 18, killed in Manchester terror attack. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
Nursing Backlog Hits California Community fake hermes bracelets Colleges
California, like many states, is suffering a shortage of nurses. How short? Ten thousand vacancies and counting. But the problem is not a shortage of people who want to be nurses. Most are trained in the state's community colleges.
And as Elaine Korry reports, these nursing programs are forced to turn away thousands of qualified students every year.
ELAINE KORRY: The Nursing Skills Lab at Contra Costa College, a community college east of San Francisco. This looks like a real hospital ward, complete with high tech instruments and monitors. But instead of real patients, the beds are filled with life sized mannequins used by students to practice procedures.
Mr. SEAN MCNEAL (Registered Nurse, Contra Costa College): Put your hand on the catheter tip. OK.
KORRY: A half dozen students are huddled around instructor Sean McNeal, learning how to delicately insert a catheter.
Mr. MCNEAL: Advance it how much further?
KORRY: These students are a highly selective group, the rare ones who were accepted into this two year associate degree program. Once they graduate, they'll sit for the state licensing exam to become registered nurses.
It's a goal Kimberly Hall(ph) thought she'd never achieve.
Ms. KIMBERLY HALL (Nursing Student): I felt it was near impossible.
Ms. HALL: I was getting ready to give up.
KORRY: Hall is finally in but only after three miserable years of waiting. The problem was never her grades, says Hall, replica hermes bracelet enamel but a simple lack of space.
Ms. HALL: You have 300 people applying for 30 spots. And rejection letter after rejection letter, it starts to wear on you after awhile.
KORRY: California has 75 community college nursing programs, and every one of them is full. Many have a three or four year waiting list. Many have a three or four year waiting list. Others, including Contra Costa, rely on a lottery system, which requires applicants to reapply every year.
Ms. LISA HILL(ph): There they are: transcripts, applications, notes, ready to reapply for next fall.
KORRY: Lisa Hill has taken that advice to heart. College application season just ended, and Hill has a thick folder of forms to show for her efforts. She's been inching toward nursing school for years, having aced all her prerequisite courses at Contra Costa and then applying to the nursing program last year.
The school accepted 70 students, including a dozen who made it onto the alternate list. Hill was unlucky number 13.
Ms. HILL: When I didn't get in, it was just it was a shock, really. I was devastated.
KORRY: For now, Hill's vocational dream is replica hermes clic h bracelet stalled.
Ms. HILL: I heard, wow, what a great career to get into; the population is getting older, there's going to be a need for nurses, nurses are retiring.
KORRY: And so, Hill won't give up. At less than $5,000, a community college nursing degree is a true bargain. And California is trying to address the backlog. Hill does have another option: She could attend a private nursing program at a for profit school, such as the University of Phoenix.
In recent hermes bracelets replica years, market based or proprietary programs have moved in to fill the gap left by overwhelmed state schools. That should surprise no one, says California's Community College vice chancellor, Jose Millan.
Mr. JOSE MILLAN (Vice Chancellor, California Community College): If I were in the position of a proprietary school, I'd take a look at those same numbers that you're looking at: huge demand, not enough supply. And I'd say, ah, here's an opportunity. And I'd offer the same thing at a high cost.
KORRY: Nursing is an expensive program to run, what with low faculty ratios and high tech lab requirements. So for profit schools do cost more up to 10 times more than a state school.
Lisa Hill says she hates the idea of running up a huge debt. But if she doesn't get into a public program soon, she may not have a better choice.
For NPR News, I'm Elaine Korry.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary.
California, like many states, is suffering a shortage of nurses. How short? Ten thousand vacancies and counting. But the problem is not a shortage of people who want to be nurses. Most are trained in the state's community colleges.
And as Elaine Korry reports, these nursing programs are forced to turn away thousands of qualified students every year.
ELAINE KORRY: The Nursing Skills Lab at Contra Costa College, a community college east of San Francisco. This looks like a real hospital ward, complete with high tech instruments and monitors. But instead of real patients, the beds are filled with life sized mannequins used by students to practice procedures.
