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Ander Herrera produced a masterclass in win over Chelsea
Another big game, another big performance from a player who is really starting to look the part at Old Trafford.
It was only a month ago that Herrera was controversially sent off against Chelsea in the FA Cup, but he settled that score with a complete performance on Sunday.
But this rub of the green shouldn't detract from the all round brilliance of Herrera's display. His passing was faultless, he recovered possession time after time, tackles were crunching.
He was fearless, combative and constantly cajoling a little bit extra from his team mates.
Herrera's man marking job on Hazard was textbook and so effective the Belgian, Chelsea's primary attacking threat,van cleef fake alhambra bracelet, barely had a sniff of goal all afternoon. Rarely has Hazard been so effectively silenced.
It was that aspect of his performance that spawned plenty of 'Hazard in Herrera's pocket' gags on social media after the final whistle,van cleef and arpels fake alhambra bracelet.
There were other elements, too. Herrera showed passion for his club in the manner he celebrated the goal, a knee slide across the wet Old Trafford surface accompanied by a guttural roar of delight.
Then there was the skillful way he walked the line between winding up the Chelsea players the devil Mourinho would have asked for and taking an aggressive approach that would have led to another damaging dismissal.
All in all, it was the kind of performance in a huge game Mourinho that would have dreamed of and it led some United fans to ask whether Herrera should be handed the captain's armband.
Herrera is mobbed by Marcos Rojo and Eric Bailly after scoring United's second goal
With Wayne Rooney almost certainly on his way out this summer, the role of club captain is vacant and it is one that has been shared around in the past few weeks.
Against Anderlecht on Thursday night, Marouane Fellaini fulfilled the duty, on Sunday it was Ashley Young. But there's no reason why Herrera shouldn't be thrown into the mix.
With the commitment and leadership he showed against Chelsea,van cleef and arpels fake clover bracelet, not to mention the class he regularly shows in setting up goals and chances, Herrera is a strong candidate.
He's assured of playing most matches now and will play even more when 35 year old Michael Carrick hangs up his boots.
Under Mourinho, he is finally fully appreciated in a way he often wasn't under Louis van Gaal, who took a long time to acknowledge what qualities the Spaniard could bring to his side.
United manager Jose Mourinho seems to appreciate Herrera's many talents
Herrera has been involved from the outset this season, completing the full 90 minutes more often than not.
Though he has scored fewer goals than he did playing a more advanced role under Van Gaal, he seems to have found his niche.
It's clear that in the biggest matches, especially against Chelsea on Sunday, he is an invaluable link between defence and attack.
Scoring one goal and creating another, all while shadowing Hazard, emphatically showed what Herrera brings to this United side and hinted that even better may follow.
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Europa League final RESULT,vca knock off bracelet, Manchester United 2 0 Ajax:. Lionel Messi and father Jorge lose Supreme Court appeal. Manchester City defender Jason Denayer filmed kicking a. Manchester United starlet Guillermo Varela BANNED by club. Ajax 0 2 Manchester United: Paul Pogba and Henrikh. Europa League final live stream and TV guide: How to. Sydney FC 0 3 Liverpool RESULT: Daniel Sturridge, Alberto. Manchester United have plenty to lose in Europa League. Alexis Sanchez is a Bayern Munich player. acccording to. Iker Casillas returns to Madrid with glamorous wife Sara. Marcus Rashford and Anthony Martial could tear Ajax apart. Chelsea cancel title parade in the wake of Manchester. Manchester United's Champions League seeding: The teams. 'Manchester a City United': Fans bring defiant banner. John Terry hits back at critics over Stamford Bridge. Manchester United target Antoine Griezmann travels to. Pictures, breaking news and more from Stockholm ahead of. Transfer news LATEST: Jermain Defoe, Alexis Sanchez,Koke. MOST READ SPORT Previous.
Another big game, another big performance from a player who is really starting to look the part at Old Trafford.
It was only a month ago that Herrera was controversially sent off against Chelsea in the FA Cup, but he settled that score with a complete performance on Sunday.
But this rub of the green shouldn't detract from the all round brilliance of Herrera's display. His passing was faultless, he recovered possession time after time, tackles were crunching.
He was fearless, combative and constantly cajoling a little bit extra from his team mates.
Herrera's man marking job on Hazard was textbook and so effective the Belgian, Chelsea's primary attacking threat,van cleef fake alhambra bracelet, barely had a sniff of goal all afternoon. Rarely has Hazard been so effectively silenced.
It was that aspect of his performance that spawned plenty of 'Hazard in Herrera's pocket' gags on social media after the final whistle,van cleef and arpels fake alhambra bracelet.
There were other elements, too. Herrera showed passion for his club in the manner he celebrated the goal, a knee slide across the wet Old Trafford surface accompanied by a guttural roar of delight.
Then there was the skillful way he walked the line between winding up the Chelsea players the devil Mourinho would have asked for and taking an aggressive approach that would have led to another damaging dismissal.
All in all, it was the kind of performance in a huge game Mourinho that would have dreamed of and it led some United fans to ask whether Herrera should be handed the captain's armband.
Herrera is mobbed by Marcos Rojo and Eric Bailly after scoring United's second goal
With Wayne Rooney almost certainly on his way out this summer, the role of club captain is vacant and it is one that has been shared around in the past few weeks.
Against Anderlecht on Thursday night, Marouane Fellaini fulfilled the duty, on Sunday it was Ashley Young. But there's no reason why Herrera shouldn't be thrown into the mix.
With the commitment and leadership he showed against Chelsea,van cleef and arpels fake clover bracelet, not to mention the class he regularly shows in setting up goals and chances, Herrera is a strong candidate.
He's assured of playing most matches now and will play even more when 35 year old Michael Carrick hangs up his boots.
Under Mourinho, he is finally fully appreciated in a way he often wasn't under Louis van Gaal, who took a long time to acknowledge what qualities the Spaniard could bring to his side.
United manager Jose Mourinho seems to appreciate Herrera's many talents
Herrera has been involved from the outset this season, completing the full 90 minutes more often than not.
Though he has scored fewer goals than he did playing a more advanced role under Van Gaal, he seems to have found his niche.
It's clear that in the biggest matches, especially against Chelsea on Sunday, he is an invaluable link between defence and attack.
Scoring one goal and creating another, all while shadowing Hazard, emphatically showed what Herrera brings to this United side and hinted that even better may follow.
Most watched Sport videos Jason Denayer involved in a fist fight on Brussels street Minute silence turns to applause ahead of Manchester United final Anthony Joshua has a laugh with Floyd Mayweather on Instagram Manchester United hold minute silence in memory of terror attack victims Man United honour memory of attack victims with minute silence David Luiz scores an amazing goal in mid air pool trick Roberto Firmino celebrates Liverpool win with his family Ander Herrera dedicates man of the match award to Manchester bomb victims Roberto Firmino goes clubbing to celebrate Liverpool win Real Madrid celebrate winning the league with victory parade How will Leicester stars fare as they take on pool challenges? Sam Allardyce leaves Crystal Palace after five months
Europa League final RESULT,vca knock off bracelet, Manchester United 2 0 Ajax:. Lionel Messi and father Jorge lose Supreme Court appeal. Manchester City defender Jason Denayer filmed kicking a. Manchester United starlet Guillermo Varela BANNED by club. Ajax 0 2 Manchester United: Paul Pogba and Henrikh. Europa League final live stream and TV guide: How to. Sydney FC 0 3 Liverpool RESULT: Daniel Sturridge, Alberto. Manchester United have plenty to lose in Europa League. Alexis Sanchez is a Bayern Munich player. acccording to. Iker Casillas returns to Madrid with glamorous wife Sara. Marcus Rashford and Anthony Martial could tear Ajax apart. Chelsea cancel title parade in the wake of Manchester. Manchester United's Champions League seeding: The teams. 'Manchester a City United': Fans bring defiant banner. John Terry hits back at critics over Stamford Bridge. Manchester United target Antoine Griezmann travels to. Pictures, breaking news and more from Stockholm ahead of. Transfer news LATEST: Jermain Defoe, Alexis Sanchez,Koke. MOST READ SPORT Previous.
