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The determination of the long
n its most misshapen state, the sweep of its arc and bend was unmistakable. Children's Hospital had punched up the backlights, illuminating the X ray image of a spine whose trajectory, by the tender age of 15, had completely lost its course.
"It looked like an S," says Megan Roxby, a blue chip, high school middle distance runner who peered back at the black and white image of herself that day in late January, wondering if her heart was indeed beating faster than her feet had ever carried her. "It was like an S that was really curvy at the top."
There are only ever a handful of days impactful enough that they remain with us for the rest of our lives, and for the West Vancouver Secondary 10th grader, this was one of them.
Surgery was scheduled because the end goal of a normal, healthy life topped the list.
But what of her athletic passion? Would she ever be the same?
"It was pretty emotional," says Megan's mother, Louise, who fights back her own tears from memories still fresh in her mind. "Especially when they have to tell you that one in 1,000 won't walk again."
A curve on her road
Ask parents whose children have been diagnosed with scoliosis and a significant majority will tell you, despite the 20/20 hindsight that the X rays later reveal, it was something they never saw coming.
Instead, the condition commonly proceeds to a point where, on a given day, it's finally detected because something just doesn't look right.
"It was about this time last van cleef and arpels bracelets copy year," remembers Louise Roxby. "I was at a cross country race and my friend asked me why Megan was hunched over. She was at a 50 per cent curvature when we noticed it. How didn't we see it?"
Soon after, Megan was put on a waiting list for surgery, and on the day the family gathered to examine the X rays at Children's Hospital, the decision was made to forgo the more traditional bone fusing surgery in favour of a newer procedure in which a tethered cord is held taut at various stages of the spinal column.
Because the 5 foot 7 Roxby was still growing (mom Louise is 5 foot 11, dad Craig 6 foot 3), the tether would continue to force the spine to stretch as she grew.
As it turned out, she didn't have to wait more than a few weeks. A sudden cancellation opened up a date, and the operation took place on Feb. 19.
"The way I felt being wheeled into surgery was the hardest part," remembers Roxby, 16, and now in the 11th grade. "I remember seeing my mom and waving goodbye, knowing it was going to be a really hard recovery."
She had surgery on the Friday and by Sunday she van cleef & arpels bracelet fake was walking around, doing laps at the hospital
Mom Louise Roxby
Based on the location of her spine's most pronounced curvature, one of Roxby lungs had to be deflated, and afterwards screws were inserted along various parts of her spine to facilitate the tether.
Adds her mother: "The surgery was supposed to take eight hours, but it ended up taking 10."
The big question from that moment forward? How much of a fighter would Megan Roxby be on a journey to reclaim her former self?
Megan Roxby has won three of four races in the North Shore high school cross country season this fall, just over half a year after undergoing spinal surgery.
A winning return
Cindy O'Krane stood near the finish line at the opening event of the four race North Shore high school cross country running season on Sept. 28, anxiously training her eyes on the area, which her stopwatch told her, would soon reveal the lead runners in their final sprint to the finish line at Ambleside Park.
Having trained Roxby and a number of others in that race through the Hershey Harriers club team, O'Krane had gotten to know the willowy teenager as a focused, determined athlete.
Yet it wasn't even seven months since the surgery and Roxby had missed the entire outdoor track season the prior spring due to the rigours of her recuperation.
As it turns out, it was just the start of an amazing comeback.
Roxby went on to win the next race, copy van cleef jewelry Oct. 6 at Rice Lake, and after finishing second in Sechelt on Oct. 12, she closed out the series as the overall champion by winning on Oct. 20 at Loutet Park.
n its most misshapen state, the sweep of its arc and bend was unmistakable. Children's Hospital had punched up the backlights, illuminating the X ray image of a spine whose trajectory, by the tender age of 15, had completely lost its course.
"It looked like an S," says Megan Roxby, a blue chip, high school middle distance runner who peered back at the black and white image of herself that day in late January, wondering if her heart was indeed beating faster than her feet had ever carried her. "It was like an S that was really curvy at the top."