Mr. SEAN MCNEAL (Registered Nurse, Contra Costa College): Put your hand on the catheter tip. OK.
KORRY: A half dozen students are huddled around instructor Sean McNeal, learning how to delicately insert a catheter.
Mr. MCNEAL: Advance it how much further?
KORRY: These students are a highly selective group, the rare ones who were accepted into this two year associate degree program. Once they graduate, they'll sit for the state licensing exam to become registered nurses.
It's a goal Kimberly Hall(ph) thought she'd never achieve.
Ms. KIMBERLY HALL (Nursing Student): I felt it was near impossible.
Ms. HALL: I was getting ready to give up.
KORRY: Hall is finally in but only after three miserable years of waiting. The problem was never her grades, says Hall, replica hermes bracelet enamel but a simple lack of space.
Ms. HALL: You have 300 people applying for 30 spots. And rejection letter after rejection letter, it starts to wear on you after awhile.
KORRY: California has 75 community college nursing programs, and every one of them is full. Many have a three or four year waiting list. Many have a three or four year waiting list. Others, including Contra Costa, rely on a lottery system, which requires applicants to reapply every year.
Ms. LISA HILL(ph): There they are: transcripts, applications, notes, ready to reapply for next fall.
KORRY: Lisa Hill has taken that advice to heart. College application season just ended, and Hill has a thick folder of forms to show for her efforts. She's been inching toward nursing school for years, having aced all her prerequisite courses at Contra Costa and then applying to the nursing program last year.
The school accepted 70 students, including a dozen who made it onto the alternate list. Hill was unlucky number 13.
Ms. HILL: When I didn't get in, it was just it was a shock, really. I was devastated.
KORRY: For now, Hill's vocational dream is replica hermes clic h bracelet stalled.
Ms. HILL: I heard, wow, what a great career to get into; the population is getting older, there's going to be a need for nurses, nurses are retiring.
KORRY: And so, Hill won't give up. At less than $5,000, a community college nursing degree is a true bargain. And California is trying to address the backlog. Hill does have another option: She could attend a private nursing program at a for profit school, such as the University of Phoenix.
In recent hermes bracelets replica years, market based or proprietary programs have moved in to fill the gap left by overwhelmed state schools. That should surprise no one, says California's Community College vice chancellor, Jose Millan.
Mr. JOSE MILLAN (Vice Chancellor, California Community College): If I were in the position of a proprietary school, I'd take a look at those same numbers that you're looking at: huge demand, not enough supply. And I'd say, ah, here's an opportunity. And I'd offer the same thing at a high cost.
KORRY: Nursing is an expensive program to run, what with low faculty ratios and high tech lab requirements. So for profit schools do cost more up to 10 times more than a state school.
Lisa Hill says she hates the idea of running up a huge debt. But if she doesn't get into a public program soon, she may not have a better choice.
For NPR News, I'm Elaine Korry.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary.