Brain scans find why some people 'black out' after drinking
People who wake up after an evening's drinking and find the details are a little fuzzy might be reassured by a new study.
People who suffer memory loss don't always do so because they drink more than others certain brains are just prone to losing memories when under the influence, according to a new study using MRI brain scanners.
The Hangover: Researchers found that alcoholic blackouts aren't necessarily due to drinking more than others some people have a chemical 'switch' that makes them forget
'Our study's findings suggest that some people are more likely to experience alcohol induced blackouts than others due to the way alcohol affects brain activity in areas involved in self monitoring, attention, and working memory,' said Reagan R. Wetherill of the University of California, San Diego.
Wetherill says, 'Some people may be more vulnerable to alcohol's effects than others. In other words, just because your friend may be able to drink a certain number of drinks and appear to be functioning fine, it does not mean that you or everyone else can.'
'Blackouts',replica alhambra clover necklace, where very heavy drinkers wake up and are unable to remember anything that happened, are quite rare, says Weatherill but their cousin,replica van cleef and arpels magic alhambra necklace, the 'brown out', where details vanish, is much more common.
The study using 24 students, 12 of whom suffered 'brown outs' while drinking, and 12 who did not, challenged the students to complete memory exercises both while drunk and while sober.
The study found that the students had similar abilities to remember and to multi task while sober but alcohol acted as a 'magic switch' for some which stopped them remembering.
It suggests there is a biochemical trigger for some people to forget what happens while drinking.
'Through use of imaging technology, this study has made the really intriguing finding that the unique patterns of blood flow and neural activity seen in persons prone to experience those amnestic phenomena emerged only after they became intoxicated,'she said.
'That finding,replica vca sweet alhambra necklace, taken together with results from prior research on fragmentary blackouts, suggests there are individual differences in how alcohol impacts memory.'
'Alcohol intoxication reduced activity in a brain region involved in 'multitasking,replica van cleef black onyx necklace,'' said Wetherill.
'Thus, alcohol appears to affect a person's ability to multitask, and also affects some people's ability to engage brain areas required for encoding and remembering previous experiences.'
'Irrespective of the specific type of alcohol related memory loss involved, if one is experiencing blackouts it is an important signal that negative personal and health consequences are more likely to occur,' said Weatherill.
'Not fully recalling one's life experiences, particularly those that occur while one is intoxicated, creates a state of vulnerability where the chances increase for the individual to incur all kinds of problems.'
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Terrifying scenes inside Manchester Arena as crowd flee concert Girls scream and climb over barriers as they evacuate Manchester Arena Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Ariana Grande fans running away from venue after an explosion Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber no problems here Manchester Arena announcement urges no panic Police swoop in on suspect as part of Manchester investigation
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. Schoolgirl slayer: Bomb coward kills five teens as young. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. My son is innocent, insists father of Manchester Arena. PIERS MORGAN: The Manchester murderer may have been a. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande's hero mom who helped bring. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of teen, 18, killed in Manchester terror attack. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
People who wake up after an evening's drinking and find the details are a little fuzzy might be reassured by a new study.
People who suffer memory loss don't always do so because they drink more than others certain brains are just prone to losing memories when under the influence, according to a new study using MRI brain scanners.
The Hangover: Researchers found that alcoholic blackouts aren't necessarily due to drinking more than others some people have a chemical 'switch' that makes them forget
'Our study's findings suggest that some people are more likely to experience alcohol induced blackouts than others due to the way alcohol affects brain activity in areas involved in self monitoring, attention, and working memory,' said Reagan R. Wetherill of the University of California, San Diego.
Wetherill says, 'Some people may be more vulnerable to alcohol's effects than others. In other words, just because your friend may be able to drink a certain number of drinks and appear to be functioning fine, it does not mean that you or everyone else can.'
'Blackouts',replica alhambra clover necklace, where very heavy drinkers wake up and are unable to remember anything that happened, are quite rare, says Weatherill but their cousin,replica van cleef and arpels magic alhambra necklace, the 'brown out', where details vanish, is much more common.
The study using 24 students, 12 of whom suffered 'brown outs' while drinking, and 12 who did not, challenged the students to complete memory exercises both while drunk and while sober.
The study found that the students had similar abilities to remember and to multi task while sober but alcohol acted as a 'magic switch' for some which stopped them remembering.
It suggests there is a biochemical trigger for some people to forget what happens while drinking.
'Through use of imaging technology, this study has made the really intriguing finding that the unique patterns of blood flow and neural activity seen in persons prone to experience those amnestic phenomena emerged only after they became intoxicated,'she said.
'That finding,replica vca sweet alhambra necklace, taken together with results from prior research on fragmentary blackouts, suggests there are individual differences in how alcohol impacts memory.'
'Alcohol intoxication reduced activity in a brain region involved in 'multitasking,replica van cleef black onyx necklace,'' said Wetherill.
'Thus, alcohol appears to affect a person's ability to multitask, and also affects some people's ability to engage brain areas required for encoding and remembering previous experiences.'
'Irrespective of the specific type of alcohol related memory loss involved, if one is experiencing blackouts it is an important signal that negative personal and health consequences are more likely to occur,' said Weatherill.
'Not fully recalling one's life experiences, particularly those that occur while one is intoxicated, creates a state of vulnerability where the chances increase for the individual to incur all kinds of problems.'
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Terrifying scenes inside Manchester Arena as crowd flee concert Girls scream and climb over barriers as they evacuate Manchester Arena Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Ariana Grande fans running away from venue after an explosion Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber no problems here Manchester Arena announcement urges no panic Police swoop in on suspect as part of Manchester investigation
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. Schoolgirl slayer: Bomb coward kills five teens as young. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. My son is innocent, insists father of Manchester Arena. PIERS MORGAN: The Manchester murderer may have been a. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande's hero mom who helped bring. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of teen, 18, killed in Manchester terror attack. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
as para que dejes de odiar viajar con maleta
Los prototipos ms innovadores pueden recargar los celulares varias veces, pesarse a s mismos, encontrarse si se pierden, cerrarse a distancia o identificar a sus dueos con datos biomtricos como las huellas dactilares.
Una vez cerrada la valija inteligente,replica van cleef and arpels heart necklace, puedes levantarla del asa para saber el peso, que aparece en una pequea pantalla. As podrs evitar fcilmente los cargos de las aerolneas por sobrepeso.
Adems, muchas maletas de alta tecnologa vienen equipadas con sistemas de rastreo que, combinados con un telfono inteligente, pueden ubicar en cualquier momento dnde se encuentra.
Si esta tecnologa no viene con la maleta existe en el mercado una multitud de aplicaciones y etiquetas inteligentes que le puedes pegar a la valija, o incluso al pasaporte, para saber siempre dnde est.
