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Dysfunction at Wikipedia on Homeopathic Medicine
In April, 2014, I had the happenstance to run into Jimmy Wales, the co founder of Wikipedia, on the streets of Vancouver. I was there to lecture to a group of medical professionals, while he was attending the TED talks. I expressed my appreciation to him for creating Wikipedia. I also then expressed concern to him about the "unencyclopedic" tone and information in Wikipedia's article on homeopathy. He then encouraged me to express my concerns in writing, and this is that response.
It may surprise and even shock most people to learn that, according to the Washington Post, the two most controversial subjects on Wikipedia in four leading languages (English, French, German, and Spanish) are the articles on "Jesus Christ" and "homeopathy."
Because I know that you want Wikipedia to be the best modern resource of reliable information, my intent in writing is to show you where Wikipedia is falling below your high standards, and in fact, Wikipedia's article on homeopathy is providing strongly biased, inaccurate information. This strong bias is a symptom of a deeper problem at Wikipedia in select articles on topics that challenge dominant medical and scientific worldviews. After reading the below body of scientific evidence on the subject of homeopathic medicine, I hope that we can engage in a dialogue that will help reduce the amount of misinformation that pervades certain subjects, such as homeopathy.
Evidence of the strong bias against homeopathy and against an objective encyclopedic tone is evident throughout the article. I will first focus on the second sentence of the first paragraph of the article and the 6 references which purport to substantiate these claims:
Homeopathy i/homipi/ (also spelled homoeopathy or homopathy; from the Greek hmoios "like " and pthos "suffering") is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of like cures like, according to which a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure similar symptoms in sick people.[1] Homeopathy is a pseudoscience[2][3][4] and its remedies have been found to be no more effective than placebos.[5] [6]Hahnemann, Samuel (1833). The Homopathic Medical Doctrine, or "Organon of the Healing Art". Wakeman. pp. iii , 48 49 . "Observation, reflection, and experience have unfolded to me that the best and true method of cure is founded on the principle, similia similibus curentur. To cure in a mild, prompt, safe, and durable manner, it is necessary to choose in each case a medicine that will excite an affection similar ( ) to that against which it is employed." Translator: Charles H. Devrient, Esq.
^ Tuomela R (1987). "Chapter 4: Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P. Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 98 (Springer). pp. 83 101. doi:10.1007/978 94 009 3779 6_4 . ISBN 978 94 010 8181 8.
^ Smith K (2012). "Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical". Bioethics 26 (9): 508 512.
^ Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?" . Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century (Springer). pp. 19 57. doi:10.1007/978 1 4614 8541 4_2 . ISBN 978 1 4614 8540 7. "within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery"
^ Shang A, Huwiler Mntener K, Nartey L, et al. (2005). "Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy". Lancet 366 (9487): 726 32. doi:10.1016/S0140 6736(05)67177 2 . PMID 16125589 .
Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy Science and Technology Committee , British House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 22 February 2010, retrieved 2014 04 05
Is Homeopathy Really a "Pseudoscience"?
Wikipedia asserts that "Pseudoscience is a claim, belief or practice which is presented as scientific, but does not adhere to a valid scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status."
The "editors" at Wikipedia have deemed homeopathy to be a "pseudoscience" even though randomized double blind and placebo controlled studies that have been published in many of the best medical journals in the world have shown efficacy of homeopathic treatment for many common and serious health problems (below is a partial list of such studies):
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Frass, M, Dielacher, C, Linkesch, M, et al. Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients, Chest, March,replica vans necklace, 2005;127:936 941. The journal, Chest, is the official publication of the American College of Chest Physicians.
Hayfever: Reilly D, Taylor M, McSharry C,replica van cleef and arpels four leaf clover necklace, et al., Is homoeopathy a placebo response? controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model," Lancet, October 18, 1986, ii: 881 6.
Asthma: Reilly, D, Taylor, M, Beattie, N, et al.,van cleef and arpels necklaces replica, "Is Evidence for Homoeopathy Reproducible?" Lancet, December 10, 1994, 344:1601 6.
Fibromyalgia: Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ, et al. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo, Rheumatology. 2004:1111 5. This journal is the official journal of the British Society of Rheumatology. Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial. Eur J Pediatr., July 27,2005,164:758 767.
Jimmy, can you name ONE other system of "pseudoscience" that has a similar body of randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled clinical trials published in high impact medical journals showing efficacy of treatment?
It is more than a tad ironic that this first paragraph in the Wikipedia article on homeopathy references only one article that was published in a peer review medical journal. This one article by Shang, et al. has been thoroughly discredited in an article written by Ldtke and Rutten that was published in a leading "high impact" journal that specializes in evaluating clinical research. The Shang meta analysis is highlighted on Wikipedia without reference to any critique of it. The fact that there is no hint of any problems in the Shang review, let alone a reference to the Ldtke and Rutten article that provided evidence of bias, is itself a cause for concern.
The Shang article is also the primary reference used by the widely ridiculed "Evidence Check" reports issued by the Science and Technology Committee of the British House of Commons, which also conveniently omits reference to the severe limitations of this one review of research. Further, the "Evidence Check" was signed off by just three of the 15 members of the original committee, never discussed or endorsed by the whole UK Parliament, and had its recommendations ignored by the UK Department of Health. Egger who is a well known skeptic of homeopathy and who wrote to the Lancet that his hypothesis before conducting the review was that homeopathy was only a placebo effect. Readers were never informed of this bias.
The meta analysis by Shang evaluated and compared 110 placebo controlled trials testing homeopathic medicines with 110 testing conventional drugs, finding 21 homeopathy trials (19%) but only nine (8%) conventional medicine trials were of "higher quality." Ldtke and Rutten found that a positive outcome for homeopathy would have resulted if Shang had simply compared these high quality trials against each other. However, with some clever statistical footwork, Shang chose to limit the high quality trials to only 8 homeopathic and 6 conventional medical trials, a result that led to a "negative" outcome for homeopathy. Ldtke and Rutten determined this review as biased for its "arbitrarily defined one subset of eight trials" and they deemed the entire review as "falsely negative."
By reducing the number of studies, Shang created convoluted logic that enabled his team to avoid evaluation of ANY of the above high quality studies that were all published in respected medical journals. Further, 7 of 8 homeopathic studies only tested one homeopathic medicine for everyone with the similar disease even though one of the primary tenets of homeopathy requires individualization of treatment. Many other extremely scathing critiques of the Shang research were published in the Lancet shortly after publication, including the exclusion of one high quality homeopathic study due to the questionable assertion that the researchers could not find a study in all of conventional medical research that treated patients with polyarthritis (arthritis that involves five or more joints).
Skeptics typically assert that the above high quality studies published in high impact medical journals are simply "cherry picking" the positive studies, and then, they begin cherry picking studies that had negative results. However,replica van cleef & arpels necklace alhambra, skeptics of homeopathy fail to differentiate good, sound scientific investigations that are respectful of the homeopathic method and those that are not. Just because a study was conducted with a randomized double blind and placebo controlled method does NOT mean that the study gave the appropriate homeopathic medicine for each patient or even each group of patients. This ignorance is akin to someone saying that antibiotics are ineffective for "infections" without differentiating between bacterial infections, viral infections, and fungal infections. Ironically, skeptics of homeopathy consistently show a very sloppy attitude about scientific investigations.
In April, 2014, I had the happenstance to run into Jimmy Wales, the co founder of Wikipedia, on the streets of Vancouver. I was there to lecture to a group of medical professionals, while he was attending the TED talks. I expressed my appreciation to him for creating Wikipedia. I also then expressed concern to him about the "unencyclopedic" tone and information in Wikipedia's article on homeopathy. He then encouraged me to express my concerns in writing, and this is that response.
It may surprise and even shock most people to learn that, according to the Washington Post, the two most controversial subjects on Wikipedia in four leading languages (English, French, German, and Spanish) are the articles on "Jesus Christ" and "homeopathy."
Because I know that you want Wikipedia to be the best modern resource of reliable information, my intent in writing is to show you where Wikipedia is falling below your high standards, and in fact, Wikipedia's article on homeopathy is providing strongly biased, inaccurate information. This strong bias is a symptom of a deeper problem at Wikipedia in select articles on topics that challenge dominant medical and scientific worldviews. After reading the below body of scientific evidence on the subject of homeopathic medicine, I hope that we can engage in a dialogue that will help reduce the amount of misinformation that pervades certain subjects, such as homeopathy.
Evidence of the strong bias against homeopathy and against an objective encyclopedic tone is evident throughout the article. I will first focus on the second sentence of the first paragraph of the article and the 6 references which purport to substantiate these claims:
Homeopathy i/homipi/ (also spelled homoeopathy or homopathy; from the Greek hmoios "like " and pthos "suffering") is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of like cures like, according to which a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure similar symptoms in sick people.[1] Homeopathy is a pseudoscience[2][3][4] and its remedies have been found to be no more effective than placebos.[5] [6]Hahnemann, Samuel (1833). The Homopathic Medical Doctrine, or "Organon of the Healing Art". Wakeman. pp. iii , 48 49 . "Observation, reflection, and experience have unfolded to me that the best and true method of cure is founded on the principle, similia similibus curentur. To cure in a mild, prompt, safe, and durable manner, it is necessary to choose in each case a medicine that will excite an affection similar ( ) to that against which it is employed." Translator: Charles H. Devrient, Esq.
^ Tuomela R (1987). "Chapter 4: Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P. Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 98 (Springer). pp. 83 101. doi:10.1007/978 94 009 3779 6_4 . ISBN 978 94 010 8181 8.
^ Smith K (2012). "Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical". Bioethics 26 (9): 508 512.
^ Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?" . Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century (Springer). pp. 19 57. doi:10.1007/978 1 4614 8541 4_2 . ISBN 978 1 4614 8540 7. "within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery"
^ Shang A, Huwiler Mntener K, Nartey L, et al. (2005). "Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy". Lancet 366 (9487): 726 32. doi:10.1016/S0140 6736(05)67177 2 . PMID 16125589 .
Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy Science and Technology Committee , British House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 22 February 2010, retrieved 2014 04 05
Is Homeopathy Really a "Pseudoscience"?
Wikipedia asserts that "Pseudoscience is a claim, belief or practice which is presented as scientific, but does not adhere to a valid scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status."
The "editors" at Wikipedia have deemed homeopathy to be a "pseudoscience" even though randomized double blind and placebo controlled studies that have been published in many of the best medical journals in the world have shown efficacy of homeopathic treatment for many common and serious health problems (below is a partial list of such studies):
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Frass, M, Dielacher, C, Linkesch, M, et al. Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients, Chest, March,replica vans necklace, 2005;127:936 941. The journal, Chest, is the official publication of the American College of Chest Physicians.
Hayfever: Reilly D, Taylor M, McSharry C,replica van cleef and arpels four leaf clover necklace, et al., Is homoeopathy a placebo response? controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model," Lancet, October 18, 1986, ii: 881 6.
Asthma: Reilly, D, Taylor, M, Beattie, N, et al.,van cleef and arpels necklaces replica, "Is Evidence for Homoeopathy Reproducible?" Lancet, December 10, 1994, 344:1601 6.
Fibromyalgia: Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ, et al. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo, Rheumatology. 2004:1111 5. This journal is the official journal of the British Society of Rheumatology. Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial. Eur J Pediatr., July 27,2005,164:758 767.
Jimmy, can you name ONE other system of "pseudoscience" that has a similar body of randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled clinical trials published in high impact medical journals showing efficacy of treatment?
It is more than a tad ironic that this first paragraph in the Wikipedia article on homeopathy references only one article that was published in a peer review medical journal. This one article by Shang, et al. has been thoroughly discredited in an article written by Ldtke and Rutten that was published in a leading "high impact" journal that specializes in evaluating clinical research. The Shang meta analysis is highlighted on Wikipedia without reference to any critique of it. The fact that there is no hint of any problems in the Shang review, let alone a reference to the Ldtke and Rutten article that provided evidence of bias, is itself a cause for concern.
The Shang article is also the primary reference used by the widely ridiculed "Evidence Check" reports issued by the Science and Technology Committee of the British House of Commons, which also conveniently omits reference to the severe limitations of this one review of research. Further, the "Evidence Check" was signed off by just three of the 15 members of the original committee, never discussed or endorsed by the whole UK Parliament, and had its recommendations ignored by the UK Department of Health. Egger who is a well known skeptic of homeopathy and who wrote to the Lancet that his hypothesis before conducting the review was that homeopathy was only a placebo effect. Readers were never informed of this bias.
The meta analysis by Shang evaluated and compared 110 placebo controlled trials testing homeopathic medicines with 110 testing conventional drugs, finding 21 homeopathy trials (19%) but only nine (8%) conventional medicine trials were of "higher quality." Ldtke and Rutten found that a positive outcome for homeopathy would have resulted if Shang had simply compared these high quality trials against each other. However, with some clever statistical footwork, Shang chose to limit the high quality trials to only 8 homeopathic and 6 conventional medical trials, a result that led to a "negative" outcome for homeopathy. Ldtke and Rutten determined this review as biased for its "arbitrarily defined one subset of eight trials" and they deemed the entire review as "falsely negative."
By reducing the number of studies, Shang created convoluted logic that enabled his team to avoid evaluation of ANY of the above high quality studies that were all published in respected medical journals. Further, 7 of 8 homeopathic studies only tested one homeopathic medicine for everyone with the similar disease even though one of the primary tenets of homeopathy requires individualization of treatment. Many other extremely scathing critiques of the Shang research were published in the Lancet shortly after publication, including the exclusion of one high quality homeopathic study due to the questionable assertion that the researchers could not find a study in all of conventional medical research that treated patients with polyarthritis (arthritis that involves five or more joints).
Skeptics typically assert that the above high quality studies published in high impact medical journals are simply "cherry picking" the positive studies, and then, they begin cherry picking studies that had negative results. However,replica van cleef & arpels necklace alhambra, skeptics of homeopathy fail to differentiate good, sound scientific investigations that are respectful of the homeopathic method and those that are not. Just because a study was conducted with a randomized double blind and placebo controlled method does NOT mean that the study gave the appropriate homeopathic medicine for each patient or even each group of patients. This ignorance is akin to someone saying that antibiotics are ineffective for "infections" without differentiating between bacterial infections, viral infections, and fungal infections. Ironically, skeptics of homeopathy consistently show a very sloppy attitude about scientific investigations.
Final descent for jumbo jet over scenic St,replica van cleef and arpels zipper necklace
The KLM Boeing 747 has made its final scenic landing over St. Maarten Maho Beach.
It signalling the end of an era for the airline and the end of a popular photo op for tourists, who clamour to the beach to get shots of the low flying jumbo jet.
The Daily Herald reports KLM will instead fly an Airbus A330 200 to St. Maarten, a flight that will allow fewer passengers,replica how much is van cleef and arpels clover necklace, but offer a quicker,van cleef flower necklace replica, direct connection from Amsterdam.
is an iconic approach, especially because of the inseparable view of the blue Caribbean sea and the aircraft landing just behind the beach. The Boeing 747 is slowly disappearing from our fleet,replica mother of pearl van cleef necklace, but the end of this landing hurts. We find it a great pity, also because of the historic ties that this aircraft has with the island, Paul van der Ven, chief pilot of KLM 747 team, told Netherlands RTL.