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Paul Bryan Obituary
Paul C. Bryan LITTLE FALLS, NY Paul C. Bryan, 57, of Little Falls, NY, formerly of Ewing, NJ, went home to be with the Lord on Sunday, Nov. 6, 2011. Born on Dec. 1, 1953, he was the beloved husband of Sharon C. Bryan, of Little Falls, NY, also formerly of Ewing, NJ. He was the beloved father of Jonathan S. and father in law of Jennifer F. Bryan, of Nashua, NH; daughter Laura E. Bryan and son Nathan M. Bryan of Little Falls, and Grandpa to Connor Scott Bryan. He is further survived by his loving parents, Charles and Dorothy Bryan of Pennington NJ; a sister and brother in law, Joan and Blair McGwire; two nieces, Rebecca McGwire and Danielle McGwire Nesta of Hershey, PA; as well as a brother in law and sister in law, Joe and Sandy Menschner, of Levittown, PA. He is also survived by a special aunt and uncle, Edith and John Van Wagoner of Pemberton, NJ, and many special cousins and friends. Paul was a graduate of Hopewell Valley Central High School and Widener University and was currently employed at Burrows Paper Corporation for electrical maintenance. Before moving to upstate NY, he was a third generation dairy farmer for 30 years. He served as director of Mercer County Soil Conservation and was past president of the Mercer County Board of Agriculture as well as an active member of 4 H. He was active as an assistant scout master of Boy Scout Troop 31 in Little Falls and held the rank of wood badge. He had served as an elder at Pennington Presbyterian Church, NJ, and First Presbyterian Church of Little Falls, NY, and was most recently active at Harvest Hills Baptist Church of Herkimer, NY. Calling hours will be held buy Hermes bags replica on Nov. at Wilson Apple Funeral Home, 2560 Pennington Road, Pennington, NJ. Funeral will be held on Nov. at Pennington Presbyterian Church, Pennington, NJ. Interment will be held at Ewing Church cemetery. In lieu of flowers, hermes bag black replica any donations may be made to the Amyloidosis Foundation, Cleveland Clinic of Cleveland, OH, Boy Scouts replica Hermes Classic Shoulder Birkin bag of America, First Presbyterian Church of Little hermes bag replica Falls, Pennington Presbyterian Church, or Harvest Hills Baptist Church or any.
Paul C. Bryan LITTLE FALLS, NY Paul C. Bryan, 57, of Little Falls, NY, formerly of Ewing, NJ, went home to be with the Lord on Sunday, Nov. 6, 2011. Born on Dec. 1, 1953, he was the beloved husband of Sharon C. Bryan, of Little Falls, NY, also formerly of Ewing, NJ. He was the beloved father of Jonathan S. and father in law of Jennifer F. Bryan, of Nashua, NH; daughter Laura E. Bryan and son Nathan M. Bryan of Little Falls, and Grandpa to Connor Scott Bryan. He is further survived by his loving parents, Charles and Dorothy Bryan of Pennington NJ; a sister and brother in law, Joan and Blair McGwire; two nieces, Rebecca McGwire and Danielle McGwire Nesta of Hershey, PA; as well as a brother in law and sister in law, Joe and Sandy Menschner, of Levittown, PA. He is also survived by a special aunt and uncle, Edith and John Van Wagoner of Pemberton, NJ, and many special cousins and friends. Paul was a graduate of Hopewell Valley Central High School and Widener University and was currently employed at Burrows Paper Corporation for electrical maintenance. Before moving to upstate NY, he was a third generation dairy farmer for 30 years. He served as director of Mercer County Soil Conservation and was past president of the Mercer County Board of Agriculture as well as an active member of 4 H. He was active as an assistant scout master of Boy Scout Troop 31 in Little Falls and held the rank of wood badge. He had served as an elder at Pennington Presbyterian Church, NJ, and First Presbyterian Church of Little Falls, NY, and was most recently active at Harvest Hills Baptist Church of Herkimer, NY. Calling hours will be held buy Hermes bags replica on Nov. at Wilson Apple Funeral Home, 2560 Pennington Road, Pennington, NJ. Funeral will be held on Nov. at Pennington Presbyterian Church, Pennington, NJ. Interment will be held at Ewing Church cemetery. In lieu of flowers, hermes bag black replica any donations may be made to the Amyloidosis Foundation, Cleveland Clinic of Cleveland, OH, Boy Scouts replica Hermes Classic Shoulder Birkin bag of America, First Presbyterian Church of Little hermes bag replica Falls, Pennington Presbyterian Church, or Harvest Hills Baptist Church or any.
now tackles his biggest foe
Joost van der Westhuizen is barely intelligible but extraordinarily expressive. He is physically diminished yet spiritually enriched.
At 42, his body is shutting down while his brain remains hyperactive. Basic actions, such as talking, chewing, standing and walking, are becoming increasingly difficult. The instinct is to recoil, withdraw. Yet instead of succumbing to debilitating weakness he has shown remarkable strength in counselling fellow sufferers.