Ya existen varios modelos en el mercado que realizan algunas de estas funciones.
Y ahora, una nueva propuesta est buscando financiacin colectiva en Indiegogo para realizarlas casi todas.
Se trata de Bluesmart,replica van cleef pink necklace, una maleta vinculada a una aplicacin que puedes controlar desde tu telfono.
Segn sus promotores, desde el celular puedes abrirla o cerrarla, pesarla, ubicarla y recibir avisos si la dejas atrs.
Adems, dicen que puede cargar la batera del telfono hasta seis veces seguidas. Tambin puede proporcionarte datos sobre tu viaje.
Pero estas tecnologas pueden elevar significativamente el precio de las maletas, comparadas con sus pares analgicos no tan inteligentes.
Desde esa perspectiva, varias compaas de diseo han abordado el concepto de las maletas que se convierten en asientos o que sirven de transporte.
Una de ellas, la Micro Luggage II, ya est en el mercado, por un precio aproximado en Reino Unido de US$450.
Esta valija lleva incorporado un monopatn para que el adulto viajero se deslice grcilmente por los aeropuertos.
La Micro Luggage II cumple las medidas estndar de un equipaje de mano, puede utilizarse como una maleta normal o como una scooter y soporta hasta 100 kg.
Y todava conceptual, la agencia de diseo Agent ide una coleccin de maletas futuristas llamada MOVE ON con la que aborda varias de las molestias frecuentes de los viajeros.
La coleccin incluye tres modelos: en uno de ellos el viajero se desplaza con la maleta como si fuera un Segway, esas especie de patinetas de dos ruedas que mantienen el equilibrio por s solas y que avanzan cuando el usuario las inclina hacia delante.
Otro modelo se convierte en un asiento y otro se transforma para transportar fcilmente a un beb o a un nio.
Aunque los modelos de Agent son por ahora un ejercicio conceptual, quizs sirvan de inspiracin para proyectos futuros que sean viables comercialmente.
3. Aplicaciones que te ayudan con la maleta
Finalmente, incluimos en esta recopilacin de tecnologas algunas aplicaciones que te pueden ayudar a hacer la maleta de una manera ms racional, para que nunca se te olvide esa prenda clave.
Hay varias en el mercado, como Luggage Checklist o PackPoint, que es gratuita.
Con esta ltima puedes seleccionar si eres hombre o mujer,replica van cleef and arpels four leaf clover necklace, el destino, especificar las fechas en las que viajas,replica van cleef pendant necklace, las actividades que planeas hacer y si es por negocios o placer.
Con esos datos y combinndolos con informacin meteorolgica, el software te va sugiriendo qu poner en la maleta. La lista puede personalizarse y puede ser compartida tambin con otros usuarios. Si la utilizas como una lista de control ser difcil que te dejes atrs algo clave.
Los prototipos ms innovadores pueden recargar los celulares varias veces, pesarse a s mismos, encontrarse si se pierden, cerrarse a distancia o identificar a sus dueos con datos biomtricos como las huellas dactilares.
Una vez cerrada la valija inteligente,replica van cleef and arpels heart necklace, puedes levantarla del asa para saber el peso, que aparece en una pequea pantalla. As podrs evitar fcilmente los cargos de las aerolneas por sobrepeso.
Adems, muchas maletas de alta tecnologa vienen equipadas con sistemas de rastreo que, combinados con un telfono inteligente, pueden ubicar en cualquier momento dnde se encuentra.
Si esta tecnologa no viene con la maleta existe en el mercado una multitud de aplicaciones y etiquetas inteligentes que le puedes pegar a la valija, o incluso al pasaporte, para saber siempre dnde est.
Ya existen varios modelos en el mercado que realizan algunas de estas funciones.
Y ahora, una nueva propuesta est buscando financiacin colectiva en Indiegogo para realizarlas casi todas.
Se trata de Bluesmart,replica van cleef pink necklace, una maleta vinculada a una aplicacin que puedes controlar desde tu telfono.
Segn sus promotores, desde el celular puedes abrirla o cerrarla, pesarla, ubicarla y recibir avisos si la dejas atrs.
Adems, dicen que puede cargar la batera del telfono hasta seis veces seguidas. Tambin puede proporcionarte datos sobre tu viaje.
Pero estas tecnologas pueden elevar significativamente el precio de las maletas, comparadas con sus pares analgicos no tan inteligentes.
Desde esa perspectiva, varias compaas de diseo han abordado el concepto de las maletas que se convierten en asientos o que sirven de transporte.
Una de ellas, la Micro Luggage II, ya est en el mercado, por un precio aproximado en Reino Unido de US$450.
Esta valija lleva incorporado un monopatn para que el adulto viajero se deslice grcilmente por los aeropuertos.
La Micro Luggage II cumple las medidas estndar de un equipaje de mano, puede utilizarse como una maleta normal o como una scooter y soporta hasta 100 kg.
Y todava conceptual, la agencia de diseo Agent ide una coleccin de maletas futuristas llamada MOVE ON con la que aborda varias de las molestias frecuentes de los viajeros.
La coleccin incluye tres modelos: en uno de ellos el viajero se desplaza con la maleta como si fuera un Segway, esas especie de patinetas de dos ruedas que mantienen el equilibrio por s solas y que avanzan cuando el usuario las inclina hacia delante.
Otro modelo se convierte en un asiento y otro se transforma para transportar fcilmente a un beb o a un nio.
Aunque los modelos de Agent son por ahora un ejercicio conceptual, quizs sirvan de inspiracin para proyectos futuros que sean viables comercialmente.
3. Aplicaciones que te ayudan con la maleta
Finalmente, incluimos en esta recopilacin de tecnologas algunas aplicaciones que te pueden ayudar a hacer la maleta de una manera ms racional, para que nunca se te olvide esa prenda clave.
Hay varias en el mercado, como Luggage Checklist o PackPoint, que es gratuita.
Con esta ltima puedes seleccionar si eres hombre o mujer,replica van cleef and arpels four leaf clover necklace, el destino, especificar las fechas en las que viajas,replica van cleef pendant necklace, las actividades que planeas hacer y si es por negocios o placer.
Con esos datos y combinndolos con informacin meteorolgica, el software te va sugiriendo qu poner en la maleta. La lista puede personalizarse y puede ser compartida tambin con otros usuarios. Si la utilizas como una lista de control ser difcil que te dejes atrs algo clave.
breaking fourth consecutive Fifa Ballon d'Or in Zurich
The 25 year old took the honour ahead of Barcelona team mate Andres Iniesta and Real Madrid striker Cristiano Ronaldo at an awards ceremony in Zurich,replica van cleef zipper necklace.
The Argentina forward enjoyed a remarkable 2012 even by his own high standards, most notably surpassing Gerd Muller's 40 year old record of 85 goals in a calendar year, finishing with an incredible 91.
Messi, wearing a polka dotted dinner jacket and matching bow tie, said: "To tell you the truth this is really quite unbelievable. The fourth award that I have had is just too great for words.
"I would like to recognise my other colleagues from Barcelona; Andres it has been great to train and play alongside you,replica pink van cleef necklace.
"I would also like to recognise all of my friends in the Argentinian national team, everyone that has worked with me, coaches and staff and my family and my friends. Also my wife and my son. Thank you."
Messi polled 41.60 per cent of the votes, with Ronaldo taking 23.68 per cent and Iniesta 10.91 per cent.
Although he missed out on both the Primera Division and Champions League crowns, Messi racked up a host of personal achievements last year.