There are only ever a handful of days impactful enough that they remain with us for the rest of our lives, and for the West Vancouver Secondary 10th grader, this was one of them.
Surgery was scheduled because the end goal of a normal, healthy life topped the list.
But what of her athletic passion? Would she ever be the same?
"It was pretty emotional," says Megan's mother, Louise, who fights back her own tears from memories still fresh in her mind. "Especially when they have to tell you that one in 1,000 won't walk again."
A curve on her road
Ask parents whose children have been diagnosed with scoliosis and a significant majority will tell you, despite the 20/20 hindsight that the X rays later reveal, it was something they never saw coming.
Instead, the condition commonly proceeds to a point where, on a given day, it's finally detected because something just doesn't look right.
"It was about this time last van cleef and arpels bracelets copy year," remembers Louise Roxby. "I was at a cross country race and my friend asked me why Megan was hunched over. She was at a 50 per cent curvature when we noticed it. How didn't we see it?"
Soon after, Megan was put on a waiting list for surgery, and on the day the family gathered to examine the X rays at Children's Hospital, the decision was made to forgo the more traditional bone fusing surgery in favour of a newer procedure in which a tethered cord is held taut at various stages of the spinal column.
Because the 5 foot 7 Roxby was still growing (mom Louise is 5 foot 11, dad Craig 6 foot 3), the tether would continue to force the spine to stretch as she grew.
As it turned out, she didn't have to wait more than a few weeks. A sudden cancellation opened up a date, and the operation took place on Feb. 19.
"The way I felt being wheeled into surgery was the hardest part," remembers Roxby, 16, and now in the 11th grade. "I remember seeing my mom and waving goodbye, knowing it was going to be a really hard recovery."
She had surgery on the Friday and by Sunday she van cleef & arpels bracelet fake was walking around, doing laps at the hospital
Mom Louise Roxby
Based on the location of her spine's most pronounced curvature, one of Roxby lungs had to be deflated, and afterwards screws were inserted along various parts of her spine to facilitate the tether.
Adds her mother: "The surgery was supposed to take eight hours, but it ended up taking 10."
The big question from that moment forward? How much of a fighter would Megan Roxby be on a journey to reclaim her former self?
Megan Roxby has won three of four races in the North Shore high school cross country season this fall, just over half a year after undergoing spinal surgery.
A winning return
Cindy O'Krane stood near the finish line at the opening event of the four race North Shore high school cross country running season on Sept. 28, anxiously training her eyes on the area, which her stopwatch told her, would soon reveal the lead runners in their final sprint to the finish line at Ambleside Park.
Having trained Roxby and a number of others in that race through the Hershey Harriers club team, O'Krane had gotten to know the willowy teenager as a focused, determined athlete.
Yet it wasn't even seven months since the surgery and Roxby had missed the entire outdoor track season the prior spring due to the rigours of her recuperation.
As it turns out, it was just the start of an amazing comeback.
Roxby went on to win the next race, copy van cleef jewelry Oct. 6 at Rice Lake, and after finishing second in Sechelt on Oct. 12, she closed out the series as the overall champion by winning on Oct. 20 at Loutet Park.
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Sequencing of neuroblastoma identifies chromothripsis and defects in neuritogenesis genes
Neuroblastoma is a childhood tumour of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. The pathogenesis has for a long time been quite enigmatic, as only very few gene defects were identified in this often lethal tumour1. Frequently detected gene alterations are limited to MYCN amplification (20%) and ALK activations (7%)2, 3, 4, 5. Here we present a whole genome sequence analysis of 87 neuroblastoma of all stages. Few recurrent amino acid changing mutations were found. In contrast, analysis of structural defects identified a local shredding of chromosomes, known as chromothripsis, in 18% of high stage neuroblastoma6. These tumours are associated with a poor outcome. Structural alterations recurrently affected ODZ3, PTPRD and CSMD1, which are involved in neuronal growth cone stabilization7, 8, 9. In addition, ATRX, TIAM1 and a series of regulators of the Rac/Rho pathway were mutated, further implicating defects in neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma. Most tumours with defects in these genes were aggressive high stage neuroblastomas, but did not carry MYCN amplifications. The genomic landscape of neuroblastoma therefore reveals two novel molecular defects, chromothripsis and van cleef and arpels bracelets copy neuritogenesis gene alterations, which frequently occur in high risk tumours.