Sport lends itself to lazy sentimentality and cheap praise. Yet when Van der Westhuizen appeared at a London dinner last week which raised 100,000 for his J9 Foundation, he generated a sense of awe and inadequacy. He could not take to the stage, but spoke through a pre recorded video, which was received in rapt silence.
"It took me a year to make peace with myself," he said during an equally humbling radio interview with Richard Keys and Andy Gray the following morning. "You learn to adapt and accept. You have a choice: are you going to lie down and die or are you going to live your last few months? Life is joyous.
"In the beginning you go through all the emotions. You start to ask yourself, 'Why me?' It's quite simple: why not me? I have to go through this to help future generations. There is a reason for it, and we don't have to know why."
Rugby can be a destructive force, a sport of misplaced machismo and wanton aggression. It cherishes its warriors like Van der Westhuizen. He hermes bag replica is, by his own admission, a flawed man transformed by adversity.
His perspective, painfully acquired, might be acutely personal, but it has a challenging relevance to those athletes who are encouraged to believe in the myth of their invulnerability. He was forced out of celebrity's bubble to confront himself.
He concedes he was wilful, arrogant and recklessly self indulgent. Those around him made excuses for his excesses. He thought he had reached a nadir three years ago when he tearfully retracted denials that he had been captured on a sex tape involving a stripper.
Then Henry Kelbrick, his friend and doctor, noticed a lack of physical power and indistinct speech patterns. The immediate prognosis that he would be in a wheelchair within a year did not factor in the strength of his will.
Time is suddenly his most precious commodity. He is being injected with an expensive and experimental goat serum designed to Hermes classic Kelly bag replica alleviate some of the degenerative effects of the disease, which has no known cause.
His achievements, as the great scrum half of his era, have already conferred an intimate form of immortality. Images of his speed and physicality, his opportunism under duress, will endure. He will continue to stimulate the imagination of those who watched and once wished they could fake Hermes bag Classic orange be him.
His plight echoes that of baseball legend Lou Gehrig. He died in 1941, two years after being diagnosed with ALS. His valedictory speech "Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth" remains one of the most emotionally charged moments in North American sport.
Van der Westhuizen visits other victims to militate against surrender: "Emotionally they are not in a good space. They feel sorry for themselves and deteriorate quickly. When you accept your condition you will live longer."
As for his own fate, he is unequivocal: "I will decide when I go."
Hamilton is just a corporate hologram
Formula One is buy Hermes bags replica an increasingly soulless ritual, a business meeting which requires industrial strength earplugs. It deserves role models such as Lewis Hamilton. The Briton, who approaches the new season as a Mercedes driver, summarises the smugness and self importance of a virtual sport.
He has never had the firmest grip on reality, but his graceless lurch into tax efficient exile has completed the process of alienation from our imperfect world.
The inanities of his daily existence the 20 million private jet, fully accredited dog and high profile yearning for a low profile are the stuff of caricature. So, too, is his vision of a personalised museum.
His desperation to associate himself with Ayrton Senna, a champion of substance rather than a modern corporate hologram, is revealingly narcissistic.
A little bit of Formula One died with Senna that fateful May Day Sunday at Imola in 1994. It became sanitised while clinging to its sacrificial heritage.
Speak to the pre eminent drivers of previous generations, such as Sir Jackie Stewart, and motor racing's lost humanity becomes apparent. Stewart did not know whether he, or his friends, would be alive by the time the finishing flag dropped. Hamilton, by contrast, doesn't know he is born.
A Sepp too far
Don't look now, but Sepp Blatter is up to something. He's turned against Michel Platini, his supposed successor as Fifa president. Expect him to oppose a winter World Cup in Qatar, propose its relocation in the United States, and grandly cancel plans to retire in 2015. You have been warned.
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
Joost van der Westhuizen is barely intelligible but extraordinarily expressive. He is physically diminished yet spiritually enriched.
At 42, his body is shutting down while his brain remains hyperactive. Basic actions, such as talking, chewing, standing and walking, are becoming increasingly difficult. The instinct is to recoil, withdraw. Yet instead of succumbing to debilitating weakness he has shown remarkable strength in counselling fellow sufferers.