The KLM Boeing 747 has made its final scenic landing over St. Maarten Maho Beach.
It signalling the end of an era for the airline and the end of a popular photo op for tourists, who clamour to the beach to get shots of the low flying jumbo jet.
The Daily Herald reports KLM will instead fly an Airbus A330 200 to St. Maarten, a flight that will allow fewer passengers,replica how much is van cleef and arpels clover necklace, but offer a quicker,van cleef flower necklace replica, direct connection from Amsterdam.
is an iconic approach, especially because of the inseparable view of the blue Caribbean sea and the aircraft landing just behind the beach. The Boeing 747 is slowly disappearing from our fleet,replica mother of pearl van cleef necklace, but the end of this landing hurts. We find it a great pity, also because of the historic ties that this aircraft has with the island, Paul van der Ven, chief pilot of KLM 747 team, told Netherlands RTL.
Gilmore Girls' Edward Herrmann dies at 71 after battle with brain cancer
Gilmore Girls star Edward Herrmann died at 71 on Wednesday following a battle with brain cancer.
Lauren Graham, who played his TV daughter Lorelai on the hit show, lead the tributes on Twitter, writing: 'My friend Ed Herrmann was the kindest,van cleef and arpels alhambra necklace replica, classiest, most talented man. It was an honor and a joy to know him, a devastating blow to lose him.'
'We, the Gilmore Girls family, are so terribly sad and somewhat stunned. We only learned about his illness a week or so ago. I got a call from [Edward's wife] Star Monday night asking if I wanted to come to the hospital to say goodbye,' the 70 year old actress told TV Line.
'Terribly sad and stunned':Gilmore Girls star Edward Herrmann, pictured here in a promotional shot with his castmatesLauren Graham,replica van cleef zipper necklace, Alexis Bledel and Kelly Bishop, has died at 71
'I went yesterday and was able to give Ed love from Lauren [Graham],replica butterfly van cleef necklace, Alexis [Bledel] and Amy [Sherman Palladino]I have so many fond memories of our time together on Gilmore Girls and since, mainly via email. I think everyone who knew or worked with Ed found him to be absolutely delightful Everything looks a little dim, as if the lights went down.'
Herrmann died at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital of brain cancer, his son, Rory Herrmann said.
The actor, who had been hospitalized for several weeks, was surrounded by family members including his wife, Star, and his three children, his son said.
TV favourite:Herrmann, with his daughter Ryan and wife Star in 2003,replica van cleef and arpels white gold alhambra necklace, passed away after a battle with brain cancer
'He was full of knowledge and kindness and goodness. . He always wanted to share the great and beautiful things in life,' said Rory Herrmann.
Bledel also commented, saying: 'Ed Herrmann was a wonderful actor and a kind man. He was endlessly knowledgeable about theater, TV and film, and would generously share his wisdom or tell stories from a long and rewarding career.'
A private funeral is planned, followed by a public memorial early next week.
Herrmann played Richard Gilmore, the father of Lorelai (Graham) and grandfather to Rory (played by Alexis Bledel) in the hit show from 2000 to 2007.
In 1999 he won an Emmy for outstanding guest actor in a drama series for his role as Atty. Anderson Pearson in The Practice.
He earned five Emmy nominations throughout his career, including two in the 1970s for his portrayal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the TV movies Eleanor and Franklin and Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years.
He had a reoccurring role in The Good Wife as an attorney, Lionel Deerfield,from 2010 to 2013.
He also had numerous big screen credits he played Macaulay Culkin's father in the 1994 film Richie Rich and starred in the 1987 movie The Lost Boys.
Besides his wife and son, his survivors include daughters Ryan and Emma.
Earlier this year, Herrmann launched legal action against a Manhattan accounting firm, claiming he was owed $14.5 million after they mismanaged his money for two decades, theNew York Daily News reported.
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Man is arrested by police outside Buckingham Palace Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Huge tailbacks on M6 as police after crash between lorry and car Armed police prepare to raid of Manchester suicide bomber Threat level now CRITICAL: PM raises terror level Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Mum of Manchester attack victim Georgina Callander releases balloons
Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. Was bomber's family in global terror network? Killer. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of child actress pictured hugging a female police. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. Grisly photos of scorched remnants of suicide bomber's. Heartwrenching scenes as the mother of 15 year old. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Comedian Jason Manford deletes Twitter after being. White women's burrito shop is forced to close after. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Melania and Ivanka wear black veils to meet the Pope at. Armed police arrest Manchester bomb suspect 'with. Armed police and soldiers raid Manchester city centre. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
Gilmore Girls star Edward Herrmann died at 71 on Wednesday following a battle with brain cancer.
Lauren Graham, who played his TV daughter Lorelai on the hit show, lead the tributes on Twitter, writing: 'My friend Ed Herrmann was the kindest,van cleef and arpels alhambra necklace replica, classiest, most talented man. It was an honor and a joy to know him, a devastating blow to lose him.'
'We, the Gilmore Girls family, are so terribly sad and somewhat stunned. We only learned about his illness a week or so ago. I got a call from [Edward's wife] Star Monday night asking if I wanted to come to the hospital to say goodbye,' the 70 year old actress told TV Line.
'Terribly sad and stunned':Gilmore Girls star Edward Herrmann, pictured here in a promotional shot with his castmatesLauren Graham,replica van cleef zipper necklace, Alexis Bledel and Kelly Bishop, has died at 71
'I went yesterday and was able to give Ed love from Lauren [Graham],replica butterfly van cleef necklace, Alexis [Bledel] and Amy [Sherman Palladino]I have so many fond memories of our time together on Gilmore Girls and since, mainly via email. I think everyone who knew or worked with Ed found him to be absolutely delightful Everything looks a little dim, as if the lights went down.'
Herrmann died at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital of brain cancer, his son, Rory Herrmann said.
The actor, who had been hospitalized for several weeks, was surrounded by family members including his wife, Star, and his three children, his son said.
TV favourite:Herrmann, with his daughter Ryan and wife Star in 2003,replica van cleef and arpels white gold alhambra necklace, passed away after a battle with brain cancer
'He was full of knowledge and kindness and goodness. . He always wanted to share the great and beautiful things in life,' said Rory Herrmann.
Bledel also commented, saying: 'Ed Herrmann was a wonderful actor and a kind man. He was endlessly knowledgeable about theater, TV and film, and would generously share his wisdom or tell stories from a long and rewarding career.'
A private funeral is planned, followed by a public memorial early next week.
Herrmann played Richard Gilmore, the father of Lorelai (Graham) and grandfather to Rory (played by Alexis Bledel) in the hit show from 2000 to 2007.
In 1999 he won an Emmy for outstanding guest actor in a drama series for his role as Atty. Anderson Pearson in The Practice.
He earned five Emmy nominations throughout his career, including two in the 1970s for his portrayal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the TV movies Eleanor and Franklin and Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years.
He had a reoccurring role in The Good Wife as an attorney, Lionel Deerfield,from 2010 to 2013.
He also had numerous big screen credits he played Macaulay Culkin's father in the 1994 film Richie Rich and starred in the 1987 movie The Lost Boys.
Besides his wife and son, his survivors include daughters Ryan and Emma.
Earlier this year, Herrmann launched legal action against a Manhattan accounting firm, claiming he was owed $14.5 million after they mismanaged his money for two decades, theNew York Daily News reported.
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Man is arrested by police outside Buckingham Palace Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Huge tailbacks on M6 as police after crash between lorry and car Armed police prepare to raid of Manchester suicide bomber Threat level now CRITICAL: PM raises terror level Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Mum of Manchester attack victim Georgina Callander releases balloons
Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. Was bomber's family in global terror network? Killer. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of child actress pictured hugging a female police. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. Grisly photos of scorched remnants of suicide bomber's. Heartwrenching scenes as the mother of 15 year old. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Comedian Jason Manford deletes Twitter after being. White women's burrito shop is forced to close after. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Melania and Ivanka wear black veils to meet the Pope at. Armed police arrest Manchester bomb suspect 'with. Armed police and soldiers raid Manchester city centre. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USAThe Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, UKDepartment of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USADepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 597, Uppsala SE 751 24, SwedenLaboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 1 6708 PB, Wageningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USAUniversity of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UKPlant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UKUniversity of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UKHorticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USARoyal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE 10691, SwedenDepartment of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USACenter for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USABiology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USAPlant Molecular Sciences Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences,replica van cleef inspired clover necklace, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKUSDA ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, USADepartment of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachsetts 02114, USADelaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USAUSDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USADepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USAInstitute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine,replica van cleef long necklace, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USADepartment of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USAThe College of Wooster, Department of Biology, Wooster, Ohio 44691,vca necklace replica, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USAUniversity of Aberdeen, School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UKMycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Los Andes University, Bogot ColombiaInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UKJ.This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike licenceTop of pageAbstractPhytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. As the agent of the Irish potato famine in the mid nineteenth century, P. infestans has had a tremendous effect on human history, resulting in famine and population displacement1. To this day, it affects world agriculture by causing the most destructive disease of potato, the fourth largest food crop and a critical alternative to the major cereal crops for feeding the world's population1. Current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight are conservatively estimated at $6.7 billion2. Management of this devastating pathogen is challenged by its remarkable speed of adaptation to control strategies such as genetically resistant cultivars3, 4. Here we report the sequence of the P. infestans genome, which at 240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates. Its expansion results from a proliferation of repetitive DNA accounting for 74% of the genome. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes that are induced during infection or are predicted to have activities that alter host physiology. These fast evolving effector genes are localized to highly dynamic and expanded regions of the P. infestans genome. This probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.The size of the P. infestans genome is estimated by optical map and other methods at 240 Mb (Supplementary Information). It is several fold larger than those of the related Phytophthora species P. sojae (95 Mb) and P. ramorum (65 Mb), which cause soybean root rot and sudden oak death, respectively5, 6. We sequenced the genome of P. infestans strain T30 4 using a whole genome shotgun approach, and generated a ninefold coverage assembly spanning 229 Mb (Table 1 and Supplementary Information). The unassembled fraction of the genome consists of high copy repeat sequences (Supplementary Information). The assembled genome sequence provides near complete coverage of genes, with 98.2% of P. infestans T30 4 complementary DNAs aligning (Supplementary Information). We identified 17,797 protein coding genes by ab initio gene prediction, protein and expressed sequence tag (EST) homology, and direct genome to genome comparative gene modelling with P. sojae and P. ramorum (Supplementary Information). Changes in gene content, number or length do not explain the marked difference in genome size (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1). No evidence of whole genome duplication or large scale dispersed segmental duplication was detected. However, specific disease effector gene families are expanded in P. infestans (see later).Table 1:P. infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum represent three major phylogenetic clades of Phytophthora6. Among the three genomes, we identified a core set of 8,492 orthologue clusters (including 9,583 P. infestans orthologues and close paralogues),replica vca butterfly necklace, of which 7,113 genes show 1:1:1 orthology relationships (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2). The core proteome is enriched in genes involved in cellular processes including DNA replication, transcription and protein translation, whereas genes with functions involved in cellular defence mechanisms are underrepresented (Supplementary Fig. 2). Differences in gene family expansion, in particular dynamic repertoires of effector genes (see later), are probably responsible for different traits among Phytophthora species, such as altered host specificity.Comparison of the three Phytophthora genomes reveals an unusual genome organization, comprised of blocks of conserved gene order in which gene density is relatively high and repeat content is relatively low, separated by regions in which gene order is not conserved, gene density is low and repeat content is high (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The conserved blocks represent 90% of core orthologous groups in all three genomes, including 70% (12,440) of all P. infestans protein coding genes and 78% of genes in both P. sojae (13,225) and P. ramorum (11,246). Within conserved blocks, genes are typically tightly spaced in all three genomes (Table 1 and Fig. 1), with median intergenic distances of 633 base pairs (bp) for P. ramorum, 804 bp for P. sojae, and 603 bp for P. infestans. In regions between conserved blocks, intergenic distances are greater and increase with increasing genome size (median 1.5 kb for P. ramorum, 2.2 kb for P. sojae, and 3.7 kb for P. infestans). The differences in spacing between genes among the three genomes, within and outside regions of conserved gene order, are evident in Fig. 2a The expansion of regions between conserved blocks results from increased density of repetitive elements (Supplementary Fig. 3), and overall differences in genome size among the three species are largely explained by proliferation of repeats in regions in which gene order is not conserved. This difference between conserved blocks and non conserved regions is particularly apparent in the greatly expanded P. infestans genome (Fig. 2d, f). Further, it is evident that rapidly evolving secreted effector genes (see later) lie predominantly in the gene sparse regions (Fig. 2g, h). This dual pattern of intergenic spacing and repeat content has been suggested for large, unsequenced genomes in the Poaceae such as maize7, 8, 9, but it is not seen in the genomes of other sequenced eukaryotes (Supplementary Fig. 4). Genome expansion is evident in regions of conserved gene order, a consequence of repeat expansion in intergenic regions. Genes are shown as turquoise boxes, repeats as black boxes. Collinear orthologous gene pairs are connected by pink (direct) or blue (inverted) bands.High resolution image and legend (174K)Download Power Point slide (554K)Slides may be downloaded for educational use, according to the terms described in Nature Publishing Group's licensing policy.Figure 2: The P. P. infestans genes were sorted into two dimensional bins on the basis of the lengths of flanking intergenic distances to neighbouring genes at their 5' and 3' ends. a The number of genes in each bin is shown as a colour coded heat map on orthogonal projection. P. infestans whole genome analysis (a) shows most genes with intergenic regions between 20 bp and 3 kb long, as well as sets of genes flanked by one or two intergenic region(s) between 5 kb and 36 kb. Comparison with other Phytophthora genomes (b, c) indicates that this separation is observed in P. infestans but not the other two sequenced genomes. Genes in collinear blocks (d) and the core orthologue clusters (e) have primarily shorter intergenic distances, whereas genes outside of collinear blocks (f) reside mostly in gene sparse regions. Genes belonging to the RXLR (g) and Crinkler (CRN) (genes and pseudogenes) (h) effector families have flanking intergenic distances among the longest. Genes found at the ends of scaffolds and hence lacking neighbouring genes were necessarily excluded.High resolution image and legend (461K)Download Power Point slide (843K)Slides may be downloaded for educational use, according to the terms described in Nature Publishing Group's licensing policy.Recent proliferation of Gypsy elements in P. infestans underlies the genome expansion. Approximately one third of the genome assembly corresponds to families of Gypsy elements (Supplementary Fig. 5). The two families with the highest relative expansion in P. infestans are Gypsy Pi 1 and a new Gypsy