He scored an unprecedented 50 goals in a La Liga season, a record 14 goals in a Champions League season and became the first player to net five times in a Champions League match.
He also shattered the myth that he does not perform as well for Argentina as he does for his club by scoring 12 goals for his country in nine games,replica magic alhambra necklace.
Messi's fourth award took him past the three Fifa gongs won by both former Brazil striker Ronaldo and former France midfielder Zinedine Zidane.
France great Michel Platini, and former Holland forwards Johan Cruyff and Marco van Basten all won the old Ballon d'Or trophy for European footballer of the year three times.
Speaking at the pre gala press conference, Messi claimed he did not consider 2012 his best year yet.
He said: "I'm more interested in team awards than I am about what I might win individually. There have been years where we won more titles that have been better."
Messi's team mates and rivals were quick to pay tribute to him.
Barca midfielder Cesc Fabregas wrote on Twitter: "Congratulations Leo, forth time as the best player of ballondor,replica vintage alhambra necklace, you deserve it.
Fenerbahce's Miroslav Stoch won the Fifa Puskas Award for goal of the year, Spain boss Vicente Del Bosque was named World Coach of the Year and United States international Abby Wambach won Women's World Player of the Year.
The FIFPro World XI was named up entirely of players based in Spain with Barcelona's Dani Alves, Gerard Pique and Xavi, Real Madrid's Iker Casillas, Marcelo, Sergio Ramos and Xabi Alonso and Atletico Madrid's Radamel Falcao joining the three Ballon d'Or nominees in the team.
The 25 year old took the honour ahead of Barcelona team mate Andres Iniesta and Real Madrid striker Cristiano Ronaldo at an awards ceremony in Zurich,replica van cleef zipper necklace.
The Argentina forward enjoyed a remarkable 2012 even by his own high standards, most notably surpassing Gerd Muller's 40 year old record of 85 goals in a calendar year, finishing with an incredible 91.
Messi, wearing a polka dotted dinner jacket and matching bow tie, said: "To tell you the truth this is really quite unbelievable. The fourth award that I have had is just too great for words.
"I would like to recognise my other colleagues from Barcelona; Andres it has been great to train and play alongside you,replica pink van cleef necklace.
"I would also like to recognise all of my friends in the Argentinian national team, everyone that has worked with me, coaches and staff and my family and my friends. Also my wife and my son. Thank you."
Messi polled 41.60 per cent of the votes, with Ronaldo taking 23.68 per cent and Iniesta 10.91 per cent.
Although he missed out on both the Primera Division and Champions League crowns, Messi racked up a host of personal achievements last year.
He scored an unprecedented 50 goals in a La Liga season, a record 14 goals in a Champions League season and became the first player to net five times in a Champions League match.
He also shattered the myth that he does not perform as well for Argentina as he does for his club by scoring 12 goals for his country in nine games,replica magic alhambra necklace.
Messi's fourth award took him past the three Fifa gongs won by both former Brazil striker Ronaldo and former France midfielder Zinedine Zidane.
France great Michel Platini, and former Holland forwards Johan Cruyff and Marco van Basten all won the old Ballon d'Or trophy for European footballer of the year three times.
Speaking at the pre gala press conference, Messi claimed he did not consider 2012 his best year yet.
He said: "I'm more interested in team awards than I am about what I might win individually. There have been years where we won more titles that have been better."
Messi's team mates and rivals were quick to pay tribute to him.
Barca midfielder Cesc Fabregas wrote on Twitter: "Congratulations Leo, forth time as the best player of ballondor,replica vintage alhambra necklace, you deserve it.
Fenerbahce's Miroslav Stoch won the Fifa Puskas Award for goal of the year, Spain boss Vicente Del Bosque was named World Coach of the Year and United States international Abby Wambach won Women's World Player of the Year.
The FIFPro World XI was named up entirely of players based in Spain with Barcelona's Dani Alves, Gerard Pique and Xavi, Real Madrid's Iker Casillas, Marcelo, Sergio Ramos and Xabi Alonso and Atletico Madrid's Radamel Falcao joining the three Ballon d'Or nominees in the team.
Computers Technology,replica van cleef bangle bracelet
Home Computers Technology TechnologyHow To Future Proof Your Cloud Deployment By Akhilesh RajputCloud computing, a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than local servers to manage applications is an on demand service . into the future will most likely be the one that assesses its needs in depth and chooses a cloud offering or combination that best fulfills its needs.Humor: Artificial intelligence s greatest obstacle By Mitchelle DoverIt s been said that the true test of mastering a foreign language is the ability to make a joke in that language. While a sense of humor is usually second . sometimes, although it not preferred.If you ever find yourself in this situation, reach out to a professional like myself for advice and direction.Why Upgrade Your Telephone System By Eugene AlcideWhy Upgrade Your Current Business Telephone SystemThere are so many solutions out there when it comes to telephone systems for business, it can sometimes . advantage of a system that is future proofed which incorporates the latest features, which in turn helps improve efficiency productivity of the business.Life with without a Construction Project Management Solution By Michael SarkisWithout a Project Management Solution:As Frank the project manager arrives at the office, he is ready to begin the day. Before sitting down, Frank is . solution will not only allow you to generate reports on up to date, accurate information but will also provide you with greater visibility into your projects.SIP Vs VoIP, Which Telephony Solution Do I Choose? By Eugene AlcideSIP Or Systems? Which One?Both SIP VoIP telephony solutions have their benefits drawbacks, although . course you have the ability to interact communication with other protocols. You re able to adapt its signalling to match that of the client systems.Android application development tutorial By Kimberly KennedyAnyone could create an android application now with easily available android app tutorials. For people looking for software development skills and beginners . creating social networking websites or creating websites and mobile apps for your business on your own?You know what you should visit. suffer with,sweet alhambra bracelet replica, stutters and latency in services which means poor quality calls. (Do consider that many of the negatives are associated with poor broadband).When Software Can t Help: SSD, Cloud and Online Services By Hetman SoftwareIn the first part of the article, we took a look at programs for recovering data from traditional hard drives. In this second part of the series . there is no recourse. No data recovery tool can restore deleted information from the cloud. This is a classical case where data recovery tools do not help.Digital Phone Systems Vs Analog Phone Systems By Eugene AlcideDigital Phone Systems Vs Analog Phone SystemsWhat is a digital phone system?A digital phone system works by routing call traffic over IP (Internet . analog lines in 2025. VoIP or SIP. At some point you will need to make the switch towards digital!Create Stunning Logos with Logo Design Studio By Jeremy BeanEvery brand knows how important it is to have a great logo. Your business emblem is what identifies you to the outside world and helps people to . help guide,replica van cleef butterfly bracelet, support for drag and drop and a user friendly interface sporting a minimal learning curve. Get started today by visiting the official website.Should You Really Invest In A Used Or New Ipad tablet By Bill RobertSo, you just bought your self an apple ipad. Receiving one of these simple is really a large choice, however it is a conclusion which will help . few things will make your apple ipad encounter better yet. Try this advice when using and acquiring your apple ipad to experience a fantastic expertise.SIP Vs ISDN, Which Telephony Solution Do I Choose? By Eugene AlcideSIP Or ISDN, Which Telephony Solution Do I Choose?Within the ever changing telecommunications industry,replica van cleef and arpels diamond bracelet, new solutions for telephony arise frequently . going with something traditional, but in the near future this solution will not be supported, so why not future proof your business today with VoIP or SIP.