a, The number of amino acid changing mutations in 87 primary neuroblastoma (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in red, deletions in grey, insertions in green and substitutions affecting more than 1 base pair (Sub) in blue). Numbers shown are events after CGAtools CallDiff with somatic scores and not present in dbSNP130, nor in 46 reference genomes released by Complete Genomics. b, Average number of mutations per tumour stage (International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 1, n = 9; stage 2, n = 14; stage 3, n = 5; stage 4, n = 50 and stage 4S, n = 9). Boxes include 50% of data and error bars indicate extremes with a maximum of two times the box size. st., stage. c, Kaplan curves for tumours with high versus low frequency of mutations. The optimal cut off level for the categories was determined by Kaplan scanning (see Supplementary Information and Methods). The significance (log rank test) was corrected for the multiple testing (Bonferroni correction). Number of patients per group is shown in parentheses. d, Age at diagnosis (rank order) versus the number of somatic variants. e, Average number of structural variations per tumour stage (INSS). Group sizes and the definition of the error bars as in Fig. 1b.
a, Circos plot showing structural variations in sample N492. The inner ring represents the copy number variations (red, gain; green, loss) based on coverage of the tumour and lymphocyte genomes. The lines traversing the ring indicate inter and intrachromosomal rearrangements identified by discordant mate pairs from paired end reads. N492 is a chromothripsis sample with an extreme amount of junctions on chromosome 5. b, Circos plot of the affected chromosome 5 in sample N492. c, Kaplan curves of the overall survival for tumours with or without chromothripsis. Numbers of patients per group are shown between brackets.
a, Coverage plots displaying the structural variations in the ATRX gene. The dots indicate summed coverage for bins of 1,000 pairs of the tumour genome, normalized to the coverage in corresponding normal tissue. The intron exon structure of ATRX is shown in red (dark red are exons). b, ATRX mRNA expression of 70 tumours as measured on Affymetrix full exon arrays. Tumours with ATRX deletions are encircled.
a, Diagram of a neurite growth cone depicting the function of the proteins encoded by genes with genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis. Red proteins have defects (for references see Supplementary Table 8). Rac and Rho small GTPases cycle between an inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound conformation, transducing signals from a wide variety of membrane receptors. They are activated by GEFs and inactivated by GAPs. Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) sequester GDP bound GTPases. Proteins with aberrations in more than one tumour are marked with an asterisk (). b, Diagram of genetic defects and clinical parameters of all 87 sequenced neuroblastoma. Each vertical lane summarizes one tumour. Patients are sorted by the presence of genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis genes (Neuritogenesis, n = 19), by MYCN amplification (MYCN, n = 23), and by INSS stage (high to low). Middle panel, amino acid changing mutations and structural variations are indicated for all genes having two or more events and that are involved in neuritogenesis (red, mutated or structural variant; grey, not affected).
Neuroblastoma have a highly variable clinical outcome, with an excellent prognosis for stage 1 and 2 tumours, but a poor outcome for high stage tumours. Stage 4S neuroblastoma are metastasized but nevertheless undergo spontaneous regression. Low stage tumours are marked by numeric changes of chromosomal copy numbers, whereas high stage tumours typically show structural chromosomal defects resulting in, for example, hemizygous deletions of the chromosomal regions 1p36 or 11q and gain of 17q (refs 1, 10 Age at diagnosis above 1.5 is associated with high stage tumours and poor outcome.