long terminal repeat (LTR) element we named 'Albatross', which together account for at least 29% of the genome (Supplementary Table 3). Albatross elements cover 32 Mb and are enriched (>2 fold) in the regions in which gene order is not conserved (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 6), contributing appreciably to relative expansion of gene sparse regions (Supplementary Fig. 3). Gypsy Pi 1 elements cover 22 Mb and, in contrast to Albatross elements, are relatively evenly distributed across the genome.Overall, the P. infestans genome contains a strikingly rich and diverse population of transposons (Supplementary Table 3). We identified 273 full length elements belonging to two large classes of autonomous rolling circle type helitron DNA transposons (7.3 kb and 6.4 kb elements), in much larger numbers than described in any other genome (Supplementary Tables 3 and 5). Most helitron open reading frames (ORFs) are degenerate pseudogenes, but 13 are intact and presumed functional. Some apparently non autonomous helitrons have intact termini so their transposition may be driven by gene products from the functional classes. In contrast, the P. sojae and P. ramorum genomes contain no intact helitron elements. The P. infestans genome carries increased numbers of mobile elements across diverse families as compared to P. sojae and P. ramorum, with 5 times as many LTR retrotransposons and 10 times as many helitrons (Supplementary Fig. 7).Consistent with a model of repeat driven expansion of the P. infestans genome, the vast majority of repeat elements in the genome are highly similar to their consensus sequences, indicating a high rate of recent transposon activity (Supplementary Fig. 8). The genome of P. infestans revealed large complex families of effector genes encoding secreted proteins that are implicated in pathogenesis10. These fall into two broad categories: apoplastic effectors that accumulate in the plant intercellular space (apoplast) and cytoplasmic effectors that are translocated directly into the plant cell by a specialized infection structure called the haustorium11. Apoplastic effectors include secreted hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, lipases and glycosylases that probably degrade plant tissue; enzyme inhibitors to protect against host defence enzymes; and necrotizing toxins such as the Nep1 like proteins (NLPs) and PcF like small cysteine rich proteins (SCRs) (Supplementary Table 6).As in the other Phytophthora species5, candidate effector genes are numerous and typically expanded compared to non pathogenic relatives (Supplementary Table 6). Most notable among these are the RXLR and Crinkler (CRN) cytoplasmic effectors, described later.The archetypal oomycete cytoplasmic effectors are the secreted and host translocated RXLR proteins12. All oomycete avirulence genes (encoding products recognized by plant hosts and resulting in host immunity) discovered so far encode RXLR effectors, modular secreted proteins containing the amino terminal motif Arg X Leu Arg (in which X represents any amino acid) that defines a domain required for delivery inside plant cells11, followed by diverse, rapidly evolving carboxy terminal effector domains13, 14. Several of these C termini have been shown to exhibit virulence activities as host cell death suppressors15, 16. We exploited the known motifs and other conserved sequence features to predict 563 RXLR genes in the P. infestans genome (Supplementary Tables 6, 7 and Supplementary Information). RXLR genes are notably expanded in P. infestans, with 60% more predicted than in P. sojae and P. ramorum (Supplementary Tables 6 and 7). We observed that 70 of these are rapidly diversifying (Supplementary Table 8). Approximately half of P. infestans RXLRs are lineage specific, largely accounting for the expanded repertoire (Supplementary Figs 12 and 13). In contrast to the core proteome, RXLR genes show evidence of high rates of turnover with only 16 of the 563 genes with 1:1:1 orthology relationships (Supplementary Table 2) and many (88) putative RXLR pseudogenes (Supplementary Table 9). This high turnover in Phytophthora is probably driven by arms race co evolution with host plants5, 13, 14, 17.RXLR effectors show extensive sequence diversity. Markov clustering (TribeMCL18) yields one large family (P. infestans: 85, P. ramorum: 75, P. sojae: 53) and 150 smaller families (Supplementary Fig. 14). The largest family shares a repetitive C terminal domain structure (Supplementary Figs 15 and 16). Most families have distinct sequence homologies (Supplementary Fig. 14) and patterns of shared domains (Supplementary Fig. 17) with greater diversity than expected if all RXLR effectors were monophyletic.In contrast to the core proteome, RXLR effector genes typically occupy a genomic environment that is gene sparse and repeat rich (Fig. 2g and Supplementary Figs 18 and 19). The mobile elements contributing to the dynamic nature of these repetitive regions may enable recombination events resulting in the higher rates of gene gain and gene loss observed for these effectors.CRN cytoplasmic effectors were originally identified from P. infestans transcripts encoding putative secreted peptides that elicit necrosis in planta, a characteristic of plant innate immunity19. Since their discovery, little had been learned about the CRN effector family. Analysis of the P. infestans genome sequence revealed an enormous family of 196 CRN genes of unexpected complexity and diversity (Supplementary Table 10), that is heavily expanded in P. infestans relative to P. sojae (100 CRNs) and P. ramorum (19 CRNs) (Supplementary Table 6). Like RXLRs, CRNs are modular proteins. CRNs are defined by a highly conserved N terminal 50 amino acid LFLAK domain (Supplementary Fig. 20) and an adjacent diversified DWL domain (Fig. 3a, b). Most (60%) possess a predicted signal peptide. Those lacking predicted signal peptides are typically found in CRN families containing members with secretion signals (Supplementary Table 10). CRN C terminal regions exhibit a wide variety of domain structures, with 36 conserved domains and a further eight unique C termini identified among the 315 Phytophthora CRN proteins (Supplementary Table 11). CRN C terminal domain structures are shown along the circumference. Branches are coloured according to organism: P. infestans in blue, P. sojae in yellow, and P. ramorum in red. Internal nodes with 80% bootstrap support are marked with a black dot. b, Graphical representation of the CRN family domain architecture, exhibiting a conserved N terminal region followed by diverse C terminal domains. c, Phenotypes observed on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upon in planta overexpression of CRN effectors. C terminal effector domains of CRNs were tested for cell death phenotypes on N. benthamiana leaves by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transient expression of CRNs, inf1 (positive control), crn2 (positive control), and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (negative control). The domains DC, DBF, D2 and DXW DXX DXS, like the DXZ domain of crn2, were found to induce necrosis. Cell death phenotypes were visible at 4 days post infiltration. Photos were taken 7 days after infiltration. d, CRNs with necrosis domains D2 and DXZ along with pseudogene copies are found co clustered across P. infestans scaffold 1.48 (1.2 Mb). Genes and domain structures are illustrated according to the top and bottom strands of the genomic scaffold. Pseudogenes are indicated by ; non CRN genes are shown as unfilled boxes.High resolution image and legend (505K)Download Power Point slide (887K)Slides may be downloaded for educational use, according to the terms described in Nature Publishing Group's licensing policy.We explored the ability of diverse CRNs to perturb host cellular processes. In assays for necrosis in planta (Supplementary Information), deletion mutants of the previously described CRN2 secreted protein19 defined a C terminal 234 amino acid region (positions 173 domain DXZ) that is sufficient to induce cell death when expressed inside plant cells (Supplementary Fig. 24). Assays with representative P. infestans CRN genes identified four other distinct C termini that also trigger cell death inside plant cells (Fig. 3c). These include the newly defined DC domain (P. infestans: 18 genes and 49 pseudogenes ()) and the D2 (14 and 43) and DBF (2 and 1) domains, which have similarity to protein kinases (Supplementary Table 11). These results indicate that the CRN protein domains expressed in planta are retained (lacking signal peptides and hence not secreted) by the plant cell and stimulate cell death by an intracellular mechanism, supporting the view that CRNs, like RXLRs, are cytoplasmic effectors. We propose that the conserved CRN N terminal LFLAK domain may function similarly to the RXLR motif for delivery of CRN effectors into plant cells, and experiments to test this hypothesis are under way.A further 255 CRN genes are fragmented or otherwise disrupted and presumably non functional (Supplementary Table 10). CRN genes and pseudogenes are aggregated in large clusters at several genomic loci, typically clustered by domain type (Supplementary Fig. 25). One extraordin
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USAThe Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, UKDepartment of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USADepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 597, Uppsala SE 751 24, SwedenLaboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 1 6708 PB, Wageningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USAUniversity of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UKPlant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UKUniversity of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UKHorticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USARoyal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE 10691, SwedenDepartment of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USACenter for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USABiology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USAPlant Molecular Sciences Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences,replica van cleef inspired clover necklace, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UKUSDA ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, USADepartment of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachsetts 02114, USADelaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USAUSDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USADepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USAInstitute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine,replica van cleef long necklace, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USADepartment of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USAThe College of Wooster, Department of Biology, Wooster, Ohio 44691,vca necklace replica, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USAUniversity of Aberdeen, School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UKMycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Los Andes University, Bogot ColombiaInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UKJ.This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike licenceTop of pageAbstractPhytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. As the agent of the Irish potato famine in the mid nineteenth century, P. infestans has had a tremendous effect on human history, resulting in famine and population displacement1. To this day, it affects world agriculture by causing the most destructive disease of potato, the fourth largest food crop and a critical alternative to the major cereal crops for feeding the world's population1. Current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight are conservatively estimated at $6.7 billion2. Management of this devastating pathogen is challenged by its remarkable speed of adaptation to control strategies such as genetically resistant cultivars3, 4. Here we report the sequence of the P. infestans genome, which at 240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates. Its expansion results from a proliferation of repetitive DNA accounting for 74% of the genome. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes that are induced during infection or are predicted to have activities that alter host physiology. These fast evolving effector genes are localized to highly dynamic and expanded regions of the P. infestans genome. This probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.The size of the P. infestans genome is estimated by optical map and other methods at 240 Mb (Supplementary Information). It is several fold larger than those of the related Phytophthora species P. sojae (95 Mb) and P. ramorum (65 Mb), which cause soybean root rot and sudden oak death, respectively5, 6. We sequenced the genome of P. infestans strain T30 4 using a whole genome shotgun approach, and generated a ninefold coverage assembly spanning 229 Mb (Table 1 and Supplementary Information). The unassembled fraction of the genome consists of high copy repeat sequences (Supplementary Information). The assembled genome sequence provides near complete coverage of genes, with 98.2% of P. infestans T30 4 complementary DNAs aligning (Supplementary Information). We identified 17,797 protein coding genes by ab initio gene prediction, protein and expressed sequence tag (EST) homology, and direct genome to genome comparative gene modelling with P. sojae and P. ramorum (Supplementary Information). Changes in gene content, number or length do not explain the marked difference in genome size (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1). No evidence of whole genome duplication or large scale dispersed segmental duplication was detected. However, specific disease effector gene families are expanded in P. infestans (see later).Table 1:P. infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum represent three major phylogenetic clades of Phytophthora6. Among the three genomes, we identified a core set of 8,492 orthologue clusters (including 9,583 P. infestans orthologues and close paralogues),replica vca butterfly necklace, of which 7,113 genes show 1:1:1 orthology relationships (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2). The core proteome is enriched in genes involved in cellular processes including DNA replication, transcription and protein translation, whereas genes with functions involved in cellular defence mechanisms are underrepresented (Supplementary Fig. 2). Differences in gene family expansion, in particular dynamic repertoires of effector genes (see later), are probably responsible for different traits among Phytophthora species, such as altered host specificity.Comparison of the three Phytophthora genomes reveals an unusual genome organization, comprised of blocks of conserved gene order in which gene density is relatively high and repeat content is relatively low, separated by regions in which gene order is not conserved, gene density is low and repeat content is high (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The conserved blocks represent 90% of core orthologous groups in all three genomes, including 70% (12,440) of all P. infestans protein coding genes and 78% of genes in both P. sojae (13,225) and P. ramorum (11,246). Within conserved blocks, genes are typically tightly spaced in all three genomes (Table 1 and Fig. 1), with median intergenic distances of 633 base pairs (bp) for P. ramorum, 804 bp for P. sojae, and 603 bp for P. infestans. In regions between conserved blocks, intergenic distances are greater and increase with increasing genome size (median 1.5 kb for P. ramorum, 2.2 kb for P. sojae, and 3.7 kb for P. infestans). The differences in spacing between genes among the three genomes, within and outside regions of conserved gene order, are evident in Fig. 2a The expansion of regions between conserved blocks results from increased density of repetitive elements (Supplementary Fig. 3), and overall differences in genome size among the three species are largely explained by proliferation of repeats in regions in which gene order is not conserved. This difference between conserved blocks and non conserved regions is particularly apparent in the greatly expanded P. infestans genome (Fig. 2d, f). Further, it is evident that rapidly evolving secreted effector genes (see later) lie predominantly in the gene sparse regions (Fig. 2g, h). This dual pattern of intergenic spacing and repeat content has been suggested for large, unsequenced genomes in the Poaceae such as maize7, 8, 9, but it is not seen in the genomes of other sequenced eukaryotes (Supplementary Fig. 4). Genome expansion is evident in regions of conserved gene order, a consequence of repeat expansion in intergenic regions. Genes are shown as turquoise boxes, repeats as black boxes. Collinear orthologous gene pairs are connected by pink (direct) or blue (inverted) bands.High resolution image and legend (174K)Download Power Point slide (554K)Slides may be downloaded for educational use, according to the terms described in Nature Publishing Group's licensing policy.Figure 2: The P. P. infestans genes were sorted into two dimensional bins on the basis of the lengths of flanking intergenic distances to neighbouring genes at their 5' and 3' ends. a The number of genes in each bin is shown as a colour coded heat map on orthogonal projection. P. infestans whole genome analysis (a) shows most genes with intergenic regions between 20 bp and 3 kb long, as well as sets of genes flanked by one or two intergenic region(s) between 5 kb and 36 kb. Comparison with other Phytophthora genomes (b, c) indicates that this separation is observed in P. infestans but not the other two sequenced genomes. Genes in collinear blocks (d) and the core orthologue clusters (e) have primarily shorter intergenic distances, whereas genes outside of collinear blocks (f) reside mostly in gene sparse regions. Genes belonging to the RXLR (g) and Crinkler (CRN) (genes and pseudogenes) (h) effector families have flanking intergenic distances among the longest. Genes found at the ends of scaffolds and hence lacking neighbouring genes were necessarily excluded.High resolution image and legend (461K)Download Power Point slide (843K)Slides may be downloaded for educational use, according to the terms described in Nature Publishing Group's licensing policy.Recent proliferation of Gypsy elements in P. infestans underlies the genome expansion. Approximately one third of the genome assembly corresponds to families of Gypsy elements (Supplementary Fig. 5). The two families with the highest relative expansion in P. infestans are Gypsy Pi 1 and a new Gypsy long terminal repeat (LTR) element we named 'Albatross', which together account for at least 29% of the genome (Supplementary Table 3). Albatross elements cover 32 Mb and are enriched (>2 fold) in the regions in which gene order is not conserved (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 6), contributing appreciably to relative expansion of gene sparse regions (Supplementary Fig. 3). Gypsy Pi 1 elements cover 22 Mb and, in contrast to Albatross elements, are relatively evenly distributed across the genome.Overall, the P. infestans genome contains a strikingly