Sport lends itself to lazy sentimentality and cheap praise. Yet when Van der Westhuizen appeared at a London dinner last week which raised 100,000 for his J9 Foundation, he generated a sense of awe and inadequacy. He could not take to the stage, but spoke through a pre recorded video, which was received in rapt silence.
"It took me a year to make peace with myself," he said during an equally humbling radio interview with Richard Keys and Andy Gray the following morning. "You learn to adapt and accept. You have a choice: are you going to lie down and die or are you going to live your last few months? Life is joyous.
"In the beginning you go through all the emotions. You start to ask yourself, 'Why me?' It's quite simple: why not me? I have to go through this to help future generations. There is a reason for it, and we don't have to know why."
Rugby can be a destructive force, a sport of misplaced machismo and wanton aggression. It cherishes its warriors like Van der Westhuizen. He hermes bag replica is, by his own admission, a flawed man transformed by adversity.
His perspective, painfully acquired, might be acutely personal, but it has a challenging relevance to those athletes who are encouraged to believe in the myth of their invulnerability. He was forced out of celebrity's bubble to confront himself.
He concedes he was wilful, arrogant and recklessly self indulgent. Those around him made excuses for his excesses. He thought he had reached a nadir three years ago when he tearfully retracted denials that he had been captured on a sex tape involving a stripper.
Then Henry Kelbrick, his friend and doctor, noticed a lack of physical power and indistinct speech patterns. The immediate prognosis that he would be in a wheelchair within a year did not factor in the strength of his will.
Time is suddenly his most precious commodity. He is being injected with an expensive and experimental goat serum designed to Hermes classic Kelly bag replica alleviate some of the degenerative effects of the disease, which has no known cause.
His achievements, as the great scrum half of his era, have already conferred an intimate form of immortality. Images of his speed and physicality, his opportunism under duress, will endure. He will continue to stimulate the imagination of those who watched and once wished they could fake Hermes bag Classic orange be him.
His plight echoes that of baseball legend Lou Gehrig. He died in 1941, two years after being diagnosed with ALS. His valedictory speech "Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth" remains one of the most emotionally charged moments in North American sport.
Van der Westhuizen visits other victims to militate against surrender: "Emotionally they are not in a good space. They feel sorry for themselves and deteriorate quickly. When you accept your condition you will live longer."
As for his own fate, he is unequivocal: "I will decide when I go."
Hamilton is just a corporate hologram
Formula One is buy Hermes bags replica an increasingly soulless ritual, a business meeting which requires industrial strength earplugs. It deserves role models such as Lewis Hamilton. The Briton, who approaches the new season as a Mercedes driver, summarises the smugness and self importance of a virtual sport.
He has never had the firmest grip on reality, but his graceless lurch into tax efficient exile has completed the process of alienation from our imperfect world.
The inanities of his daily existence the 20 million private jet, fully accredited dog and high profile yearning for a low profile are the stuff of caricature. So, too, is his vision of a personalised museum.
His desperation to associate himself with Ayrton Senna, a champion of substance rather than a modern corporate hologram, is revealingly narcissistic.
A little bit of Formula One died with Senna that fateful May Day Sunday at Imola in 1994. It became sanitised while clinging to its sacrificial heritage.
Speak to the pre eminent drivers of previous generations, such as Sir Jackie Stewart, and motor racing's lost humanity becomes apparent. Stewart did not know whether he, or his friends, would be alive by the time the finishing flag dropped. Hamilton, by contrast, doesn't know he is born.
A Sepp too far
Don't look now, but Sepp Blatter is up to something. He's turned against Michel Platini, his supposed successor as Fifa president. Expect him to oppose a winter World Cup in Qatar, propose its relocation in the United States, and grandly cancel plans to retire in 2015. You have been warned.
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
Premier League week 11 at the Echo Arena in Liverpool will see Peter Wright and Gary Anderson double up
UK Open champion Peter Wright will take on the world's top two ranked players, Michael van how much is fake Hermes bag price Gerwen and Gary Anderson, as he doubles up in Liverpool on Thursday night.