Home Computers Technology TechnologyHow To Future Proof Your Cloud Deployment By Akhilesh RajputCloud computing, a type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than local servers to manage applications is an on demand service . into the future will most likely be the one that assesses its needs in depth and chooses a cloud offering or combination that best fulfills its needs.Humor: Artificial intelligence s greatest obstacle By Mitchelle DoverIt s been said that the true test of mastering a foreign language is the ability to make a joke in that language. While a sense of humor is usually second . sometimes, although it not preferred.If you ever find yourself in this situation, reach out to a professional like myself for advice and direction.Why Upgrade Your Telephone System By Eugene AlcideWhy Upgrade Your Current Business Telephone SystemThere are so many solutions out there when it comes to telephone systems for business, it can sometimes . advantage of a system that is future proofed which incorporates the latest features, which in turn helps improve efficiency productivity of the business.Life with without a Construction Project Management Solution By Michael SarkisWithout a Project Management Solution:As Frank the project manager arrives at the office, he is ready to begin the day. Before sitting down, Frank is . solution will not only allow you to generate reports on up to date, accurate information but will also provide you with greater visibility into your projects.SIP Vs VoIP, Which Telephony Solution Do I Choose? By Eugene AlcideSIP Or Systems? Which One?Both SIP VoIP telephony solutions have their benefits drawbacks, although . course you have the ability to interact communication with other protocols. You re able to adapt its signalling to match that of the client systems.Android application development tutorial By Kimberly KennedyAnyone could create an android application now with easily available android app tutorials. For people looking for software development skills and beginners . creating social networking websites or creating websites and mobile apps for your business on your own?You know what you should visit. suffer with,sweet alhambra bracelet replica, stutters and latency in services which means poor quality calls. (Do consider that many of the negatives are associated with poor broadband).When Software Can t Help: SSD, Cloud and Online Services By Hetman SoftwareIn the first part of the article, we took a look at programs for recovering data from traditional hard drives. In this second part of the series . there is no recourse. No data recovery tool can restore deleted information from the cloud. This is a classical case where data recovery tools do not help.Digital Phone Systems Vs Analog Phone Systems By Eugene AlcideDigital Phone Systems Vs Analog Phone SystemsWhat is a digital phone system?A digital phone system works by routing call traffic over IP (Internet . analog lines in 2025. VoIP or SIP. At some point you will need to make the switch towards digital!Create Stunning Logos with Logo Design Studio By Jeremy BeanEvery brand knows how important it is to have a great logo. Your business emblem is what identifies you to the outside world and helps people to . help guide,replica van cleef butterfly bracelet, support for drag and drop and a user friendly interface sporting a minimal learning curve. Get started today by visiting the official website.Should You Really Invest In A Used Or New Ipad tablet By Bill RobertSo, you just bought your self an apple ipad. Receiving one of these simple is really a large choice, however it is a conclusion which will help . few things will make your apple ipad encounter better yet. Try this advice when using and acquiring your apple ipad to experience a fantastic expertise.SIP Vs ISDN, Which Telephony Solution Do I Choose? By Eugene AlcideSIP Or ISDN, Which Telephony Solution Do I Choose?Within the ever changing telecommunications industry,replica van cleef and arpels diamond bracelet, new solutions for telephony arise frequently . going with something traditional, but in the near future this solution will not be supported, so why not future proof your business today with VoIP or SIP.
Collins takes control of Western Power
Western Power's new chief began work at the embattled West Australian utility amid criticism of his four month appointment,replica mother of pearl clover bracelet.
Harvey Collins was on Sunday appointed managing director of Western Power,replica alhambra bracelet, replacing Stephen van der Mye, who was forced to resign last week.
Dr van der Mye and Western Power chairman Malcolm Macpherson both fell on their swords over their handling of a gas shortage that prompted a ban on all non essential power use and caused mass confusion among customers last Wednesday.
Mr Collins, chairman of WA's biggest health insurer HBF, said he would work hard in the role for at least the next four months, at which time the government plans to separate the utility into four separate state owned businesses.
The WA Opposition has criticised the appointment, saying nothing can be achieved within four months.
"Western Power needs someone who understands the complexities of the electricity supply network and it just goes to show the political ineptitude of Eric Ripper and Geoff Gallop,vintage alhambra bracelet replica," Liberal leader Colin Barnett said.
But Mr Collins has denied he would be acting only as a caretaker.
"It's about steering the ship and working with them to make sure that over the next four months we have power and the community knows what's happening," Mr Collins told ABC radio.
He was unclear about what would occur after his four month contact.
"There is a reform agenda running . and the board and the government are working on that process," he said.
"My focus is,replica van cleef bangle bracelet, for this period, to making sure we've got demand met and the community informed of what's happening.
"My term is for four months and I will keep the focus on that task that I've been given. The long term issues, and where to from there, is really a matter for the board and the government."
Western Power's new chief began work at the embattled West Australian utility amid criticism of his four month appointment,replica mother of pearl clover bracelet.
Harvey Collins was on Sunday appointed managing director of Western Power,replica alhambra bracelet, replacing Stephen van der Mye, who was forced to resign last week.
Dr van der Mye and Western Power chairman Malcolm Macpherson both fell on their swords over their handling of a gas shortage that prompted a ban on all non essential power use and caused mass confusion among customers last Wednesday.
Mr Collins, chairman of WA's biggest health insurer HBF, said he would work hard in the role for at least the next four months, at which time the government plans to separate the utility into four separate state owned businesses.
The WA Opposition has criticised the appointment, saying nothing can be achieved within four months.
"Western Power needs someone who understands the complexities of the electricity supply network and it just goes to show the political ineptitude of Eric Ripper and Geoff Gallop,vintage alhambra bracelet replica," Liberal leader Colin Barnett said.
But Mr Collins has denied he would be acting only as a caretaker.
"It's about steering the ship and working with them to make sure that over the next four months we have power and the community knows what's happening," Mr Collins told ABC radio.
He was unclear about what would occur after his four month contact.
"There is a reform agenda running . and the board and the government are working on that process," he said.
"My focus is,replica van cleef bangle bracelet, for this period, to making sure we've got demand met and the community informed of what's happening.
"My term is for four months and I will keep the focus on that task that I've been given. The long term issues, and where to from there, is really a matter for the board and the government."
8 Engine
The 5.3 liter Vortec 5300 came in LM7 standard fuel version, the L59 flexible fuel,replica van cleef black bracelet, and the LM4 and L33 variants. These larger engines also powered GM trucks and SUVs, and had a 9 mm longer stroke than the 4.8. The 2002 to 2005 Cadillac Escalade SUV, 2002 to 2005 Chevy Avalanche luxury truck, 2003 to 2007 Chevy Express and GMC Savana minivans, 2002 to 2006 Chevy Suburban and GMC Yukon XL, the Tahoe, Yukon and Sierra received the LM7. Buyers could also order the L59 for the Silverado, Tahoe, Yukon, Suburban and Sierra. The lightweight LM4 was available in the Chevy TrailBlazer, Isuzu Ascender, GMC Enjoy XL, Chevy SSR and Buick Rainier between 2003 and 2004. The L33 was a high output version for the truck line. In 2005,replica van cleef tiger eye bracelet, the Generation IV Vortec 5300 arrived with the active fuel management LH6,replica van cleef turquoise bracelet, flexible fuel LMG, standard LY5, four wheel drive flexible fuel LC9 and the LH8 to specially fit in Hummers.