rich and diverse population of transposons (Supplementary Table 3). We identified 273 full length elements belonging to two large classes of autonomous rolling circle type helitron DNA transposons (7.3 kb and 6.4 kb elements), in much larger numbers than described in any other genome (Supplementary Tables 3 and 5). Most helitron open reading frames (ORFs) are degenerate pseudogenes, but 13 are intact and presumed functional. Some apparently non autonomous helitrons have intact termini so their transposition may be driven by gene products from the functional classes. In contrast, the P. sojae and P. ramorum genomes contain no intact helitron elements. The P. infestans genome carries increased numbers of mobile elements across diverse families as compared to P. sojae and P. ramorum, with 5 times as many LTR retrotransposons and 10 times as many helitrons (Supplementary Fig. 7).Consistent with a model of repeat driven expansion of the P. infestans genome, the vast majority of repeat elements in the genome are highly similar to their consensus sequences, indicating a high rate of recent transposon activity (Supplementary Fig. 8). The genome of P. infestans revealed large complex families of effector genes encoding secreted proteins that are implicated in pathogenesis10. These fall into two broad categories: apoplastic effectors that accumulate in the plant intercellular space (apoplast) and cytoplasmic effectors that are translocated directly into the plant cell by a specialized infection structure called the haustorium11. Apoplastic effectors include secreted hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, lipases and glycosylases that probably degrade plant tissue; enzyme inhibitors to protect against host defence enzymes; and necrotizing toxins such as the Nep1 like proteins (NLPs) and PcF like small cysteine rich proteins (SCRs) (Supplementary Table 6).As in the other Phytophthora species5, candidate effector genes are numerous and typically expanded compared to non pathogenic relatives (Supplementary Table 6). Most notable among these are the RXLR and Crinkler (CRN) cytoplasmic effectors, described later.The archetypal oomycete cytoplasmic effectors are the secreted and host translocated RXLR proteins12. All oomycete avirulence genes (encoding products recognized by plant hosts and resulting in host immunity) discovered so far encode RXLR effectors, modular secreted proteins containing the amino terminal motif Arg X Leu Arg (in which X represents any amino acid) that defines a domain required for delivery inside plant cells11, followed by diverse, rapidly evolving carboxy terminal effector domains13, 14. Several of these C termini have been shown to exhibit virulence activities as host cell death suppressors15, 16. We exploited the known motifs and other conserved sequence features to predict 563 RXLR genes in the P. infestans genome (Supplementary Tables 6, 7 and Supplementary Information). RXLR genes are notably expanded in P. infestans, with 60% more predicted than in P. sojae and P. ramorum (Supplementary Tables 6 and 7). We observed that 70 of these are rapidly diversifying (Supplementary Table 8). Approximately half of P. infestans RXLRs are lineage specific, largely accounting for the expanded repertoire (Supplementary Figs 12 and 13). In contrast to the core proteome, RXLR genes show evidence of high rates of turnover with only 16 of the 563 genes with 1:1:1 orthology relationships (Supplementary Table 2) and many (88) putative RXLR pseudogenes (Supplementary Table 9). This high turnover in Phytophthora is probably driven by arms race co evolution with host plants5, 13, 14, 17.RXLR effectors show extensive sequence diversity. Markov clustering (TribeMCL18) yields one large family (P. infestans: 85, P. ramorum: 75, P. sojae: 53) and 150 smaller families (Supplementary Fig. 14). The largest family shares a repetitive C terminal domain structure (Supplementary Figs 15 and 16). Most families have distinct sequence homologies (Supplementary Fig. 14) and patterns of shared domains (Supplementary Fig. 17) with greater diversity than expected if all RXLR effectors were monophyletic.In contrast to the core proteome, RXLR effector genes typically occupy a genomic environment that is gene sparse and repeat rich (Fig. 2g and Supplementary Figs 18 and 19). The mobile elements contributing to the dynamic nature of these repetitive regions may enable recombination events resulting in the higher rates of gene gain and gene loss observed for these effectors.CRN cytoplasmic effectors were originally identified from P. infestans transcripts encoding putative secreted peptides that elicit necrosis in planta, a characteristic of plant innate immunity19. Since their discovery, little had been learned about the CRN effector family. Analysis of the P. infestans genome sequence revealed an enormous family of 196 CRN genes of unexpected complexity and diversity (Supplementary Table 10), that is heavily expanded in P. infestans relative to P. sojae (100 CRNs) and P. ramorum (19 CRNs) (Supplementary Table 6). Like RXLRs, CRNs are modular proteins. CRNs are defined by a highly conserved N terminal 50 amino acid LFLAK domain (Supplementary Fig. 20) and an adjacent diversified DWL domain (Fig. 3a, b). Most (60%) possess a predicted signal peptide. Those lacking predicted signal peptides are typically found in CRN families containing members with secretion signals (Supplementary Table 10). CRN C terminal regions exhibit a wide variety of domain structures, with 36 conserved domains and a further eight unique C termini identified among the 315 Phytophthora CRN proteins (Supplementary Table 11). CRN C terminal domain structures are shown along the circumference. Branches are coloured according to organism: P. infestans in blue, P. sojae in yellow, and P. ramorum in red. Internal nodes with 80% bootstrap support are marked with a black dot. b, Graphical representation of the CRN family domain architecture, exhibiting a conserved N terminal region followed by diverse C terminal domains. c, Phenotypes observed on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upon in planta overexpression of CRN effectors. C terminal effector domains of CRNs were tested for cell death phenotypes on N. benthamiana leaves by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transient expression of CRNs, inf1 (positive control), crn2 (positive control), and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (negative control). The domains DC, DBF, D2 and DXW DXX DXS, like the DXZ domain of crn2, were found to induce necrosis. Cell death phenotypes were visible at 4 days post infiltration. Photos were taken 7 days after infiltration. d, CRNs with necrosis domains D2 and DXZ along with pseudogene copies are found co clustered across P. infestans scaffold 1.48 (1.2 Mb). Genes and domain structures are illustrated according to the top and bottom strands of the genomic scaffold. Pseudogenes are indicated by ; non CRN genes are shown as unfilled boxes.High resolution image and legend (505K)Download Power Point slide (887K)Slides may be downloaded for educational use, according to the terms described in Nature Publishing Group's licensing policy.We explored the ability of diverse CRNs to perturb host cellular processes. In assays for necrosis in planta (Supplementary Information), deletion mutants of the previously described CRN2 secreted protein19 defined a C terminal 234 amino acid region (positions 173 domain DXZ) that is sufficient to induce cell death when expressed inside plant cells (Supplementary Fig. 24). Assays with representative P. infestans CRN genes identified four other distinct C termini that also trigger cell death inside plant cells (Fig. 3c). These include the newly defined DC domain (P. infestans: 18 genes and 49 pseudogenes ()) and the D2 (14 and 43) and DBF (2 and 1) domains, which have similarity to protein kinases (Supplementary Table 11). These results indicate that the CRN protein domains expressed in planta are retained (lacking signal peptides and hence not secreted) by the plant cell and stimulate cell death by an intracellular mechanism, supporting the view that CRNs, like RXLRs, are cytoplasmic effectors. We propose that the conserved CRN N terminal LFLAK domain may function similarly to the RXLR motif for delivery of CRN effectors into plant cells, and experiments to test this hypothesis are under way.A further 255 CRN genes are fragmented or otherwise disrupted and presumably non functional (Supplementary Table 10). CRN genes and pseudogenes are aggregated in large clusters at several genomic loci, typically clustered by domain type (Supplementary Fig. 25). One extraordin
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An elegant Japanese ryokan
While Japanese ryokans have traditionally served the weary traveler looking for an inn and a soak, some modern ryokans are offering a more luxurious experience. "The finest ryokans are now very refined establishments which are the epitome of Japanese "omotenashi," a spirit of hospitality that takes into account all aspects of the guest's experience,replica van cleef pink necklace," says Japan expert Duff Trimble.
One Trimble's favorite ryokans, Bettei Senjyuan, offers more than the opportunity to rest and mingle. Located just outside of the town of Minakami, about two hours from Toyko, Senjyuan has private rooms with outdoor baths, spa treatments and public baths fed from nearby Mount Tanigawa. "I love that Senjyuan is on its own private piece of land so it feels like a private retreat," said Trimble, president of Wabi Sabi Japan, a Toronto based travel agency which customizes trips to Japan. "I also really like the excellent variety of very well designed rooms which, most importantly, all have a private rotenburo (outdoor hot bath)."
Senjyuan offers several different room styles,replica mini van cleef necklace, including Western style beds. While the ryokan has an English website, travelers should be prepared for limited English. Rates start at $450 per night and include breakfast, a full multiple course dinner and a room attendant.
Iceland's Blue Lagoon
Spa culture dominates Iceland, where locals soak and swim in naturally heated baths and pools all over the country. The Blue Lagoon,replica van cleef green necklace, the nation's most famous hot spring spa, is an easy stopover because of its convenient location between the airport and the capital, Reykjavik. Icelandair offers an add on package after landing or before departure. (Icelandair travelers on the way to another destination may stop in Iceland for up to seven nights without an additional airfare charge.)
If you prefer simpler and less famous hot springs, try the new Laugarvatn Fontana spa. Fontana recently opened in the village of Laugarvatn, about 50 miles from Reykjavik.
To mix with the locals at their hot springs or thermal heated swimming pools, check the "Swimming in Iceland" website. There are about 150 thermal pools in Iceland and a similar number of natural bathing places or hot springs. Iceland's inside and outside pools are heated, and most of the bigger facilities include a sauna, slides and one or more hot tubs, ranging in temperature from 104 to 113 Fahrenheit, according to Swimming in Iceland's Robert van Spanje, whose website lists most of the natural springs and swimming pools in Iceland.
Escape to the California desert
Surrounded by the desert and mountains, guests can soak in the three mineral water pools at the Spring Resort and Spa in Desert Hot Springs, California, about 20 minutes from Palm Springs.
"The water is amazing," says resort owner Maria Lease. "The Spring Resort and Spa is located near the San Andreas Fault,replica tiffany s necklace, and the water is actually held in place by the fault. It comes out at 170 degrees and it feels like silk."
Guests can enjoy the waters and spa services on site and head to Palm Springs for a swanky dinner experience. Get an aerial view of the desert on the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, a 10 minute ride up the Chino Canyon cliffs to an elevation of 8,500 feet. Active travelers can explore nearby Joshua Tree National Monument, Big Morongo Canyon Preserve or Indian tribal lands. Rates range from $119 to $279 per night.
If you're traveling first class, why not head to Japan or Iceland to enjoy a country whose people celebrate the waters and can pinpoint their various healing properties?
If domestic travel is more your speed and budget, there are delightful natural spas to be had in the United States. And to spend even more time in nature but less in dollars, camping near a historic hot springs may be the way to go.
An elegant Japanese ryokan
While Japanese ryokans have traditionally served the weary traveler looking for an inn and a soak, some modern ryokans are offering a more luxurious experience. "The finest ryokans are now very refined establishments which are the epitome of Japanese "omotenashi," a spirit of hospitality that takes into account all aspects of the guest's experience,replica van cleef pink necklace," says Japan expert Duff Trimble.
One Trimble's favorite ryokans, Bettei Senjyuan, offers more than the opportunity to rest and mingle. Located just outside of the town of Minakami, about two hours from Toyko, Senjyuan has private rooms with outdoor baths, spa treatments and public baths fed from nearby Mount Tanigawa. "I love that Senjyuan is on its own private piece of land so it feels like a private retreat," said Trimble, president of Wabi Sabi Japan, a Toronto based travel agency which customizes trips to Japan. "I also really like the excellent variety of very well designed rooms which, most importantly, all have a private rotenburo (outdoor hot bath)."
Senjyuan offers several different room styles,replica mini van cleef necklace, including Western style beds. While the ryokan has an English website, travelers should be prepared for limited English. Rates start at $450 per night and include breakfast, a full multiple course dinner and a room attendant.
Iceland's Blue Lagoon
Spa culture dominates Iceland, where locals soak and swim in naturally heated baths and pools all over the country. The Blue Lagoon,replica van cleef green necklace, the nation's most famous hot spring spa, is an easy stopover because of its convenient location between the airport and the capital, Reykjavik. Icelandair offers an add on package after landing or before departure. (Icelandair travelers on the way to another destination may stop in Iceland for up to seven nights without an additional airfare charge.)
If you prefer simpler and less famous hot springs, try the new Laugarvatn Fontana spa. Fontana recently opened in the village of Laugarvatn, about 50 miles from Reykjavik.
To mix with the locals at their hot springs or thermal heated swimming pools, check the "Swimming in Iceland" website. There are about 150 thermal pools in Iceland and a similar number of natural bathing places or hot springs. Iceland's inside and outside pools are heated, and most of the bigger facilities include a sauna, slides and one or more hot tubs, ranging in temperature from 104 to 113 Fahrenheit, according to Swimming in Iceland's Robert van Spanje, whose website lists most of the natural springs and swimming pools in Iceland.
Escape to the California desert
Surrounded by the desert and mountains, guests can soak in the three mineral water pools at the Spring Resort and Spa in Desert Hot Springs, California, about 20 minutes from Palm Springs.
"The water is amazing," says resort owner Maria Lease. "The Spring Resort and Spa is located near the San Andreas Fault,replica tiffany s necklace, and the water is actually held in place by the fault. It comes out at 170 degrees and it feels like silk."
Guests can enjoy the waters and spa services on site and head to Palm Springs for a swanky dinner experience. Get an aerial view of the desert on the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, a 10 minute ride up the Chino Canyon cliffs to an elevation of 8,500 feet. Active travelers can explore nearby Joshua Tree National Monument, Big Morongo Canyon Preserve or Indian tribal lands. Rates range from $119 to $279 per night.
Harmony Gold Mining Company Ltd HMY People
Mr. Modise J. Motloba is an Independent Non Executive Deputy Chairman of the Board of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, since August 13, 2012. Modise joined the board in 2004. He is currently chief executive officer of Quartile Capital (Proprietary) Limited. His 21 years' experience in investment banking, treasury and fund management includes appointments at Rand Merchant Bank, African Merchant Bank, African Harvest Fund Managers and Goldman Sachs. Modise is a former president of the Association of Black Securities and Investment Professionals where he was instrumental in formulating and negotiating the historic financial services charter in 2003.
Mr. Patrice T. Motsepe is Non Executive Non Independent Chairman of the Board of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He Appointed to the board in 2004, Patrice became non executive chairman during 2004. He was a partner in one of the largest law firms in South Africa, Bowman Gilfillan Inc. He was a visiting attorney in the USA with the law firm, McGuire Woods Battle and Boothe. In 1994 he founded Future Mining, which grew rapidly to become a successful contract mining company. He then formed ARMgold in 1997, which listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 2002. ARMgold merged with Harmony in 2003 and this ultimately led to the takeover of Anglovaal Mining (Avmin). In 2002 he was voted South Africa's Business Leader of the Year by the chief executive officers of the top 100 companies in South Africa. In the same year, he was the winner of the Ernst Young Best Entrepreneur of the Year award. Patrice is a recipient of numerous other business and leadership awards, including; In 2002 he was voted South Africa's Business Leader of the Year by the chief executive officers of the top 100 companies in South Africa. In the same year, he was the winner of the Ernst Young Best Entrepreneur of the Year award. He is an executive chairman of African Rainbow Minerals Limited (ARM) and the deputy chairman of Sanlam Life Insurance Limited. He is also a member of the International Business Council (IBC) of the World Economic Forum (WEF), which is made up of 100 of the most highly respected and influential chief executives from all industries. He is a member of the JP Morgan International Council.
Mr. Peter William Steenkamp is Chief Executive Officer, Director of the Company. Mr. Peter currently serves on the Executive Committee as Chief Operating Officer. Peter joined Harmony in October 2003 following the merger with ARMgold. Prior to joining Harmony, he was an executive director of ARMgold in charge of Gold Operations. Peter has 21 years' experience in the mining industry. He started his career as a trainee miner with the Chamber of Mines Training College and after graduating he worked for Gold Fields as a shift boss. He then joined Vaal Reefs (an operation in Anglo American's Gold and Uranium Division) in 1989, occupying various positions including those of shift boss, mine overseer, technical assistant, section manager and business unit manager until 1997. The following year he began working for ARMgold as a business unit leader.