'Snakebite' is currently sitting in second position, two points behind leader and reigning champion Van Gerwen, and two wins would send him clear at the top.
The Scottish star will take on Dave Chisnall in the opening clash of the night before his crunch clash against Wright in the final match of the evening.
Adrian Lewis plays third placed Raymond hermes bag imitation van Barneveld while Phil Taylor and James Wade face off in a repeat of two Premier League finals.
Night 11 Thursday April 13 Gary Anderson v Dave Chisnall Michael van Gerwen v Peter Wright Adrian Lewis v Raymond van Barneveld Phil Taylor v James Wade Peter Wright v Gary Anderson
Watch how the drama unfolded on week 10 of Premier League Darts from Dublin
You can see all the action from Sales fake Hermes bag the Echo Arena in Liverpool next Thursday from 7pm on Sky Sports 1 HD. Grab a NOW TV Sky Sports Day Pass and watch hermes H bag replica Premier League Darts from Liverpool on Thursday night for just No contract.
UK Open champion Peter Wright will take on the world's top two ranked players, Michael van how much is fake Hermes bag price Gerwen and Gary Anderson, as he doubles up in Liverpool on Thursday night.
'Snakebite' is currently sitting in second position, two points behind leader and reigning champion Van Gerwen, and two wins would send him clear at the top.
The Scottish star will take on Dave Chisnall in the opening clash of the night before his crunch clash against Wright in the final match of the evening.
Adrian Lewis plays third placed Raymond hermes bag imitation van Barneveld while Phil Taylor and James Wade face off in a repeat of two Premier League finals.
Night 11 Thursday April 13 Gary Anderson v Dave Chisnall Michael van Gerwen v Peter Wright Adrian Lewis v Raymond van Barneveld Phil Taylor v James Wade Peter Wright v Gary Anderson
Watch how the drama unfolded on week 10 of Premier League Darts from Dublin
You can see all the action from Sales fake Hermes bag the Echo Arena in Liverpool next Thursday from 7pm on Sky Sports 1 HD. Grab a NOW TV Sky Sports Day Pass and watch hermes H bag replica Premier League Darts from Liverpool on Thursday night for just No contract.
Rare stamp from colonial British Columbia to be auctioned
March 13, 2017 Timeless treasures Brian Grant Duff examines a 2000 thousand year coin ( Alexander the Great) in All Nations stamp and coins. Mark van Manen PNG Staff photographer see John Mackie Vancouver Sun/Province News/ Feature stories and Web. and Vancouver Island. The colonial government decided to make a stamp featuring both colonies, how much is a hermes bag but it doesn't appear it was ever issued.
But a few of the stamps have emerged over the last 168 years. On Saturday, one of them will be auctioned by Vancouver's All Nations Stamp and Coin.
"It's a very rare stamp, the likes of which most people never get a chance to put in their collection," said Brian Grant Duff of All Nations.
"They have sold for as much as $50,000. But it's not a perfect example, so it's going to bring between $5,000 and $10,000."
It's a cool stamp, filled with all kinds of historical quirks. It was a two pence, half penny stamp, because the colonies were still using British currency.
What's really cool is that the top of the stamp reads "British Columbia and the bottom reads "Vancouvers Island." That's right, Vancouvers Island, without an apostrophe.
Three years later a slightly revised British Columbia Vancouvers Island stamp with perforated edges was made for an International Exposition in London, and then released. Grant Duff has one of those for sale as well, with an estimate of $100.
The colonies were united in 1866 and issued a three pence British Columbia stamp with a big V and a crown, for Victoria. replica birkin handbags stamps.
"Williams Creek is Barkerville," Grant Duff explains.
"Richfield, Barkerville, Williams Creek, they're all the same place. I don't think you see many covers addressed to Barkerville. I think Williams Creek replica hermes handbags was the known destination (in the day), because that's where the (first) gold strike was made."