Although smaller in displacement than the 5.3, the 4.8 developed enough horsepower for excellent towing capability and offered better fuel efficiency than in line six cylinders and some V 6 engines. A key attraction was its ability to operate at reduced vibration and noise levels. The engine displaced 293 cubic inches,replica van cleef & arpels bangle, or 4,807 cc, and had a compression ratio of 9.1 to 1. It had a 3.78 inch bore and 3.27 inch stroke. The LR4 generated between 270 and 290 horsepower and between 285 and 305 foot pounds of torque depending on the model year and vehicle. The LY2 generated between 295 and 325 horsepower and 305 foot pounds of torque.
GM increased the displacement of the 4.8 to 5.3 to accommodate the longer 3.6 inch stroke. The bore remained identical to the 4.8. General Motors considers the Generation IV Vortec 5300 5.3 the most significant small block engine since small block V 8s arrived in 1955. The LM7 had a cast iron block like the 4.3, but the L33 5.3 featured an aluminum block and cranked out 310 horsepower, about 15 horsepower more than the LM7. The LH6 also had an aluminum block. Overall, the standard 5.3 and its variants had a 9.1. to 1 compression ratio. Horsepower ranged from 213 to 326 depending on the type of vehicle. Torque ranged from 335 to 350 foot pounds.
Difference Between GMC Chevy Trucks
The primary differences between GMC and Chevy trucks are the perceived image, design style, engine options, equipment packages and prices. Although both.
The 5.3 liter Vortec 5300 came in LM7 standard fuel version, the L59 flexible fuel,replica van cleef black bracelet, and the LM4 and L33 variants. These larger engines also powered GM trucks and SUVs, and had a 9 mm longer stroke than the 4.8. The 2002 to 2005 Cadillac Escalade SUV, 2002 to 2005 Chevy Avalanche luxury truck, 2003 to 2007 Chevy Express and GMC Savana minivans, 2002 to 2006 Chevy Suburban and GMC Yukon XL, the Tahoe, Yukon and Sierra received the LM7. Buyers could also order the L59 for the Silverado, Tahoe, Yukon, Suburban and Sierra. The lightweight LM4 was available in the Chevy TrailBlazer, Isuzu Ascender, GMC Enjoy XL, Chevy SSR and Buick Rainier between 2003 and 2004. The L33 was a high output version for the truck line. In 2005,replica van cleef tiger eye bracelet, the Generation IV Vortec 5300 arrived with the active fuel management LH6,replica van cleef turquoise bracelet, flexible fuel LMG, standard LY5, four wheel drive flexible fuel LC9 and the LH8 to specially fit in Hummers.
Although smaller in displacement than the 5.3, the 4.8 developed enough horsepower for excellent towing capability and offered better fuel efficiency than in line six cylinders and some V 6 engines. A key attraction was its ability to operate at reduced vibration and noise levels. The engine displaced 293 cubic inches,replica van cleef & arpels bangle, or 4,807 cc, and had a compression ratio of 9.1 to 1. It had a 3.78 inch bore and 3.27 inch stroke. The LR4 generated between 270 and 290 horsepower and between 285 and 305 foot pounds of torque depending on the model year and vehicle. The LY2 generated between 295 and 325 horsepower and 305 foot pounds of torque.
GM increased the displacement of the 4.8 to 5.3 to accommodate the longer 3.6 inch stroke. The bore remained identical to the 4.8. General Motors considers the Generation IV Vortec 5300 5.3 the most significant small block engine since small block V 8s arrived in 1955. The LM7 had a cast iron block like the 4.3, but the L33 5.3 featured an aluminum block and cranked out 310 horsepower, about 15 horsepower more than the LM7. The LH6 also had an aluminum block. Overall, the standard 5.3 and its variants had a 9.1. to 1 compression ratio. Horsepower ranged from 213 to 326 depending on the type of vehicle. Torque ranged from 335 to 350 foot pounds.
Difference Between GMC Chevy Trucks
The primary differences between GMC and Chevy trucks are the perceived image, design style, engine options, equipment packages and prices. Although both.
Anatomy and development and physiology of the larynx
The larynx serves to protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a key role in phonation. In humans the protective and respiratory functions are compromised in favor of its phonatory function.
The protective function is entirely reflexive and involuntary, whereas the respiratory and phonatory functions are initiated voluntarily but regulated involuntarily.
Sensory nerves to the larynx are derived from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs); both are branches of the vagus nerve. The iSLN and RLN innervate the mucosa above and below the level of the true vocal cord, respectively.
Water aerosol inhalation stimulation in partial upper airway obstruction activates water chemoreceptors on the epiglottis and causes reflex respiratory slowing and increase in tidal volume.
The RLN innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external division of the SLN (eSLN).
Abduction of the vocal cords during respiration is brought about by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, whereas their adduction involves all the intrinsic muscles, particularly the thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid muscles.
Reflexive glottic closure is achieved by simultaneous adduction of both vocal cords.
Tracheostomy itself leads to centrally mediated impaired reflexes and decannulation (adductor failure and vocal cord fusion).
False vocal cords, even if denervated,van cleef and arpels fake necklace, resist air flow from the lower respiratory tract and serve expectorative function. The true vocal cords resist air flow from outside and play a protective role in respiration, thus explaining the difficulty in overcoming laryngospasm by abrupt pressure peaks from above.
IntroductionThe larynx serves three important functions in humans. In order of functional priority, they are protective,van cleef replica necklaces, respiratory, and phonatory. A sound understanding of these functional priorities appears essential to the management of the myriad diseases besetting this complex organ. This review addresses these three categories of function in terms of phylogeny, morphology, and neuromuscular reflexes, followed by a discussion of clinical events that often threaten to disrupt the anatomy and function of this organ. Original experimental data from the Yale Larynx Laboratory are included here to support physiologic performance,van cleef fake necklaces, which is important to our understanding of clinical behavior.
Phylogeny and FunctionLaryngeal function may be best understood by an appreciation of its origin determined by primitive needs. In this regard, Negus's1 masterful contributions are most illuminating. On an evolutionary scale, as animals migrated from an aquatic to a terrestrial existence, a major change in respiratory requirements became necessary. According to Negus, these accomplishments were reflected in certain contemporary species of fish that developed unique respiratory modifications to allow intermittent sojourns on dry land. Notably, the climbing perch (Anabas scandens) possessed a respiratory diverticulum located above its gills (Figure 1a). The Indian siluroid fish (Saccobranchus) also acquired a long diverticulum leading into an internal air reservoir. These structures, however, contained no valves to prevent the entrance of water when an aquatic existence was resumed.
Figure 1: Structure and function of the larynx viewed phylogenetically (according to Negus)
Full size image
(49 KB)
Download Power Point slide
(698 KB)
The most primitive larynx may be found in the bichir lungfish (Polypterus), which inhabits the Nile River. The larynx of this fish consists simply of a muscular sphincter to guard against the entrance of water (Figure 1b). On the other hand, the African lungfish (Protopterus) and Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus) both possess, in addition to sphincteric musculature, discrete muscle fibers that effectively draw the valvular margins apart to produce active dilatation (Figure 1c). The muscular sphincter, therefore, remains contracted when the fish is in the water, but during periods of drought the sphincter is actively opened to allow air to be gulped into the lungs by a swallowing maneuver. This capacity provides obvious advantages of respiratory survival when the supply of water is limited or undependable.