Mr. Frank Abbott is Financial Director, Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board as non executive director in 1994, and was appointed financial director in 1997. In 2004 he was appointed financial director of African Rainbow Minerals Limited, and resigned as such during 2009. He was reappointed as financial director of Harmony in February 2012. Frank joined the Rand Mines Group in 1981, where he obtained broad financial management experience at an operational level. He was a director of various listed mining companies and currently serves as a non executive director on the board of African Rainbow Minerals Limited.
Mr. Johannes van Heerden is Chief Executive Officer, South East Asia Operations of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined Harmony in 1998 and was appointed chief executive officer of Harmony's south east Asia operations in 2008. He is responsible for Harmony's Papua New Guinea assets including an extensive exploration portfolio and the Morobe Mining Joint Ventures' assets (Hidden Valley mine, Wafi Golpu project and Morobe exploration, held in equal partnership with Newcrest Mining Limited). He joined Harmony as financial manager with operational and group reporting responsibility for the Free State region. He was appointed as group financial manager in 2001, and relocated to Harmony south east Asia as chief financial officer two years later.
Mr. Anton Buthelezi is an Executive Human Resources of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, He rejoined Harmony in 2005 as human resources manager at Evander. He has over 23 years' experience in human resources management in the mining industry. Previous positions include senior human resources officer at Anglogold Ashanti, and mid and senior managerial positions in the same field at African Rainbow Minerals Gold,replica van cleef inspired necklace, Samancor Chrome and Harmony. He has a proven track record in the full spectrum of human resources functions as a generalist. Anton has an outstanding record in managing labour matters especially conducting and guiding negotiations with organised labour. He participates in the Chamber of Mines' Gold Sector Caucus.
Ms. Melanie Naidoo Vermaak is an Executive Environment Management of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined Harmony in 2009. Her expertise in sustainable development was built over 15 years in the private mining sector and public sector in South Africa as well as international environmental management exposure gained in the United Kingdom, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Africa. She has worked at leading international mining companies, including De Beers, BHP Billiton Limited and Anglo American. She currently holds directorships at Western Basin Environmental Corporation (Pty) Ltd, Harambe Mineral Resources (Pty) Ltd and Phoenix Corporation (Business Ventures Investment No 1 692 (Pty) Ltd), is Chair of both Harmony's environmental trust and community ownership trust and is a member of Harmony's social trust. In addition she is member of Chambers Environmental Policy Committee, Far West Rand Dolomitic Water Association and Mining Industries Group. She is also board member of CareSA.
Mr. Beyers Nel is Chief Operating Officer South African Operations of the Company. He have been regional general manager at Harmony and responsible for certain mining operations since 1 July 2014. Beyers holds a B. Eng (Mining Engineering), MBA and is a registered professional engineer (Pr. Eng). He has 15 years of experience in gold mining and 13 years at Harmony gained on a variety of opencast, deep and ultra deep gold mines in both supervisory and management positions. Beyers is also currently vice president of the Association of Mine Managers of South Africa.
Mr. Phillip Tobias is Chief Operating Officer Special Projects and Development of the Company. His responsibilities includes safety, mining projects and company strategy. He have been regional general manager at Harmony and responsible for certain mining operations since 1 July 2014. He joined Harmony on 1 July 2014, with more than 20 years of experience in the mining industry. His operational and managerial experience were developed at a number of gold and platinum mines. He was appointed the first black president of the Association of the Mine Managers of South Africa in 2008.
Ms. Marian P. van der Walt is an Executive Corporate and Investor Relations of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. Marian was appointed company secretary in 2003 and joined its executive committee in 2005 as executive: legal and compliance (which included taking responsibility for company secretarial, risk management, internal audit and Sarbanes Oxley compliance). In 2008, she resigned as company secretary, enabling her to accept her current position at Harmony as executive: corporate and investor relations. Marian began her career as attorney and conveyancer in 1998 and held positions at Routledge Modise Attorneys,replica tiffany s necklace, Deloitte and Touche and the Standard Bank of South Africa Limited prior to joining Harmony. Marian also serves on the board of Rand Refinery (Pty) Ltd as nonexecutive director,replica alhambra necklace copy, is a member of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Social Responsibility Index Advisory Committee and the Chamber of Mines Communications Committee.
Mr. Abre van Vuuren is an Executive Risk Management and Services Improvement of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined Harmony in 1997. He has over 30 years' experience in the mining industry, specifically finance and human resources, on various gold mines and collieries in the Rand Mines Group. As a member of Harmony's executive committee, he was initially responsible for industrial relations. He has held various positions in services and human resources prior to accepting his current position.
Ms. Riana Bisschoff is Group Company Secretary and Head of Legal of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, since 1 March 2012. Bisschoff completed her LLB as well as a Masters Degree (LLM) in Commercial Law at the Potchefstroom campus (formerly known as University of Potchefstroom). She further completed her articles in 2003 at Couzyn, Hertzog and Horak Attorneys in Pretoria and was admitted as an attorney, notary and conveyancer. In 2004 she started her own firm, Bisschoff Attorneys, in association with Van der Merwe and Associates in Pretoria. She ventured into the commercial arena in 2005 where she served as company secretary and legal advisor before joining iThemba Governance and Statutory Solutions (Pty) Ltd ("iThemba") in 2010. During her time at iThemba, Bisschoff attended to the company secretarial duties of various listed and unlisted entities.
Ms. Fikile Tebogo de Buck is Non Executive Lead Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined the board in 2006. A Chartered Certified Accountant, she was only the second person to obtain this qualification in Botswana. She was awarded the Stuart Crystal Prize for Best Accounting Student at Birmingham Polytechnic (UK), now Birmingham University, being the first black overseas student to be awarded this prize. Fikile is a fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) UK. From 2000 to 2008, she worked in various capacities at the Council for Medical Schemes in South Africa, including as a chief financial officer and chief operations officer. Prior to that she worked in various capacities at the Botswana Development Corporation and was the first treasurer of the Corporation. She also served on various boards representing the Corporation's interests, and was the founding chairman of the Credit Guarantee Insurance Co. She has 23 years' experience in financial reporting at executive level. Fikile is a non executive director and chairman of the audit committee of Atlatsa Resources Corporation, and a member of various other committees. She is included in "South Africa's Most Inspirational Women" coffee table book (2011). Fikile mentors a number of young people, mostly women.
Mr. Andre J. Wilkens is Non Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2007. He was appointed to the board of African Rainbow Minerals Limited in 2004 and was a chief executive officer of African Rainbow Minerals until March 2012. Mr. Wilkens is currently executive director growth and strategic development (based in the office of the African Rainbow Minerals executive chairman). He headed ARMgold Limited for five years and African Rainbow Minerals Platinum for a year before being appointed chief operating officer of Harmony after its merger with African Rainbow Minerals Gold in 2003. Andr has over 43 years' experience in the mining industry, particularly gold,replica mini van cleef necklace, platinum group metals, iron ore, manganese, coal, chrome, nickel and copper.
Mr. Joaquim A. The former president of Mozambique (1986 2004), he also served as a chairman of the African Union for 2003/2004. On leaving the presidency, he established the Joaquim Chissano Foundation for Peace Development and Culture, and has led various international peace initiatives on behalf of the United Nations, African Union and Southern African Development Community to Guinea Bissau, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Madagascar. In 2006 he was awarded the annual Chatham House prize for significant contributions to improving international relations and received the inaugural MoIbrahim prize for Achievement in African Leadership in 2007. Joaquim was appointed to the global development program advisory panel of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in December 2009.
Dr. D. Simo Lushaba is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2002. As an entrepreneur and executive business coach, Mr. Simo previously held senior management positions at Spoornet (Rail and Terminal Services division), was vice president of Lonmin Plc and chief executive of Rand Water. He is a non executive director on the Board of Cashbuild Limited and facilitates programmes on corporate governance for the Institute of Directors (SA), where he is also a member.
Mr. Mavuso Msimang is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the board in 2011. He has 27 years' experience in management at executive level, and was involved in the successful transformation and restructuring of various state owned entities over a period of 16 years, until 2010. Mavuso was director general of the South African Department of Home Affairs and previously served successively as chief executive officer of the State Information Technology Agency, South African National Parks and SA Tourism. He was country representative of the international development organisations World University Service/Canada and CARE International in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively. Mr. Msimang also held senior management positions with UNICEF and the World Food Program.
Ms. Karabo Tshailane Nondumo is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined the board in 2013. She is an executive director of Igagu Communications. She held various roles at Vodacom Group Limited including executive head of Vodacom Business as well as Mergers and Acquisitions. She was inaugural chief executive officer of AWCA Investment Holdings Limited and former head of Global Markets Operations at Rand Refinery Limited. She is a former associate and executive assistant to the former executive chairman at Shanduka Group. She was seconded to Shanduka Coal, where she was a shareholder representative, and also served on various boards representing Shanduka's interests. She is qualified Chartered Accountant, a member of the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and African Women Chartered Accountants. She is an independent non executive director of Merafe Resources Limited, Richards Bay Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd, South African Express SOC Limited and Rolfes Holdings Limited. She is on the advisory board of Senatla Capital and Trustee of Innovator Trust. She is a patron of Women In Mining South Africa.
Mr. Vishnu P. Pillay is an Independent Non Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2013 and is currently executive head of Anglo American Platinum Limited's (Amplats) joint venture operations. Before joining Amplats in 2011, he was an executive vice president and head of South African operations for Gold Fields Limited and, prior to that, vice president and head of operations at Driefontein Gold Mine. His 25 years at Gold Fields Limited were interrupted by a two year period with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, where he was director of mining technology and group executive for institutional planning and operations.
Mr. John Wetton is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2011. He was with Ernst Young from 1967 to 2010. Corporate audit was his main focus, but for the final 11 years he played a business development role across Africa. He led Ernst Young's mining group for a number of years and continued to act as senior partner for some of the firm's major mining and construction clients. Mr. Wetton was a member of Ernst Young's executive management committee and was, until retirement, a member of the Ernst Young Africa governance board.
Mr. Modise J. Motloba is an Independent Non Executive Deputy Chairman of the Board of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, since August 13, 2012. Modise joined the board in 2004. He is currently chief executive officer of Quartile Capital (Proprietary) Limited. His 21 years' experience in investment banking, treasury and fund management includes appointments at Rand Merchant Bank, African Merchant Bank, African Harvest Fund Managers and Goldman Sachs. Modise is a former president of the Association of Black Securities and Investment Professionals where he was instrumental in formulating and negotiating the historic financial services charter in 2003.
Mr. Patrice T. Motsepe is Non Executive Non Independent Chairman of the Board of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He Appointed to the board in 2004, Patrice became non executive chairman during 2004. He was a partner in one of the largest law firms in South Africa, Bowman Gilfillan Inc. He was a visiting attorney in the USA with the law firm, McGuire Woods Battle and Boothe. In 1994 he founded Future Mining, which grew rapidly to become a successful contract mining company. He then formed ARMgold in 1997, which listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 2002. ARMgold merged with Harmony in 2003 and this ultimately led to the takeover of Anglovaal Mining (Avmin). In 2002 he was voted South Africa's Business Leader of the Year by the chief executive officers of the top 100 companies in South Africa. In the same year, he was the winner of the Ernst Young Best Entrepreneur of the Year award. Patrice is a recipient of numerous other business and leadership awards, including; In 2002 he was voted South Africa's Business Leader of the Year by the chief executive officers of the top 100 companies in South Africa. In the same year, he was the winner of the Ernst Young Best Entrepreneur of the Year award. He is an executive chairman of African Rainbow Minerals Limited (ARM) and the deputy chairman of Sanlam Life Insurance Limited. He is also a member of the International Business Council (IBC) of the World Economic Forum (WEF), which is made up of 100 of the most highly respected and influential chief executives from all industries. He is a member of the JP Morgan International Council.
Mr. Peter William Steenkamp is Chief Executive Officer, Director of the Company. Mr. Peter currently serves on the Executive Committee as Chief Operating Officer. Peter joined Harmony in October 2003 following the merger with ARMgold. Prior to joining Harmony, he was an executive director of ARMgold in charge of Gold Operations. Peter has 21 years' experience in the mining industry. He started his career as a trainee miner with the Chamber of Mines Training College and after graduating he worked for Gold Fields as a shift boss. He then joined Vaal Reefs (an operation in Anglo American's Gold and Uranium Division) in 1989, occupying various positions including those of shift boss, mine overseer, technical assistant, section manager and business unit manager until 1997. The following year he began working for ARMgold as a business unit leader.
Mr. Frank Abbott is Financial Director, Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board as non executive director in 1994, and was appointed financial director in 1997. In 2004 he was appointed financial director of African Rainbow Minerals Limited, and resigned as such during 2009. He was reappointed as financial director of Harmony in February 2012. Frank joined the Rand Mines Group in 1981, where he obtained broad financial management experience at an operational level. He was a director of various listed mining companies and currently serves as a non executive director on the board of African Rainbow Minerals Limited.
Mr. Johannes van Heerden is Chief Executive Officer, South East Asia Operations of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined Harmony in 1998 and was appointed chief executive officer of Harmony's south east Asia operations in 2008. He is responsible for Harmony's Papua New Guinea assets including an extensive exploration portfolio and the Morobe Mining Joint Ventures' assets (Hidden Valley mine, Wafi Golpu project and Morobe exploration, held in equal partnership with Newcrest Mining Limited). He joined Harmony as financial manager with operational and group reporting responsibility for the Free State region. He was appointed as group financial manager in 2001, and relocated to Harmony south east Asia as chief financial officer two years later.
Mr. Anton Buthelezi is an Executive Human Resources of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, He rejoined Harmony in 2005 as human resources manager at Evander. He has over 23 years' experience in human resources management in the mining industry. Previous positions include senior human resources officer at Anglogold Ashanti, and mid and senior managerial positions in the same field at African Rainbow Minerals Gold,replica van cleef inspired necklace, Samancor Chrome and Harmony. He has a proven track record in the full spectrum of human resources functions as a generalist. Anton has an outstanding record in managing labour matters especially conducting and guiding negotiations with organised labour. He participates in the Chamber of Mines' Gold Sector Caucus.
Ms. Melanie Naidoo Vermaak is an Executive Environment Management of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined Harmony in 2009. Her expertise in sustainable development was built over 15 years in the private mining sector and public sector in South Africa as well as international environmental management exposure gained in the United Kingdom, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Africa. She has worked at leading international mining companies, including De Beers, BHP Billiton Limited and Anglo American. She currently holds directorships at Western Basin Environmental Corporation (Pty) Ltd, Harambe Mineral Resources (Pty) Ltd and Phoenix Corporation (Business Ventures Investment No 1 692 (Pty) Ltd), is Chair of both Harmony's environmental trust and community ownership trust and is a member of Harmony's social trust. In addition she is member of Chambers Environmental Policy Committee, Far West Rand Dolomitic Water Association and Mining Industries Group. She is also board member of CareSA.
Mr. Beyers Nel is Chief Operating Officer South African Operations of the Company. He have been regional general manager at Harmony and responsible for certain mining operations since 1 July 2014. Beyers holds a B. Eng (Mining Engineering), MBA and is a registered professional engineer (Pr. Eng). He has 15 years of experience in gold mining and 13 years at Harmony gained on a variety of opencast, deep and ultra deep gold mines in both supervisory and management positions. Beyers is also currently vice president of the Association of Mine Managers of South Africa.