We performed whole genome paired end sequencing as used by Complete Genomics13 for 87 untreated primary neuroblastoma tumours of all stages (Supplementary Table 1) and their corresponding lymphocyte DNAs. All samples had a minimal tumour content of 80% as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Genomes were sequenced at an average coverage of 50 and an average fully called genome fraction of 96.6% (Supplementary Table 2). Compared to the HG18 reference genome we obtained an average of 3,347,592 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) per genome, in accordance with reported frequencies of interpersonal variants. Validation of 1,014 candidate somatic small mutations (SNVs, substitutions, insertions, deletions), including 763 SNVs, established a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 85% at a somatic score cut off of 0.1 (Supplementary Fig. 1a). SNVs above this score and all validated SNVs with lower scores were used for further analyses (total 586 genes, Supplementary Table 3). The sequence data identified an average of 12 somatic candidate amino acid affecting mutations per tumour (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1b). 1b). 1d), as was also observed in medulloblastoma14. Within high stage neuroblastoma, MYCN amplification status did not correlate to mutation frequency (Supplementary Fig. 1c).
a, The number of amino acid changing mutations in 87 primary neuroblastoma (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in red, deletions in grey, insertions in green and substitutions affecting more than 1 base pair (Sub) in blue). Numbers shown are events after CGAtools CallDiff with somatic scores and not present in dbSNP130, nor in 46 reference genomes released by Complete Genomics. b, Average number of mutations per tumour stage (International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 1, n = 9; stage 2, n = 14; stage 3, n = 5; stage 4, n = 50 and stage 4S, n = 9). Boxes include 50% of data and error bars indicate extremes with a maximum of two times the box size. st., stage. c, Kaplan curves for tumours with high versus low frequency of mutations. The optimal cut off level for the categories was determined by Kaplan scanning (see Supplementary Information and Methods). The significance (log rank test) was corrected for the multiple testing (Bonferroni correction). Number of patients per group is shown in parentheses. d, Age at diagnosis (rank order) versus the number of somatic variants. e, Average number of structural variations per tumour stage (INSS). Group sizes and the definition of the error bars as in Fig. 1b.
Only very few recurrent mutations were identified. ALK mutations were found in 6% of the tumours, in accordance with frequencies established in large neuroblastoma tumour series (Supplementary Table 4)2, 3, 4, 5. Three tumours carried mutations in TIAM1, a known regulator of cytoskeleton organization and neuritogenesis15. In a parallel study we sequenced four primary neuroblastoma tumours as well as cell lines derived from these tumours and their metastases. et al., submitted). Together with the lack of recurrent mutations, our data indicate that neuroblastoma carry few early somatic tumour driving mutations with amino acid changing consequences.
Analysis of the paired end clones with bracelet van cleef and arpels copy discordant ends can be used to identify candidate structural rearrangements, which together with sequence coverage data can identify somatic structural variants (SVs). Comparison of tumour versus lymphocyte coverage generated ultra high resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) like profiles (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Analysis of the frequency of structural variations per chromosome revealed ten tumours with chromothripsis characteristics6 (see Methods). Chromothripsis is a localized shredding of a chromosomal region and subsequent random reassembly of the fragments. An extreme example of chromothripsis in chromosome 5 is shown in Fig. 2a and 2b (for other cases see Supplementary Fig. 2b). 2c). They were found in 18% of the stage 3 and 4 neuroblastoma, but not in low stage tumours (Fisher exact test P = 0.01). Accordingly, their prognostic impact is not independent of age and stage in multivariate analyses. Chromothripsis related structural aberrations frequently affected genes involved in neuroblastoma pathogenesis and were associated with amplification of MYCN or CDK4 and loss of heterozygosity of 1p (Supplementary Fig. 2c). In one tumour, chromothripsis resulted in amplification and very strong overexpression of MYC (c Myc) (Supplementary Fig. 2d). Chromosome 5 had undergone chromothripsis in three tumours, but no clear tumorigenic target on this chromosome was identified. To identify genetic defects that allowed chromothripsis and subsequent survival of the cell, we searched for defects in DNA damage response pathways in tumours with chromothripsis. The most extreme case of chromothripsis (N492, Fig. 2a and 2b) showed an inactivating deletion in FANCM and another chromothripsis tumour sample (N576) had a missense mutation in FAN1, predicted to be damaging by the polyphen2 program16. These findings might suggest involvement of inactivating events in the Fanconi anaemia signalling pathway to allow chromothripsis17.