The primitive larynx, therefore, basically functioned as a simple sphincter to protect the lower airway from the intrusion of foreign matter. However, as respiratory requirements in a terrestrial environment grew, the need for adequate ventilation also grew, accompanied by the necessary potential for active dilatation at the primitive sphincter.
To enhance ventilatory flow requirements through the laryngeal aperture, the acquisition of lateral cartilages may be noted in certain amphibians such as the Mexican axolotl (Amblystoma). These lateral cartilages form bars on either side of the glottis to which the dilator muscles insert (Figure 1d). To augment the mechanical advantage of these muscles, a cartilaginous ring (giving origin to the dilator muscles) can be found between the glottis and trachea in other higher vertebrates. Such a configuration is apparent among reptiles such as the alligator (Figure 1e). Therefore, although the lateral cartilages of amphibians share a structural similarity to the arytenoid bodies of humans, the origin of the cartilaginous ring in reptiles can be compared to the cricoid cartilages in other mammals, including humans.
Viewed phylogenetically through Negus's eyes the primary function of the larynx is its use as a sphincter, protecting the lower airway from the intrusion of liquids and food. Its secondary function, supported by the sequential phylogenetic acquisition of the cricoarytenoid complex, centers about its role in respiration governed by active muscular dilatation of the laryngeal aperture. The third function of the larynx, phonation (best observed in mammals), appears to be a late phylogenetic acquisition.
Although the simple primitive larynx of Polypterus possesses the mechanism of airway constriction, thus exhibiting the potential for sound production, phonation using the larynx as a flutter valve is only seen in vertebrates possessing the respiratory requirements of an effective bellows. Such is possible only in the group of vertebrates possessing thoracoabdominal diaphragms, the group we call mammals. Nonetheless, among all mammals, humans alone have acquired the potential for complex sound production using the laryngeal sphincter as a vibratory source. According to Negus, phonation is therefore considered the least significant of the three basic functions ascribed to this complex organ, whose primary role remains that of a guardian to the lower airway.
Structure and FunctionThe upper airway in adult humans traverses the digestive tract in the region of the pharynx, complicating its sphincteric protection of the lower airway. By sharing a common passageway with the upper digestive system, the larynx is also compromised in its respiratory performance by resultant ventilatory turbulence and, therefore, resistance. Thus, the anatomic configuration in adult humans that benefits phonatory purposes of the larynx simultaneously serves to compromise its sphincteric and respiratory functions. This functional dilemma is resolved at the laryngopharyngeal level by two important organic modifications: structural adaptation and delicate coordination among the three basic laryngeal functions as determined by precisely organized brainstem reflexes.
From a structural point of view, protective function of the adult human larynx is admittedly precarious by virtue of its low position in the neck (Figure 2a). Other mammalian species are provided with a relatively high riding larynx, affording it a close approximation with structures of the posterior nasal cavities. The intranarial position of the larynx, securing a continuous airway from the nose to the bronchi, therefore decreases the risk of pulmonary contamination by swallowed matter. This structural modification is most obvious among certain cetaceans and herbivores but appears to a lesser degree among carnivores that use an elongated epiglottis to effect nasolaryngeal connection during deglutition. In this regard, Negus considers the epiglottis to serve secondarily in an olfactory capacity, ensuring that inspired air enters exclusively through the nose. By a series of anatomic demonstrations in macrosmatic animals, this contention appears very convincing and is supported by later histologic work identifying epiglottic chemoreceptors similar in structure to taste buds of the oral cavity,van cleef alhambra replica necklace, implying epiglottic participation in chemosensory perception as well.2
The larynx serves to protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a key role in phonation. In humans the protective and respiratory functions are compromised in favor of its phonatory function.
The protective function is entirely reflexive and involuntary, whereas the respiratory and phonatory functions are initiated voluntarily but regulated involuntarily.
Sensory nerves to the larynx are derived from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs); both are branches of the vagus nerve. The iSLN and RLN innervate the mucosa above and below the level of the true vocal cord, respectively.
Water aerosol inhalation stimulation in partial upper airway obstruction activates water chemoreceptors on the epiglottis and causes reflex respiratory slowing and increase in tidal volume.
The RLN innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external division of the SLN (eSLN).
Abduction of the vocal cords during respiration is brought about by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, whereas their adduction involves all the intrinsic muscles, particularly the thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid muscles.
Reflexive glottic closure is achieved by simultaneous adduction of both vocal cords.
Tracheostomy itself leads to centrally mediated impaired reflexes and decannulation (adductor failure and vocal cord fusion).
False vocal cords, even if denervated,van cleef and arpels fake necklace, resist air flow from the lower respiratory tract and serve expectorative function. The true vocal cords resist air flow from outside and play a protective role in respiration, thus explaining the difficulty in overcoming laryngospasm by abrupt pressure peaks from above.
IntroductionThe larynx serves three important functions in humans. In order of functional priority, they are protective,van cleef replica necklaces, respiratory, and phonatory. A sound understanding of these functional priorities appears essential to the management of the myriad diseases besetting this complex organ. This review addresses these three categories of function in terms of phylogeny, morphology, and neuromuscular reflexes, followed by a discussion of clinical events that often threaten to disrupt the anatomy and function of this organ. Original experimental data from the Yale Larynx Laboratory are included here to support physiologic performance,van cleef fake necklaces, which is important to our understanding of clinical behavior.
Phylogeny and FunctionLaryngeal function may be best understood by an appreciation of its origin determined by primitive needs. In this regard, Negus's1 masterful contributions are most illuminating. On an evolutionary scale, as animals migrated from an aquatic to a terrestrial existence, a major change in respiratory requirements became necessary. According to Negus, these accomplishments were reflected in certain contemporary species of fish that developed unique respiratory modifications to allow intermittent sojourns on dry land. Notably, the climbing perch (Anabas scandens) possessed a respiratory diverticulum located above its gills (Figure 1a). The Indian siluroid fish (Saccobranchus) also acquired a long diverticulum leading into an internal air reservoir. These structures, however, contained no valves to prevent the entrance of water when an aquatic existence was resumed.
Figure 1: Structure and function of the larynx viewed phylogenetically (according to Negus)
Full size image
(49 KB)
Download Power Point slide
(698 KB)
The most primitive larynx may be found in the bichir lungfish (Polypterus), which inhabits the Nile River. The larynx of this fish consists simply of a muscular sphincter to guard against the entrance of water (Figure 1b). On the other hand, the African lungfish (Protopterus) and Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus) both possess, in addition to sphincteric musculature, discrete muscle fibers that effectively draw the valvular margins apart to produce active dilatation (Figure 1c). The muscular sphincter, therefore, remains contracted when the fish is in the water, but during periods of drought the sphincter is actively opened to allow air to be gulped into the lungs by a swallowing maneuver. This capacity provides obvious advantages of respiratory survival when the supply of water is limited or undependable.
The primitive larynx, therefore, basically functioned as a simple sphincter to protect the lower airway from the intrusion of foreign matter. However, as respiratory requirements in a terrestrial environment grew, the need for adequate ventilation also grew, accompanied by the necessary potential for active dilatation at the primitive sphincter.
To enhance ventilatory flow requirements through the laryngeal aperture, the acquisition of lateral cartilages may be noted in certain amphibians such as the Mexican axolotl (Amblystoma). These lateral cartilages form bars on either side of the glottis to which the dilator muscles insert (Figure 1d). To augment the mechanical advantage of these muscles, a cartilaginous ring (giving origin to the dilator muscles) can be found between the glottis and trachea in other higher vertebrates. Such a configuration is apparent among reptiles such as the alligator (Figure 1e). Therefore, although the lateral cartilages of amphibians share a structural similarity to the arytenoid bodies of humans, the origin of the cartilaginous ring in reptiles can be compared to the cricoid cartilages in other mammals, including humans.