Mr. Phillip Tobias is Chief Operating Officer Special Projects and Development of the Company. His responsibilities includes safety, mining projects and company strategy. He have been regional general manager at Harmony and responsible for certain mining operations since 1 July 2014. He joined Harmony on 1 July 2014, with more than 20 years of experience in the mining industry. His operational and managerial experience were developed at a number of gold and platinum mines. He was appointed the first black president of the Association of the Mine Managers of South Africa in 2008.
Ms. Marian P. van der Walt is an Executive Corporate and Investor Relations of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. Marian was appointed company secretary in 2003 and joined its executive committee in 2005 as executive: legal and compliance (which included taking responsibility for company secretarial, risk management, internal audit and Sarbanes Oxley compliance). In 2008, she resigned as company secretary, enabling her to accept her current position at Harmony as executive: corporate and investor relations. Marian began her career as attorney and conveyancer in 1998 and held positions at Routledge Modise Attorneys,replica tiffany s necklace, Deloitte and Touche and the Standard Bank of South Africa Limited prior to joining Harmony. Marian also serves on the board of Rand Refinery (Pty) Ltd as nonexecutive director,replica alhambra necklace copy, is a member of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Social Responsibility Index Advisory Committee and the Chamber of Mines Communications Committee.
Mr. Abre van Vuuren is an Executive Risk Management and Services Improvement of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined Harmony in 1997. He has over 30 years' experience in the mining industry, specifically finance and human resources, on various gold mines and collieries in the Rand Mines Group. As a member of Harmony's executive committee, he was initially responsible for industrial relations. He has held various positions in services and human resources prior to accepting his current position.
Ms. Riana Bisschoff is Group Company Secretary and Head of Legal of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, since 1 March 2012. Bisschoff completed her LLB as well as a Masters Degree (LLM) in Commercial Law at the Potchefstroom campus (formerly known as University of Potchefstroom). She further completed her articles in 2003 at Couzyn, Hertzog and Horak Attorneys in Pretoria and was admitted as an attorney, notary and conveyancer. In 2004 she started her own firm, Bisschoff Attorneys, in association with Van der Merwe and Associates in Pretoria. She ventured into the commercial arena in 2005 where she served as company secretary and legal advisor before joining iThemba Governance and Statutory Solutions (Pty) Ltd ("iThemba") in 2010. During her time at iThemba, Bisschoff attended to the company secretarial duties of various listed and unlisted entities.
Ms. Fikile Tebogo de Buck is Non Executive Lead Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined the board in 2006. A Chartered Certified Accountant, she was only the second person to obtain this qualification in Botswana. She was awarded the Stuart Crystal Prize for Best Accounting Student at Birmingham Polytechnic (UK), now Birmingham University, being the first black overseas student to be awarded this prize. Fikile is a fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) UK. From 2000 to 2008, she worked in various capacities at the Council for Medical Schemes in South Africa, including as a chief financial officer and chief operations officer. Prior to that she worked in various capacities at the Botswana Development Corporation and was the first treasurer of the Corporation. She also served on various boards representing the Corporation's interests, and was the founding chairman of the Credit Guarantee Insurance Co. She has 23 years' experience in financial reporting at executive level. Fikile is a non executive director and chairman of the audit committee of Atlatsa Resources Corporation, and a member of various other committees. She is included in "South Africa's Most Inspirational Women" coffee table book (2011). Fikile mentors a number of young people, mostly women.
Mr. Andre J. Wilkens is Non Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2007. He was appointed to the board of African Rainbow Minerals Limited in 2004 and was a chief executive officer of African Rainbow Minerals until March 2012. Mr. Wilkens is currently executive director growth and strategic development (based in the office of the African Rainbow Minerals executive chairman). He headed ARMgold Limited for five years and African Rainbow Minerals Platinum for a year before being appointed chief operating officer of Harmony after its merger with African Rainbow Minerals Gold in 2003. Andr has over 43 years' experience in the mining industry, particularly gold,replica mini van cleef necklace, platinum group metals, iron ore, manganese, coal, chrome, nickel and copper.
Mr. Joaquim A. The former president of Mozambique (1986 2004), he also served as a chairman of the African Union for 2003/2004. On leaving the presidency, he established the Joaquim Chissano Foundation for Peace Development and Culture, and has led various international peace initiatives on behalf of the United Nations, African Union and Southern African Development Community to Guinea Bissau, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Madagascar. In 2006 he was awarded the annual Chatham House prize for significant contributions to improving international relations and received the inaugural MoIbrahim prize for Achievement in African Leadership in 2007. Joaquim was appointed to the global development program advisory panel of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in December 2009.
Dr. D. Simo Lushaba is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2002. As an entrepreneur and executive business coach, Mr. Simo previously held senior management positions at Spoornet (Rail and Terminal Services division), was vice president of Lonmin Plc and chief executive of Rand Water. He is a non executive director on the Board of Cashbuild Limited and facilitates programmes on corporate governance for the Institute of Directors (SA), where he is also a member.
Mr. Mavuso Msimang is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the board in 2011. He has 27 years' experience in management at executive level, and was involved in the successful transformation and restructuring of various state owned entities over a period of 16 years, until 2010. Mavuso was director general of the South African Department of Home Affairs and previously served successively as chief executive officer of the State Information Technology Agency, South African National Parks and SA Tourism. He was country representative of the international development organisations World University Service/Canada and CARE International in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively. Mr. Msimang also held senior management positions with UNICEF and the World Food Program.
Ms. Karabo Tshailane Nondumo is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined the board in 2013. She is an executive director of Igagu Communications. She held various roles at Vodacom Group Limited including executive head of Vodacom Business as well as Mergers and Acquisitions. She was inaugural chief executive officer of AWCA Investment Holdings Limited and former head of Global Markets Operations at Rand Refinery Limited. She is a former associate and executive assistant to the former executive chairman at Shanduka Group. She was seconded to Shanduka Coal, where she was a shareholder representative, and also served on various boards representing Shanduka's interests. She is qualified Chartered Accountant, a member of the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and African Women Chartered Accountants. She is an independent non executive director of Merafe Resources Limited, Richards Bay Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd, South African Express SOC Limited and Rolfes Holdings Limited. She is on the advisory board of Senatla Capital and Trustee of Innovator Trust. She is a patron of Women In Mining South Africa.
Mr. Vishnu P. Pillay is an Independent Non Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2013 and is currently executive head of Anglo American Platinum Limited's (Amplats) joint venture operations. Before joining Amplats in 2011, he was an executive vice president and head of South African operations for Gold Fields Limited and, prior to that, vice president and head of operations at Driefontein Gold Mine. His 25 years at Gold Fields Limited were interrupted by a two year period with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, where he was director of mining technology and group executive for institutional planning and operations.
Mr. John Wetton is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2011. He was with Ernst Young from 1967 to 2010. Corporate audit was his main focus, but for the final 11 years he played a business development role across Africa. He led Ernst Young's mining group for a number of years and continued to act as senior partner for some of the firm's major mining and construction clients. Mr. Wetton was a member of Ernst Young's executive management committee and was, until retirement, a member of the Ernst Young Africa governance board.
Fear and loathing on champagne trail as a Bernie Sanders admirer travels to Elizabeth Warren utopia
With around 250 in attendance, the event room at Civic Hall is packed. I'm actually part of the overflow, watching Harvard Law professor Lawrence Lessig's presentation on massive closed circuit TVs in the foyer, in merciful proximity to the hors d'oeuvres and wine (an unostentatious but delicious spread, including good cheese and reasonably priced champagne).
The breathless cadence of a TED Talk is unmistakable, and Lessig's impassioned case for Elizabeth Warren is fraught with urgency. There is no mention of electoral strategy or political details, but the presentation is highly visual, with a powerpoint on the monitors behind him that opens with a clear blue sky and rolling clouds. It looks a desktop wallpaper for Windows 98. Words and phrases flash on the monitors behind him for emphasis "most powerful" and "brand," to name a few, while Lessig expounds on inequality, money in politics and the forgettable neologism, "Tweedism," a reference to Boss Tweed's manipulation of politics. To his credit, his jokes get laughs.
Lessig's emphatic but never antagonistic oratory stylings were in fact forged in the fires of TED, an origin betrayed by an overly earnest tone, an unchallenging vocabulary and an anti elitist denunciation of "wonks." "It is a moral challenge, not a nerd's challenge," he proclaims strange sentiment at an event in celebration of Elizabeth Warren, a brilliantly wonky nerd herself. In 2007 he switched gears, refocusing on "money in politics" finance and corporate lobbying.
Before Lessig spoke, it was Van Jones at the lectern, emphasizing how Warren would ameliorate the primaries by sharpening her opponents. "She would improve the country just by being in the debates! You don't debate Elizabeth Warren without eating your Wheaties!" he proclaims, and I can't help but reminisce on his political journey. It an age old story. One minute you a simple Maoist Third Worldist, dutifully recording every minute of your 18 person organization (for revolutionary posterity), the next you a disgraced environmental czar. Eventually, though, you find your home, carrying water for truant politicians and posing for photos at the White House Correspondents Dinner with a jowly, starched golem of bad ideas and his strange bird wife.
Before Jones, Zephyr Teachout spoke. She's charming, and taking a much more optimistic view, she skipped over the primaries entirely, instead envisioning aloud all the promise of a Warren presidency. We need Warren "so we can free our politicians from the cages that they are trapped in now built by their donors."
The poor dears.
The atmosphere was warm and positive positive for a pressure campaign held in absentia for someone who has, in no uncertain terms, refused to run. Adding to the confusion is Lessig and Warren's barely mentioned collegial friendship and political collaborations. The two have been featured at the same speaking event as recently as 2013. So, where is Gatsby?
Warren's advocates appear undisturbed by her absence, and while the applause sometimes vacillates in enthusiasm, there are clearly some die hard Warrenites in the crowd. Even the less expressive audience members group that ranges from chic to dapper to even a little crunchy least look genuinely hopeful, and it's not as if there's no institutional support for a Warren run. She speaks positively, but vaguely about labor unions. In 2013 she advocated for a minimum wage increase to $10 an hour over the course of two years modest in the time of Fight for $15. She's helped make some mild reforms to student debt, but nothing so great as to be noticeable for a young person debilitated by loans. She's made no great stink about socialized health care or higher education. Aside from financial regulation, it's actually quite unclear what a Warren presidential program would be (again, especially since she's decided not to run).
In face, in the same interview with Fortune where she said she'd not be running for president, she made her No. 1 priority perfectly clear:
"Guess who my favorite President is. Roosevelt
Teddy. He was the trust buster,necklace van cleef arpels replica."
So Warren wants to take on the banks But so did slave baron Andrew Jackson, one of the most of indigenous genocide (a fact of which I'm sure Warren is aware). Lessig likens Warren to FDR most gracious of compliments for any Democrat Warren's talking point is not the revitalized welfare state bolstered by heavy public investment. Anyone looking for a New New Deal would find her pronouncements both meek and mild, and it's not as if there's no prominent alternative.
In the interest of full disclosure, I'm a longtime, fairly involved member of Democratic Socialists of America, an organization that's been pushing hard for a Bernie Sanders run. Though I personally haven't endorsed Sanders in any formal or informal capacity, I wanted to ask the Warren enthusiasts: why not Bernie?
The crunchy contingency seemed to be the most likely Sanders fans, but I found them remarkably difficult to track down. (I assume they skipped mingling at the after party in order to render maple syrup or make their own Chapstick from beeswax or something). Regardless, more than one person quietly admitted to me that they found Sanders a more substantive candidate, but that they still felt Warren was a better star on which to hitch their wagons. A few said that Warren is more "presidential" than Sanders, "on a personal level." I suppose by this they mean Warren has that sweet face and a neutral accent that belies her Harvard pedigree, while Bernie's a confrontational and obvious Brooklyn Jew currently residing over the People's Republic of Vermont. So sure possible that Warren reads less "foreign" to Middle Americans, but I'm not convinced Sanders is so off putting. If anything, it's just as likely that "Real Americans" would respect an assertive righteousness in a politician. And who isn't charmed by a furious filibuster?
Democrats might also prefer Warren to Sanders because feel they need a woman candidate to invigorate progressives. The credibility of representational identity politics has also taken a pretty hard blow after our last two elections; Barack Obama has not yielded material gains for black Americans,replica vca butterfly necklace, because like wealth, power does not trickle down.
This did not stop Lessig from fawning over Hillary during his talk. He even felt compelled to say, "to be pro Warren is not to be anti Clinton," as if the presidency is no longer a zero sum game, and we will be given the option of an electoral limbo "Schrdinger Vote," if you will. (Since there can only be one president, should not voters be at least a bit sectarian about their candidates?) Before (finally) arriving at the conclusion that Warren is the woman of the hour, Lessig praised Clinton's qualifications, mentioning that she aided his uncle in prosecuting Nixon (rock solid ethics, that one). He describes her as a "Job like" victim of sexism what of we feminists who hate Hillary for the right reasons? Is the sisterhood too tenuous for the grim faced scrutiny of actual politics?
As the night wound down and the after party thinned, I was introduced to Ben Yee, vice president of Young Democrats of America. He's tall, boyishly handsome and ebulliently friendly for New York. Highly animated,replica van cleef necklace pink, he speaks rapidly, while the rest of us succumb to wine induced lassitude. "I want to start a hashtag," he declares through a 100 watt grin, "No CoronationNation!" It's clever, really simple denunciation of the dynastic precedent that a Hillary win would fortify. When I am introduced as a socialist, he is amused, but unphased, and says with a sympathetic shrug and even more amplified smile, "Oh yeah? I'm a Democrat because we only have two options."
Normally I'd be insulted, being implicitly accused of Utopian idealism by a guy campaigning for an unwilling candidate, but Yee's so unpretentious,replica van cleef and arpels zipper necklace, I just shrug and smile right back.
As you may have guessed, I don't find the case for a President Warren to be a particularly ambitious one, nor do I find the likelihood of her running a campaign particularly promising, but I don't really think her advocates do either from perhaps the delightfully tipsy Eastern European woman I ran into in the the elevator. This doesn't mean there is nothing strategic about public support for Warren. A stylish event organizer actually described the night as "screwing with the Democratic party," and from a left of Hillary perspective, there is value in anything that might push Democrats toward a more radical platform. (It even possible that Warren already haunts Clinton's campaign, a chipper apparition of financial regulation; the very next day saw Clinton's people branding her in a way some felt portrayed her as "the original Elizabeth Warren.")It is early, and we are not doomed to a "coronation nation." I don't believe a "good president" is any substitute for mass politics or a strong labor movement, but I really do believe we can do better than Hillary, and that we can find a challenger better than Warren.
With around 250 in attendance, the event room at Civic Hall is packed. I'm actually part of the overflow, watching Harvard Law professor Lawrence Lessig's presentation on massive closed circuit TVs in the foyer, in merciful proximity to the hors d'oeuvres and wine (an unostentatious but delicious spread, including good cheese and reasonably priced champagne).