a, Circos plot showing structural variations in sample N492. The inner ring represents the copy number variations (red, gain; green, loss) based on coverage of the tumour and lymphocyte genomes. The lines traversing the ring indicate inter and intrachromosomal rearrangements identified by discordant mate pairs from paired end reads. N492 is a chromothripsis sample with an extreme amount of junctions on chromosome 5. b, Circos plot of the van cleef arpels bracelet replica affected chromosome 5 in sample N492. c, Kaplan curves of the overall survival for tumours with or without chromothripsis. Numbers of patients per group are shown between brackets.
Full genome paired end sequencing allowed us to identify structural variants specifically perturbing single genes (see Methods and Supplementary Fig. 4 for selection procedure). We detected a total of 451 genes harbouring structural variants (306 genes without the events on chromothripsis chromosomes, Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). The structural variants often consisted of deletions of one or a few exons, inversions or translocations deleting part of a gene. One tumour showed an intrachromosomal rearrangement activating FOXR1 transcription (Supplementary Fig. 2e), which we recently identified as a recurrent but rare event in neuroblastoma18. Similar to the findings for amino acid changing mutations, there was a strong relation between the frequency of structural variations and the tumour stage (one way ANOVA P = 0.03; Fig. 1e), which extends the well established relationship between tumour stage and structural chromosomal defects in neuroblastoma10, 11, 12. Breakpoints identifying deletions were supported by changes in coverage plots. Most of the structural variants affected only one allele of a gene (Supplementary Table 5). This indicates that the tumour driving mechanism of these defects is haploinsufficiency, possibly combined with epigenetic attenuation of the non affected allele. On average, genes with structural variants resulting in loss of coverage indeed showed a reduced expression in tumours with these defects, as compared to tumours with normal alleles (Supplementary Fig. 2f). As an additional validation, we generated SNP arrays of 52 of the sequenced tumours. Although the SNP data have a much lower resolution than the sequence coverage plots, they supported the deletions and gains of sufficient size. This is especially evident on plots of chromothripsis samples (Supplementary Fig. 2g).
To identify relevant genes and pathways that contribute to neuroblastoma pathogenesis, we generated one list of all genes with amino acid changing mutations (n = 586), mutations in splice junctions (n = 37) and structural variations (n = 451). The total of 1,041 genes with alterations were analysed by two approaches. First, we analysed the most frequently affected genes (Supplementary Table 7). Four genes belonged to the MYCN amplicons (MYCN, MYCNOS, DDX1 and NBAS) and except for MYCN probably play no role in pathogenesis. Three genes, PTPRD, ODZ3 and ATRX, showed structural variants in five tumours each (Fig. 3a and Supplementary Fig. 3a) and 61 genes showed alterations in two to four tumours (Supplementary Table 7). This strongly indicates that at least the defects in PTPRD, ATRX and ODZ3 did not accumulate due to for example, the genomic length of the genes, but that they were selected for during the process of tumorigenesis.
a, Coverage plots displaying the structural variations in the ATRX gene. The dots indicate summed coverage for bins of 1,000 pairs of the tumour genome, normalized to the coverage in corresponding normal tissue. The intron exon structure of ATRX is shown in red (dark red are exons). b, ATRX mRNA expression of 70 tumours as measured on Affymetrix full exon arrays. Tumours with ATRX deletions are encircled.