Viewed phylogenetically through Negus's eyes the primary function of the larynx is its use as a sphincter, protecting the lower airway from the intrusion of liquids and food. Its secondary function, supported by the sequential phylogenetic acquisition of the cricoarytenoid complex, centers about its role in respiration governed by active muscular dilatation of the laryngeal aperture. The third function of the larynx, phonation (best observed in mammals), appears to be a late phylogenetic acquisition.
Although the simple primitive larynx of Polypterus possesses the mechanism of airway constriction, thus exhibiting the potential for sound production, phonation using the larynx as a flutter valve is only seen in vertebrates possessing the respiratory requirements of an effective bellows. Such is possible only in the group of vertebrates possessing thoracoabdominal diaphragms, the group we call mammals. Nonetheless, among all mammals, humans alone have acquired the potential for complex sound production using the laryngeal sphincter as a vibratory source. According to Negus, phonation is therefore considered the least significant of the three basic functions ascribed to this complex organ, whose primary role remains that of a guardian to the lower airway.
Structure and FunctionThe upper airway in adult humans traverses the digestive tract in the region of the pharynx, complicating its sphincteric protection of the lower airway. By sharing a common passageway with the upper digestive system, the larynx is also compromised in its respiratory performance by resultant ventilatory turbulence and, therefore, resistance. Thus, the anatomic configuration in adult humans that benefits phonatory purposes of the larynx simultaneously serves to compromise its sphincteric and respiratory functions. This functional dilemma is resolved at the laryngopharyngeal level by two important organic modifications: structural adaptation and delicate coordination among the three basic laryngeal functions as determined by precisely organized brainstem reflexes.
From a structural point of view, protective function of the adult human larynx is admittedly precarious by virtue of its low position in the neck (Figure 2a). Other mammalian species are provided with a relatively high riding larynx, affording it a close approximation with structures of the posterior nasal cavities. The intranarial position of the larynx, securing a continuous airway from the nose to the bronchi, therefore decreases the risk of pulmonary contamination by swallowed matter. This structural modification is most obvious among certain cetaceans and herbivores but appears to a lesser degree among carnivores that use an elongated epiglottis to effect nasolaryngeal connection during deglutition. In this regard, Negus considers the epiglottis to serve secondarily in an olfactory capacity, ensuring that inspired air enters exclusively through the nose. By a series of anatomic demonstrations in macrosmatic animals, this contention appears very convincing and is supported by later histologic work identifying epiglottic chemoreceptors similar in structure to taste buds of the oral cavity,van cleef alhambra replica necklace, implying epiglottic participation in chemosensory perception as well.2
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Can Your Feet Swell Up From Drinking Beer
Drinking beer or any other alcoholic beverage can cause swelling, or edema. Edema occurs when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the tissues of your feet, hands or other parts of the body. Edema that occurs after a bout of beer drinking but goes away within a day or two may not be a medical concern. As alcohol enters your bloodstream, it suppresses release of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. The reduced level of ADH along with direct effects of alcohol on your kidneys leads to rapid loss of water and frequent trips to the bathroom to urinate. This effect is most profound when you start drinking. When you stop drinking and your blood alcohol concentration stabilizes, ADH levels rebound and the kidneys begin retaining water again.
Because alcohol also changes your kidneys handling of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium your total body water is temporarily increased after a bout of drinking. This can manifest as swelling of your feet or hands. If you are otherwise healthy and not a heavy drinker, this swelling usually goes away in about a day.
Hepatitis and Cirrhosis
Chronic, heavy drinking of beer or other forms of alcohol over several years can cause swelling in your feet for a much more serious reason: liver problems. Alcoholic hepatitis describes a condition in which your liver becomes enlarged, inflamed and cannot function normally. Swelling of the feet and hands, and fluid accumulation in the belly are common with this condition, especially if you are malnourished.
Heavy drinking over a period of years can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver. With this condition, your liver is heavily scarred and functions poorly. Scarring distorts your liver and partially blocks blood flow through it,van cleef and arpels fake butterfly necklace, leading to increased pressure in the vein that leads to the liver. This condition portal hypertension triggers a complex series of events that lead to marked water retention. Because your kidneys control water balance in your body,van cleef replica alhambra necklace, alcohol induced kidney damage commonly leads to an increased amount of total body water. Reduced kidney function related to heavy alcohol intake also leads to abnormal levels of electrolytes in your bloodstream,van cleef and arpels fake necklace, including sodium, potassium and phosphate. With this condition, known as alcoholic cardiomyopathy,van cleef necklace fake wholesale, the weakened heart struggles to pump blood. Heart failure occurs in the advanced stages of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Fluid from your bloodstream leaks into the lungs and body tissues. The problem may or may not be related to your drinking, but it important to find out the underlying cause. Also talk with your doctor if you have difficulty controlling your drinking. Frequent, short term swelling of your feet or hands after drinking might signal your alcohol consumption is getting out of hand. St.
Drinking beer or any other alcoholic beverage can cause swelling, or edema. Edema occurs when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the tissues of your feet, hands or other parts of the body. Edema that occurs after a bout of beer drinking but goes away within a day or two may not be a medical concern. As alcohol enters your bloodstream, it suppresses release of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. The reduced level of ADH along with direct effects of alcohol on your kidneys leads to rapid loss of water and frequent trips to the bathroom to urinate. This effect is most profound when you start drinking. When you stop drinking and your blood alcohol concentration stabilizes, ADH levels rebound and the kidneys begin retaining water again.
Because alcohol also changes your kidneys handling of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium your total body water is temporarily increased after a bout of drinking. This can manifest as swelling of your feet or hands. If you are otherwise healthy and not a heavy drinker, this swelling usually goes away in about a day.
Hepatitis and Cirrhosis
Chronic, heavy drinking of beer or other forms of alcohol over several years can cause swelling in your feet for a much more serious reason: liver problems. Alcoholic hepatitis describes a condition in which your liver becomes enlarged, inflamed and cannot function normally. Swelling of the feet and hands, and fluid accumulation in the belly are common with this condition, especially if you are malnourished.
Heavy drinking over a period of years can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver. With this condition, your liver is heavily scarred and functions poorly. Scarring distorts your liver and partially blocks blood flow through it,van cleef and arpels fake butterfly necklace, leading to increased pressure in the vein that leads to the liver. This condition portal hypertension triggers a complex series of events that lead to marked water retention. Because your kidneys control water balance in your body,van cleef replica alhambra necklace, alcohol induced kidney damage commonly leads to an increased amount of total body water. Reduced kidney function related to heavy alcohol intake also leads to abnormal levels of electrolytes in your bloodstream,van cleef and arpels fake necklace, including sodium, potassium and phosphate. With this condition, known as alcoholic cardiomyopathy,van cleef necklace fake wholesale, the weakened heart struggles to pump blood. Heart failure occurs in the advanced stages of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Fluid from your bloodstream leaks into the lungs and body tissues. The problem may or may not be related to your drinking, but it important to find out the underlying cause. Also talk with your doctor if you have difficulty controlling your drinking. Frequent, short term swelling of your feet or hands after drinking might signal your alcohol consumption is getting out of hand. St.