The breathless cadence of a TED Talk is unmistakable, and Lessig's impassioned case for Elizabeth Warren is fraught with urgency. There is no mention of electoral strategy or political details, but the presentation is highly visual, with a powerpoint on the monitors behind him that opens with a clear blue sky and rolling clouds. It looks a desktop wallpaper for Windows 98. Words and phrases flash on the monitors behind him for emphasis "most powerful" and "brand," to name a few, while Lessig expounds on inequality, money in politics and the forgettable neologism, "Tweedism," a reference to Boss Tweed's manipulation of politics. To his credit, his jokes get laughs.
Lessig's emphatic but never antagonistic oratory stylings were in fact forged in the fires of TED, an origin betrayed by an overly earnest tone, an unchallenging vocabulary and an anti elitist denunciation of "wonks." "It is a moral challenge, not a nerd's challenge," he proclaims strange sentiment at an event in celebration of Elizabeth Warren, a brilliantly wonky nerd herself. In 2007 he switched gears, refocusing on "money in politics" finance and corporate lobbying.
Before Lessig spoke, it was Van Jones at the lectern, emphasizing how Warren would ameliorate the primaries by sharpening her opponents. "She would improve the country just by being in the debates! You don't debate Elizabeth Warren without eating your Wheaties!" he proclaims, and I can't help but reminisce on his political journey. It an age old story. One minute you a simple Maoist Third Worldist, dutifully recording every minute of your 18 person organization (for revolutionary posterity), the next you a disgraced environmental czar. Eventually, though, you find your home, carrying water for truant politicians and posing for photos at the White House Correspondents Dinner with a jowly, starched golem of bad ideas and his strange bird wife.
Before Jones, Zephyr Teachout spoke. She's charming, and taking a much more optimistic view, she skipped over the primaries entirely, instead envisioning aloud all the promise of a Warren presidency. We need Warren "so we can free our politicians from the cages that they are trapped in now built by their donors."
The poor dears.
The atmosphere was warm and positive positive for a pressure campaign held in absentia for someone who has, in no uncertain terms, refused to run. Adding to the confusion is Lessig and Warren's barely mentioned collegial friendship and political collaborations. The two have been featured at the same speaking event as recently as 2013. So, where is Gatsby?
Warren's advocates appear undisturbed by her absence, and while the applause sometimes vacillates in enthusiasm, there are clearly some die hard Warrenites in the crowd. Even the less expressive audience members group that ranges from chic to dapper to even a little crunchy least look genuinely hopeful, and it's not as if there's no institutional support for a Warren run. She speaks positively, but vaguely about labor unions. In 2013 she advocated for a minimum wage increase to $10 an hour over the course of two years modest in the time of Fight for $15. She's helped make some mild reforms to student debt, but nothing so great as to be noticeable for a young person debilitated by loans. She's made no great stink about socialized health care or higher education. Aside from financial regulation, it's actually quite unclear what a Warren presidential program would be (again, especially since she's decided not to run).
In face, in the same interview with Fortune where she said she'd not be running for president, she made her No. 1 priority perfectly clear:
"Guess who my favorite President is. Roosevelt
Teddy. He was the trust buster,necklace van cleef arpels replica."
So Warren wants to take on the banks But so did slave baron Andrew Jackson, one of the most of indigenous genocide (a fact of which I'm sure Warren is aware). Lessig likens Warren to FDR most gracious of compliments for any Democrat Warren's talking point is not the revitalized welfare state bolstered by heavy public investment. Anyone looking for a New New Deal would find her pronouncements both meek and mild, and it's not as if there's no prominent alternative.
In the interest of full disclosure, I'm a longtime, fairly involved member of Democratic Socialists of America, an organization that's been pushing hard for a Bernie Sanders run. Though I personally haven't endorsed Sanders in any formal or informal capacity, I wanted to ask the Warren enthusiasts: why not Bernie?
The crunchy contingency seemed to be the most likely Sanders fans, but I found them remarkably difficult to track down. (I assume they skipped mingling at the after party in order to render maple syrup or make their own Chapstick from beeswax or something). Regardless, more than one person quietly admitted to me that they found Sanders a more substantive candidate, but that they still felt Warren was a better star on which to hitch their wagons. A few said that Warren is more "presidential" than Sanders, "on a personal level." I suppose by this they mean Warren has that sweet face and a neutral accent that belies her Harvard pedigree, while Bernie's a confrontational and obvious Brooklyn Jew currently residing over the People's Republic of Vermont. So sure possible that Warren reads less "foreign" to Middle Americans, but I'm not convinced Sanders is so off putting. If anything, it's just as likely that "Real Americans" would respect an assertive righteousness in a politician. And who isn't charmed by a furious filibuster?
Democrats might also prefer Warren to Sanders because feel they need a woman candidate to invigorate progressives. The credibility of representational identity politics has also taken a pretty hard blow after our last two elections; Barack Obama has not yielded material gains for black Americans,replica vca butterfly necklace, because like wealth, power does not trickle down.
This did not stop Lessig from fawning over Hillary during his talk. He even felt compelled to say, "to be pro Warren is not to be anti Clinton," as if the presidency is no longer a zero sum game, and we will be given the option of an electoral limbo "Schrdinger Vote," if you will. (Since there can only be one president, should not voters be at least a bit sectarian about their candidates?) Before (finally) arriving at the conclusion that Warren is the woman of the hour, Lessig praised Clinton's qualifications, mentioning that she aided his uncle in prosecuting Nixon (rock solid ethics, that one). He describes her as a "Job like" victim of sexism what of we feminists who hate Hillary for the right reasons? Is the sisterhood too tenuous for the grim faced scrutiny of actual politics?
As the night wound down and the after party thinned, I was introduced to Ben Yee, vice president of Young Democrats of America. He's tall, boyishly handsome and ebulliently friendly for New York. Highly animated,replica van cleef necklace pink, he speaks rapidly, while the rest of us succumb to wine induced lassitude. "I want to start a hashtag," he declares through a 100 watt grin, "No CoronationNation!" It's clever, really simple denunciation of the dynastic precedent that a Hillary win would fortify. When I am introduced as a socialist, he is amused, but unphased, and says with a sympathetic shrug and even more amplified smile, "Oh yeah? I'm a Democrat because we only have two options."
Normally I'd be insulted, being implicitly accused of Utopian idealism by a guy campaigning for an unwilling candidate, but Yee's so unpretentious,replica van cleef and arpels zipper necklace, I just shrug and smile right back.
As you may have guessed, I don't find the case for a President Warren to be a particularly ambitious one, nor do I find the likelihood of her running a campaign particularly promising, but I don't really think her advocates do either from perhaps the delightfully tipsy Eastern European woman I ran into in the the elevator. This doesn't mean there is nothing strategic about public support for Warren. A stylish event organizer actually described the night as "screwing with the Democratic party," and from a left of Hillary perspective, there is value in anything that might push Democrats toward a more radical platform. (It even possible that Warren already haunts Clinton's campaign, a chipper apparition of financial regulation; the very next day saw Clinton's people branding her in a way some felt portrayed her as "the original Elizabeth Warren.")It is early, and we are not doomed to a "coronation nation." I don't believe a "good president" is any substitute for mass politics or a strong labor movement, but I really do believe we can do better than Hillary, and that we can find a challenger better than Warren.
Harvesting in the winter is possible with a little preparation
SubscriptionsGo to the Subscriptions Centre to manage your:My ProfileMost Canadian gardeners enjoy bounties of fresh vegetables throughout the summer and fall, only to abandon their horticultural pursuits as winter blows in. But some see the cold months as another opportunity for harvest and continue to enjoy fresh produce from their gardens.In central Nova Scotia,replica vintage alhambra necklace 10 motifs, organic farmer Norbert Kungl harvests winter greens such as kale and spinach through the winter in an unheated greenhouse, despite blizzards and temperatures that drop as low as 20 C. And on Vancouver Island, organic farmer Carolyn Herriot feeds her family winter greens, turnips, beets, and in the early spring,van cleef necklace alhambra replica, cauliflower, cabbage and broccoli from her garden.With a little ingenuity,replica van cleef lucky alhambra necklace, even those in some of the coldest climates in Canada can enjoy a winter harvest.Carol McIntyre, a grower on Vancouver Island who conducts workshops on winter vegetables, says that Coleman might be a bit ambitious in thinking harvesting in the coldest months can be conducted that far north, but she has had attendees at her workshops harvest vegetables as far north as the 50th parallel. "We're seeing new things all the time, though," she says.One option for those in the coldest parts of the country is growing small pots of sprouts inside the home."I sprout seed mixes inside. Broccoli, alfalfa, mustard, cress, and wheatgrass, all these are nutrient packed greens that can be grown on a window sill," says Herriot.The recipe for winter gardening success, however, is to be realistic about what you're planning to grow. Although there are some people who try to cultivate things like tomatoes and peppers indoors with artificial light, Herriot advises against this, saying it is difficult, the yields are low and the produce is generally flavourless.Coleman, who has an organic farm in Harborside, Maine, sells produce from his garden at the local market year round. And this is done in a climate where temperatures can dip as low as 25 C in the winter. According to Eliot, producing food in cold climates where sub zero temperatures are the norm requires one tool the cold frame.Place cold frames in sunny spotsCold frames are wooden structures with clear glass or plastic tops, which are used to cover plants to protect them from the elements. These can easily be constructed out of old window frames and pieces of wood. The cold frame acts like a miniature greenhouse, trapping the warmth from the winter sun. The inside of a cold frame can be up to 11 degrees Celsius warmer than the outdoor air, according to Coleman.To keep the inside of these structures even warmer, Kungl recommends placing them against the sunniest wall of your house, so it will get the warmth from the sun and the ambient heat from the home. Often this isn't necessary, however,replica van cleef necklace pink, as on the sunniest of days it can become too warm in a cold frame, and then it's necessary to prop open the top and allow cool air to circulate.In the darkest, coldest months of January and February, the plants in the winter garden slow their growth to a near standstill because the day length is so short. Even though plants such as winter greens may not grow much, the leaves can still be harvested, providing a source of fresh food. McIntyre calls this "using nature as if it were a fridge."'When I think about food growing, I'm actually thinking about the entire year, not just the summer garden.' Carolyn Herriot, organic farmerTo harvest in the winter, though, many plants must reach maturity before the cold weather settles in. Herriot selects seeds for her winter garden at the same time she orders her seeds for the summer garden."For me, it's not an afterthought," she says. "When I think about food growing, I'm actually thinking about the entire year, not just the summer garden. A lot of people don't factor in the winter garden and they scramble around trying to get seeds at the last minute."
SubscriptionsGo to the Subscriptions Centre to manage your:My ProfileMost Canadian gardeners enjoy bounties of fresh vegetables throughout the summer and fall, only to abandon their horticultural pursuits as winter blows in. But some see the cold months as another opportunity for harvest and continue to enjoy fresh produce from their gardens.In central Nova Scotia,replica vintage alhambra necklace 10 motifs, organic farmer Norbert Kungl harvests winter greens such as kale and spinach through the winter in an unheated greenhouse, despite blizzards and temperatures that drop as low as 20 C. And on Vancouver Island, organic farmer Carolyn Herriot feeds her family winter greens, turnips, beets, and in the early spring,van cleef necklace alhambra replica, cauliflower, cabbage and broccoli from her garden.With a little ingenuity,replica van cleef lucky alhambra necklace, even those in some of the coldest climates in Canada can enjoy a winter harvest.Carol McIntyre, a grower on Vancouver Island who conducts workshops on winter vegetables, says that Coleman might be a bit ambitious in thinking harvesting in the coldest months can be conducted that far north, but she has had attendees at her workshops harvest vegetables as far north as the 50th parallel. "We're seeing new things all the time, though," she says.One option for those in the coldest parts of the country is growing small pots of sprouts inside the home."I sprout seed mixes inside. Broccoli, alfalfa, mustard, cress, and wheatgrass, all these are nutrient packed greens that can be grown on a window sill," says Herriot.The recipe for winter gardening success, however, is to be realistic about what you're planning to grow. Although there are some people who try to cultivate things like tomatoes and peppers indoors with artificial light, Herriot advises against this, saying it is difficult, the yields are low and the produce is generally flavourless.Coleman, who has an organic farm in Harborside, Maine, sells produce from his garden at the local market year round. And this is done in a climate where temperatures can dip as low as 25 C in the winter. According to Eliot, producing food in cold climates where sub zero temperatures are the norm requires one tool the cold frame.Place cold frames in sunny spotsCold frames are wooden structures with clear glass or plastic tops, which are used to cover plants to protect them from the elements. These can easily be constructed out of old window frames and pieces of wood. The cold frame acts like a miniature greenhouse, trapping the warmth from the winter sun. The inside of a cold frame can be up to 11 degrees Celsius warmer than the outdoor air, according to Coleman.To keep the inside of these structures even warmer, Kungl recommends placing them against the sunniest wall of your house, so it will get the warmth from the sun and the ambient heat from the home. Often this isn't necessary, however,replica van cleef necklace pink, as on the sunniest of days it can become too warm in a cold frame, and then it's necessary to prop open the top and allow cool air to circulate.In the darkest, coldest months of January and February, the plants in the winter garden slow their growth to a near standstill because the day length is so short. Even though plants such as winter greens may not grow much, the leaves can still be harvested, providing a source of fresh food. McIntyre calls this "using nature as if it were a fridge."'When I think about food growing, I'm actually thinking about the entire year, not just the summer garden.' Carolyn Herriot, organic farmerTo harvest in the winter, though, many plants must reach maturity before the cold weather settles in. Herriot selects seeds for her winter garden at the same time she orders her seeds for the summer garden."For me, it's not an afterthought," she says. "When I think about food growing, I'm actually thinking about the entire year, not just the summer garden. A lot of people don't factor in the winter garden and they scramble around trying to get seeds at the last minute."
Etam Developpement SCA TAM
Mr. Laurent Milchior has been Statutory Manager and General Partner of Etam Developpement SCA appointed since June 5,replica van cleef lucky alhambra necklace, 2008 and was appointed as General Partner of the Company on March 24, 1997. He has also served as Director of Etam SA, Etam International Sourcing (Belgian), Books Toys, Etamint, Societe Belge Etam, Societe Fonciere Etel, EIS Shanghai, 123 Luxembourg, Etam Lingerie Luxembourg and Societe Luxembourgeoise Etam, Manager of Etam Italia Lauvest, Appointed Managing Director of Societe Etam Pret a Porter SAS, Chairman of Etam Destock SAS and Scheg, Permanent Representative of Etam SA on the Board of Directors of Nortex SA and Member of the Board Gerset SAS.
Mr. Pierre Milchior has been Statutory Manager and General Partner of Etam Developpement SCA since May 29, 1996. He has also been Chairman of the Board of Gerset, Chairman and Managing Director of Etam SA and has represented the company on the Board of Directors of Gecidimmo,van cleef arpels necklace replica, Modasia Holding and Elan Industries SA. Mr. Milchior has had a number of other mandates,van cleef and arpels necklaces replica, including, among others, Chairman of Covi deux SAS and Financiere Casteres SAS; Director of Altavia, Nortex, Modasia Holding, Shanghai Aige; Member of the Supervisory Board of Devanlay, and Manager of Seva, Selau, Sebu, Tami and Pivest.