The X chromosome encoded ATRX gene was affected by structural variants in five tumours (Fig. 3a). In two male patients this resulted in complete inactivation of the gene. Frequent ATRX defects were recently found in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours19. ATRX is a chromatin remodelling protein involved in exchange of H3.3 in GC rich repeats and mutations of this gene are associated with X linked mental retardation20. Exon mRNA profiles of part of the sequenced series showed that the three samples included with ATRX structural variations had the lowest ATRX mRNA expression of all samples and showed a specific collapse of the signal in the deleted regions, illustrating the inactivating nature of the ATRX defects (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. 3b).
ODZ3 and PTPRD were also hit by structural variations in five tumours each (Supplementary Fig. 3a). One tumour showed homozygous inactivation of ODZ3 (see legends of Supplementary Fig. 3a). In addition, ODZ2 and ODZ4, two highly homologous members of the conserved ODZ family, were together affected three times. PTPRD and ODZ genes encode transmembrane receptors expressed in the developing nervous system and localizing to axons and axonal growth cones21. Targeted silencing of ODZ homologues in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse caused severe axon guidance defects9. Overexpression of ODZ2 in neuroblastoma cells enhanced neuritogenesis22. PTPRD is a member of the LAR subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases. Transgenic mouse models strongly implicate the LAR subfamily receptors in neuritogenesis8. PTPRD defects in neuroblastoma were reported previously23. 3a). Interestingly, CSMD1, which showed structural variants in three tumours, is also a transmembrane protein expressed on nerve growth cones7. As the frequencies of PTPRD and ODZ3 defects exclude that they were found by chance, we propose that the function of these genes and of ODZ2, ODZ4 and CSMD1 in neuronal growth cones might hold a clue to their function in neuroblastoma pathogenesis.
The second analysis that we performed for the list for 1,041 affected genes was a gene ontology study to identify enrichment of genes with defects in specific molecular processes. This finding urged us to further investigate GTPase regulating genes in the list. TIAM1 was mutated in three tumours (see Supplementary Table 4). It functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rac and is, together with Rac, central to regulation of cellular polarity and neuritogenesis24, 25. The W1285S mutation creates a premature stop codon in the carboxy terminal pleckstrin homology domain required for Rac activation, whereas the other mutations were predicted to be damaging by polyphen2 analysis16. Rac is activated by GEFs and inactivated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs)26 (Fig. 4). We identified a total of eight alterations in six GEFs specific for Rac (including TIAM1), but none in GAPs specific for Rac (Supplementary Tables 7, 8 and 10 for functional consequences). Whereas activation of Rac1 stimulates neuritogenesis, activation of its small GTPase antagonist RhoA promotes axon retraction and growth cone collapse (Fig. 4a)15. Strikingly, we detected seven alterations in five GAPs for RhoA, but only one GEF specific for RhoA (ARHGEF12) showed a translocation with unknown functional consequences (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Tables 7, 8 and 10 for functional consequences). Of note, transgenic mice with ATRX mutations causing mental retardation in humans showed abnormal dendritic spine formation with increased TIAM1 phosphorylation and Rac1 signalling27.
a, Diagram of a neurite growth cone depicting the function of the proteins encoded by genes with genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis. Red proteins have defects (for references see Supplementary Table 8). Rac and Rho small GTPases cycle between an inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound conformation, transducing signals from a wide variety of membrane receptors. They are activated by GEFs and inactivated by GAPs. Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) sequester GDP bound GTPases. Proteins with aberrations in more than one tumour are marked with an asterisk (). b, Diagram of genetic defects and clinical parameters of all 87 sequenced neuroblastoma. Each vertical lane summarizes one tumour. Patients are sorted by the presence of genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis genes (Neuritogenesis, n = 19), by MYCN amplification (MYCN, n = 23), and by INSS stage (high to low). Middle panel, amino acid changing mutations and structural variations are indicated for all genes having two or more events and that are involved in neuritogenesis (red, mutated or structural variant; grey, not affected).