The estimate for the Williams Creek letter is $1,500. The overall estimate for the 200 lots in the auction is $100,000.
"It's 1,100 sales Hermes bag season with the main color coordination in weekly auctions, so I tried to put together an interesting sale."
He succeeded. The auction includes everything from rare hockey cards to a Roman coin featuring Julius Caesar and a copy of Emily Carr's book Klee Wyck, autographed by Carr.
There is also a rare Canadian stamp from 1851 that's known as the "12 Penny Black." The estimate is $5,000.
"It's not the prettiest example in the world, but there's only about 100 that have survived in any condition," said Grant Duff. "It's one of the world's rarest stamps, and it's certainly a Canadian stamp that is a big hole in most people's collection. So this is an affordable opportunity for someone to fill that hole."
A Canadian $25 bill from 1935 marks the 25th year of King George V on the throne (est. $3,000). There is also a $4 bill issued in 1859 by the long dead Colonial Bank of Canada (est. $500).
Grant Duff has a soft spot for many of the ancient coins in the sale, includingan English crown struck in 1653, during the brief reign of Oliver Cromwell (est. $5,000). There is even a 2,300 year old Greek coin featuring Alexander the Great (est. $500).
March 13, 2017 Timeless treasures Brian Grant Duff examines a 2000 thousand year coin ( Alexander the Great) in All Nations stamp and coins. Mark van Manen PNG Staff photographer see John Mackie Vancouver Sun/Province News/ Feature stories and Web. and Vancouver Island. The colonial government decided to make a stamp featuring both colonies, how much is a hermes bag but it doesn't appear it was ever issued.
But a few of the stamps have emerged over the last 168 years. On Saturday, one of them will be auctioned by Vancouver's All Nations Stamp and Coin.
"It's a very rare stamp, the likes of which most people never get a chance to put in their collection," said Brian Grant Duff of All Nations.
"They have sold for as much as $50,000. But it's not a perfect example, so it's going to bring between $5,000 and $10,000."
It's a cool stamp, filled with all kinds of historical quirks. It was a two pence, half penny stamp, because the colonies were still using British currency.
What's really cool is that the top of the stamp reads "British Columbia and the bottom reads "Vancouvers Island." That's right, Vancouvers Island, without an apostrophe.
Three years later a slightly revised British Columbia Vancouvers Island stamp with perforated edges was made for an International Exposition in London, and then released. Grant Duff has one of those for sale as well, with an estimate of $100.
The colonies were united in 1866 and issued a three pence British Columbia stamp with a big V and a crown, for Victoria. replica birkin handbags stamps.
"Williams Creek is Barkerville," Grant Duff explains.
"Richfield, Barkerville, Williams Creek, they're all the same place. I don't think you see many covers addressed to Barkerville. I think Williams Creek replica hermes handbags was the known destination (in the day), because that's where the (first) gold strike was made."
The estimate for the Williams Creek letter is $1,500. The overall estimate for the 200 lots in the auction is $100,000.
"It's 1,100 sales Hermes bag season with the main color coordination in weekly auctions, so I tried to put together an interesting sale."
He succeeded. The auction includes everything from rare hockey cards to a Roman coin featuring Julius Caesar and a copy of Emily Carr's book Klee Wyck, autographed by Carr.
There is also a rare Canadian stamp from 1851 that's known as the "12 Penny Black." The estimate is $5,000.
"It's not the prettiest example in the world, but there's only about 100 that have survived in any condition," said Grant Duff. "It's one of the world's rarest stamps, and it's certainly a Canadian stamp that is a big hole in most people's collection. So this is an affordable opportunity for someone to fill that hole."
A Canadian $25 bill from 1935 marks the 25th year of King George V on the throne (est. $3,000). There is also a $4 bill issued in 1859 by the long dead Colonial Bank of Canada (est. $500).
Grant Duff has a soft spot for many of the ancient coins in the sale, includingan English crown struck in 1653, during the brief reign of Oliver Cromwell (est. $5,000). There is even a 2,300 year old Greek coin featuring Alexander the Great (est. $500).
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