Ms. Marie Claire Tarica has been Statutory Manager and General Partner of Etam Developpement SCA since May 29, 1996. She has also been a Deputy Managing Director of Etam SA, 1.2.3 SAS, Etam Lingerie SAS, Etam Pret a Porter SAS and Undiz SAS. Her other mandates, past or present, include Chairman of the Board of Directors of Nortex and representative of Nortex on the Board of Directors of Elan Industries SA and Fonciere Etel, as well as Chairman of Norpierre SAS Director of Gecidimmo, Shanghai Aige and Shanghai Intermoda Clothing, among others. Ms. Tarica has also been a Manager of Raphael and Tami.
Mr. Herve de Carmoy has been Independent Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since January 22, 2008. He is also Member of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company. He is a graduate of Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris and obtained a Masters of Business Administration degree from Cornell University. He served as Deputy Director, Executive Director, Deputy Managing Director, Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Chase Manhattan Bank NA in Paris until 1978. He was then Vice Chairman of Banque internationale de placement until 1982, Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of Thomas Cook Group until 1992 and Chairman of Almatis in Frankfurt, Germany until 2004. He currently serves as the Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Grosshill Property and Meridiam, and Member of the Board of Belambra and Tradition.
Mr. Olivier des Lyons De Feuchin has been Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 13, 1997. He graduated from ESCP and started his career from 1959 till 1968 as a port of call in Nice assigned to the Chambre de Commerce de Pau to create the first domestic flight from Paris to Pau. From 1965 to 1971, he was General Secretary for Essel and General Delegate for the ASNAV syndicate. He joined Etam Group in 1972, and served as Director of Marketing until 1977, Managing Director from 1977 to 1979 and Vice Chairman from 1979 to 1998. Currently, he also serves as Manager of Galerie des Lyons and Representative of Etam Developpement on the Board of Directors of Nortex.
Mr. Alexis Gurdjian has been an Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since June 19, 2009. He has been Member of the Company's Remunerations and Nominations Committee since April 17, 2012 and was Member of the Audit Committee of the Company until 2012. He is also the President of Galaxis Advisory LLC and PHG Developpement SAS, Director of PHG UK Limited, Crazy Invest SA, Open 3 Investimenti SA and Green Yachts srl, Member of the Supervisory Board of Scutum Capital AG, Manager of SC Alstaca, NG Invest Sarl and Galcap Invest I Sarl, and Member of the Strategic Committee of Novomed Group SAS and Sunglad SAS.
Mr. George Lindemann has been Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since June 19, 2009. He was also Permanent Representative of Inteco Investments on the Board of Directors of Etam SA until November 28, 2011.
Mr. Jacques Mahaux has been Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developppement SCA since May 29, 1996. He obtained a degree in Law from Universite Libre de Bruxelles in 1974 and a degree in Economic Law from Universite Libre de Bruxelles as well in 1975 and served as a Lawyer to the Bar of Bruxelles from 1974 to 1986. He then served in the legal division of Banque Indosuez Belgique from 1986 to 1988. Since then, he has been working for Credit Agricole in Luxembourg. He was also in charge of research projects at the Private and Economic Law Center of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles from 1975 to 1991. Currently, he holds various other positions, including Chairman of the Board of CA Van Moer Courtens, CAGP Belgium, CAMS Belgium, CAL Courtage and Credit Agricole Suisse, as well as Member of the Supervisory Board of Berlys Participation and Manager of Apeiron Advisors and of Link Multiple, among others. During his professional career, he was also appointed as Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee of Credit Agricole Luxembourg (CAL) and Chairman of the Management Committee of CAL Conseil Luxembourg, among others.
Mr. Jean Pierre Nordman has been Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 11, 1999. He is also Member of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company and was Member of the Audit Committee of the Company until 2012. He graduated from Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales with a Masters degree in Law in 1966. After having created a consulting firm in 1970, he was appointed, in 1995, Managing Director and Chairman of the Board of TLC Edusoft, the French subsidiary of The Learning Company. In 2000, he became Executive Vice President of The Learning Company in charge of the international division. In October 2001, Mr. Nordman acquired a majority stake in the international division of The Learning Company, and changed its name to Mindscape. Mr. Nordman currently also was appointed to the function of Chairman of Management Board of Mindscape SA, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Brainscape, and Director of Mindscape UK and Mindscape Northern Europe BV.
Mr. Raphael Palti has been Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 11, 1999. He is also Chairman of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company and was Member of the Company's Audit Committee until 2012. He graduated from ESLSCA and started his career working for various advertising groups, such as Publicis and Eurocom. In 1983, he founded Altavia, a European group specialized in commercial communications in which he serves as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. He also holds several positions in various Altavia subsidiaries and also serves as Chairman of Firapa SAS and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Fonciere Blanqui SA, among others. He previously served on the Boards of Netgem SA and Celio.
Mr. Michel Rowan has been Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 24, 2002. He has been Member of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company since April 17, 2012, and was Member of the Audit Committee of the Company until 2012. He graduated from Institut National Agronomique de Paris, Ecole Nationale du Genie Rural, des Eaux et Forets, and holds a Masters of Business Administration degree from HEC. He started his career within the Ministry of Agriculture as Technical Advisor to the Secretariat of State, before joining Institut de Developpement Industriel in 1981 as Project Manager and then Head of the Industrial division. In 1987, he moved to Compagnie Financiere de Suez as Deputy Director in charge of capital investments. In 1990, he took part as Associate Director to the creation of Eurosuez. In 1997, he joined BNP Paribas/Banexi to develop a joint venture, and moved to Banexi Capital Partenaires in October 2001. Currently, he serves as Chief Executive Officer of Azulis Capital and BC Management SAS,replica mini van cleef necklace, Representative of Azulis Capital on the Supervisory Boards of societe Europeenne des desserts de la societe Furninvest (groupe Roche Bobois) and Societe Aloxoise de Participations, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Financiere Breteche, and Member of the Supervisory Board of Financiere Savena SAS and CA Communication Multimedia SAS.
Mr. Laurent Milchior has been Statutory Manager and General Partner of Etam Developpement SCA appointed since June 5,replica van cleef lucky alhambra necklace, 2008 and was appointed as General Partner of the Company on March 24, 1997. He has also served as Director of Etam SA, Etam International Sourcing (Belgian), Books Toys, Etamint, Societe Belge Etam, Societe Fonciere Etel, EIS Shanghai, 123 Luxembourg, Etam Lingerie Luxembourg and Societe Luxembourgeoise Etam, Manager of Etam Italia Lauvest, Appointed Managing Director of Societe Etam Pret a Porter SAS, Chairman of Etam Destock SAS and Scheg, Permanent Representative of Etam SA on the Board of Directors of Nortex SA and Member of the Board Gerset SAS.
Mr. Pierre Milchior has been Statutory Manager and General Partner of Etam Developpement SCA since May 29, 1996. He has also been Chairman of the Board of Gerset, Chairman and Managing Director of Etam SA and has represented the company on the Board of Directors of Gecidimmo,van cleef arpels necklace replica, Modasia Holding and Elan Industries SA. Mr. Milchior has had a number of other mandates,van cleef and arpels necklaces replica, including, among others, Chairman of Covi deux SAS and Financiere Casteres SAS; Director of Altavia, Nortex, Modasia Holding, Shanghai Aige; Member of the Supervisory Board of Devanlay, and Manager of Seva, Selau, Sebu, Tami and Pivest.
Ms. Marie Claire Tarica has been Statutory Manager and General Partner of Etam Developpement SCA since May 29, 1996. She has also been a Deputy Managing Director of Etam SA, 1.2.3 SAS, Etam Lingerie SAS, Etam Pret a Porter SAS and Undiz SAS. Her other mandates, past or present, include Chairman of the Board of Directors of Nortex and representative of Nortex on the Board of Directors of Elan Industries SA and Fonciere Etel, as well as Chairman of Norpierre SAS Director of Gecidimmo, Shanghai Aige and Shanghai Intermoda Clothing, among others. Ms. Tarica has also been a Manager of Raphael and Tami.
Mr. Herve de Carmoy has been Independent Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since January 22, 2008. He is also Member of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company. He is a graduate of Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris and obtained a Masters of Business Administration degree from Cornell University. He served as Deputy Director, Executive Director, Deputy Managing Director, Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Chase Manhattan Bank NA in Paris until 1978. He was then Vice Chairman of Banque internationale de placement until 1982, Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of Thomas Cook Group until 1992 and Chairman of Almatis in Frankfurt, Germany until 2004. He currently serves as the Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Grosshill Property and Meridiam, and Member of the Board of Belambra and Tradition.
Mr. Olivier des Lyons De Feuchin has been Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 13, 1997. He graduated from ESCP and started his career from 1959 till 1968 as a port of call in Nice assigned to the Chambre de Commerce de Pau to create the first domestic flight from Paris to Pau. From 1965 to 1971, he was General Secretary for Essel and General Delegate for the ASNAV syndicate. He joined Etam Group in 1972, and served as Director of Marketing until 1977, Managing Director from 1977 to 1979 and Vice Chairman from 1979 to 1998. Currently, he also serves as Manager of Galerie des Lyons and Representative of Etam Developpement on the Board of Directors of Nortex.
Mr. Alexis Gurdjian has been an Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since June 19, 2009. He has been Member of the Company's Remunerations and Nominations Committee since April 17, 2012 and was Member of the Audit Committee of the Company until 2012. He is also the President of Galaxis Advisory LLC and PHG Developpement SAS, Director of PHG UK Limited, Crazy Invest SA, Open 3 Investimenti SA and Green Yachts srl, Member of the Supervisory Board of Scutum Capital AG, Manager of SC Alstaca, NG Invest Sarl and Galcap Invest I Sarl, and Member of the Strategic Committee of Novomed Group SAS and Sunglad SAS.
Mr. George Lindemann has been Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since June 19, 2009. He was also Permanent Representative of Inteco Investments on the Board of Directors of Etam SA until November 28, 2011.
Mr. Jacques Mahaux has been Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developppement SCA since May 29, 1996. He obtained a degree in Law from Universite Libre de Bruxelles in 1974 and a degree in Economic Law from Universite Libre de Bruxelles as well in 1975 and served as a Lawyer to the Bar of Bruxelles from 1974 to 1986. He then served in the legal division of Banque Indosuez Belgique from 1986 to 1988. Since then, he has been working for Credit Agricole in Luxembourg. He was also in charge of research projects at the Private and Economic Law Center of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles from 1975 to 1991. Currently, he holds various other positions, including Chairman of the Board of CA Van Moer Courtens, CAGP Belgium, CAMS Belgium, CAL Courtage and Credit Agricole Suisse, as well as Member of the Supervisory Board of Berlys Participation and Manager of Apeiron Advisors and of Link Multiple, among others. During his professional career, he was also appointed as Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee of Credit Agricole Luxembourg (CAL) and Chairman of the Management Committee of CAL Conseil Luxembourg, among others.
Mr. Jean Pierre Nordman has been Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 11, 1999. He is also Member of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company and was Member of the Audit Committee of the Company until 2012. He graduated from Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales with a Masters degree in Law in 1966. After having created a consulting firm in 1970, he was appointed, in 1995, Managing Director and Chairman of the Board of TLC Edusoft, the French subsidiary of The Learning Company. In 2000, he became Executive Vice President of The Learning Company in charge of the international division. In October 2001, Mr. Nordman acquired a majority stake in the international division of The Learning Company, and changed its name to Mindscape. Mr. Nordman currently also was appointed to the function of Chairman of Management Board of Mindscape SA, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Brainscape, and Director of Mindscape UK and Mindscape Northern Europe BV.
Mr. Raphael Palti has been Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 11, 1999. He is also Chairman of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company and was Member of the Company's Audit Committee until 2012. He graduated from ESLSCA and started his career working for various advertising groups, such as Publicis and Eurocom. In 1983, he founded Altavia, a European group specialized in commercial communications in which he serves as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. He also holds several positions in various Altavia subsidiaries and also serves as Chairman of Firapa SAS and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Fonciere Blanqui SA, among others. He previously served on the Boards of Netgem SA and Celio.
Mr. Michel Rowan has been Independent Member of the Supervisory Board of Etam Developpement SCA since May 24, 2002. He has been Member of the Remunerations and Nominations Committee of the Company since April 17, 2012, and was Member of the Audit Committee of the Company until 2012. He graduated from Institut National Agronomique de Paris, Ecole Nationale du Genie Rural, des Eaux et Forets, and holds a Masters of Business Administration degree from HEC. He started his career within the Ministry of Agriculture as Technical Advisor to the Secretariat of State, before joining Institut de Developpement Industriel in 1981 as Project Manager and then Head of the Industrial division. In 1987, he moved to Compagnie Financiere de Suez as Deputy Director in charge of capital investments. In 1990, he took part as Associate Director to the creation of Eurosuez. In 1997, he joined BNP Paribas/Banexi to develop a joint venture, and moved to Banexi Capital Partenaires in October 2001. Currently, he serves as Chief Executive Officer of Azulis Capital and BC Management SAS,replica mini van cleef necklace, Representative of Azulis Capital on the Supervisory Boards of societe Europeenne des desserts de la societe Furninvest (groupe Roche Bobois) and Societe Aloxoise de Participations, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Financiere Breteche, and Member of the Supervisory Board of Financiere Savena SAS and CA Communication Multimedia SAS.
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Michael van Gerwen has capped a dominant 12 months in professional darts.The Dutchman has won his second world title, beating two time defending champion Gary Anderson 7 3 in the best of 13 set final at the Alexandra Palace in London.Van Gerwen's run to the title was briefly stalled in the final stages as a spectator ran onto the stage and grabbed the Sid Waddell Trophy,replica van cleef and arpels black clover necklace, before being hauled away by security.The intruder seemed to briefly break van Gerwen's concentration, before he ended a three year wait for a second world title by hitting the bullseye to seal a comfortable victory.It's his 26th title in the last year and he'll take home NZ$620,replica van cleef and arpels alhambra diamond necklace,000 for his efforts.The world No.1 never looked in any danger against Scotland's Anderson during a contest that included 42 maximums of 180 a world record for a single darts match."I feel absolutely over the moon,van cleef arpel necklace replica, I had to find my 'A' game," van Gerwen told Sky Sports.Our Features Top StoriesDrivenWhat's it like driving James Bond's Lotus Espirit? Never meet your heroes? Well, it's not always the case.
Michael van Gerwen has capped a dominant 12 months in professional darts.The Dutchman has won his second world title, beating two time defending champion Gary Anderson 7 3 in the best of 13 set final at the Alexandra Palace in London.Van Gerwen's run to the title was briefly stalled in the final stages as a spectator ran onto the stage and grabbed the Sid Waddell Trophy,replica van cleef and arpels black clover necklace, before being hauled away by security.The intruder seemed to briefly break van Gerwen's concentration, before he ended a three year wait for a second world title by hitting the bullseye to seal a comfortable victory.It's his 26th title in the last year and he'll take home NZ$620,replica van cleef and arpels alhambra diamond necklace,000 for his efforts.The world No.1 never looked in any danger against Scotland's Anderson during a contest that included 42 maximums of 180 a world record for a single darts match."I feel absolutely over the moon,van cleef arpel necklace replica, I had to find my 'A' game," van Gerwen told Sky Sports.Our Features Top StoriesDrivenWhat's it like driving James Bond's Lotus Espirit? Never meet your heroes? Well, it's not always the case.