We conclude that alterations with significant frequencies (PTPRD and ODZ genes) affect transmembrane receptors that function in neuronal growth cone guidance and maintenance. In addition gene ontology analysis of the 1,041 genes showed significant enrichment of GTPase regulating genes. Alterations in GEFs for Rac and GAPs for Rho significantly deviate from a random distribution, implicating inhibition of Rac1 and activation of RhoA in impairing neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma (Fig. 4a).
From these findings we propose that defects in neuritogenesis regulating genes form an important category of tumour driving events in neuroblastoma. For a preliminary analysis of tumours with these defects, we selected the genes with recurrent defects in tumours that function in neuronal growth cones (PTPRD, ODZ3, ODZ2, CSMD1) or regulation of these processes through Rac/Rho signalling (TIAM1, DLC1, ARHGAP10, ATRX). The 19 tumours with defects in these genes were almost all stage 3 and 4 tumours diagnosed above 1.5
Neuroblastoma is a childhood tumour of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. The pathogenesis has for a long time been quite enigmatic, as only very few gene defects were identified in this often lethal tumour1. Frequently detected gene alterations are limited to MYCN amplification (20%) and ALK activations (7%)2, 3, 4, 5. Here we present a whole genome sequence analysis of 87 neuroblastoma of all stages. Few recurrent amino acid changing mutations were found. In contrast, analysis of structural defects identified a local shredding of chromosomes, known as chromothripsis, in 18% of high stage neuroblastoma6. These tumours are associated with a poor outcome. Structural alterations recurrently affected ODZ3, PTPRD and CSMD1, which are involved in neuronal growth cone stabilization7, 8, 9. In addition, ATRX, TIAM1 and a series of regulators of the Rac/Rho pathway were mutated, further implicating defects in neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma. Most tumours with defects in these genes were aggressive high stage neuroblastomas, but did not carry MYCN amplifications. The genomic landscape of neuroblastoma therefore reveals two novel molecular defects, chromothripsis and van cleef and arpels bracelets copy neuritogenesis gene alterations, which frequently occur in high risk tumours.
a, The number of amino acid changing mutations in 87 primary neuroblastoma (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in red, deletions in grey, insertions in green and substitutions affecting more than 1 base pair (Sub) in blue). Numbers shown are events after CGAtools CallDiff with somatic scores and not present in dbSNP130, nor in 46 reference genomes released by Complete Genomics. b, Average number of mutations per tumour stage (International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 1, n = 9; stage 2, n = 14; stage 3, n = 5; stage 4, n = 50 and stage 4S, n = 9). Boxes include 50% of data and error bars indicate extremes with a maximum of two times the box size. st., stage. c, Kaplan curves for tumours with high versus low frequency of mutations. The optimal cut off level for the categories was determined by Kaplan scanning (see Supplementary Information and Methods). The significance (log rank test) was corrected for the multiple testing (Bonferroni correction). Number of patients per group is shown in parentheses. d, Age at diagnosis (rank order) versus the number of somatic variants. e, Average number of structural variations per tumour stage (INSS). Group sizes and the definition of the error bars as in Fig. 1b.
a, Circos plot showing structural variations in sample N492. The inner ring represents the copy number variations (red, gain; green, loss) based on coverage of the tumour and lymphocyte genomes. The lines traversing the ring indicate inter and intrachromosomal rearrangements identified by discordant mate pairs from paired end reads. N492 is a chromothripsis sample with an extreme amount of junctions on chromosome 5. b, Circos plot of the affected chromosome 5 in sample N492. c, Kaplan curves of the overall survival for tumours with or without chromothripsis. Numbers of patients per group are shown between brackets.
a, Coverage plots displaying the structural variations in the ATRX gene. The dots indicate summed coverage for bins of 1,000 pairs of the tumour genome, normalized to the coverage in corresponding normal tissue. The intron exon structure of ATRX is shown in red (dark red are exons). b, ATRX mRNA expression of 70 tumours as measured on Affymetrix full exon arrays. Tumours with ATRX deletions are encircled.
a, Diagram of a neurite growth cone depicting the function of the proteins encoded by genes with genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis. Red proteins have defects (for references see Supplementary Table 8). Rac and Rho small GTPases cycle between an inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound conformation, transducing signals from a wide variety of membrane receptors. They are activated by GEFs and inactivated by GAPs. Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) sequester GDP bound GTPases. Proteins with aberrations in more than one tumour are marked with an asterisk (). b, Diagram of genetic defects and clinical parameters of all 87 sequenced neuroblastoma. Each vertical lane summarizes one tumour. Patients are sorted by the presence of genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis genes (Neuritogenesis, n = 19), by MYCN amplification (MYCN, n = 23), and by INSS stage (high to low). Middle panel, amino acid changing mutations and structural variations are indicated for all genes having two or more events and that are involved in neuritogenesis (red, mutated or structural variant; grey, not affected).
Neuroblastoma have a highly variable clinical outcome, with an excellent prognosis for stage 1 and 2 tumours, but a poor outcome for high stage tumours. Stage 4S neuroblastoma are metastasized but nevertheless undergo spontaneous regression. Low stage tumours are marked by numeric changes of chromosomal copy numbers, whereas high stage tumours typically show structural chromosomal defects resulting in, for example, hemizygous deletions of the chromosomal regions 1p36 or 11q and gain of 17q (refs 1, 10 Age at diagnosis above 1.5 is associated with high stage tumours and poor outcome.
We performed whole genome paired end sequencing as used by Complete Genomics13 for 87 untreated primary neuroblastoma tumours of all stages (Supplementary Table 1) and their corresponding lymphocyte DNAs. All samples had a minimal tumour content of 80% as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Genomes were sequenced at an average coverage of 50 and an average fully called genome fraction of 96.6% (Supplementary Table 2). Compared to the HG18 reference genome we obtained an average of 3,347,592 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) per genome, in accordance with reported frequencies of interpersonal variants. Validation of 1,014 candidate somatic small mutations (SNVs, substitutions, insertions, deletions), including 763 SNVs, established a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 85% at a somatic score cut off of 0.1 (Supplementary Fig. 1a). SNVs above this score and all validated SNVs with lower scores were used for further analyses (total 586 genes, Supplementary Table 3). The sequence data identified an average of 12 somatic candidate amino acid affecting mutations per tumour (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1b). 1b). 1d), as was also observed in medulloblastoma14. Within high stage neuroblastoma, MYCN amplification status did not correlate to mutation frequency (Supplementary Fig. 1c).
a, The number of amino acid changing mutations in 87 primary neuroblastoma (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in red, deletions in grey, insertions in green and substitutions affecting more than 1 base pair (Sub) in blue). Numbers shown are events after CGAtools CallDiff with somatic scores and not present in dbSNP130, nor in 46 reference genomes released by Complete Genomics. b, Average number of mutations per tumour stage (International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 1, n = 9; stage 2, n = 14; stage 3, n = 5; stage 4, n = 50 and stage 4S, n = 9). Boxes include 50% of data and error bars indicate extremes with a maximum of two times the box size. st., stage. c, Kaplan curves for tumours with high versus low frequency of mutations. The optimal cut off level for the categories was determined by Kaplan scanning (see Supplementary Information and Methods). The significance (log rank test) was corrected for the multiple testing (Bonferroni correction). Number of patients per group is shown in parentheses. d, Age at diagnosis (rank order) versus the number of somatic variants. e, Average number of structural variations per tumour stage (INSS). Group sizes and the definition of the error bars as in Fig. 1b.
Only very few recurrent mutations were identified. ALK mutations were found in 6% of the tumours, in accordance with frequencies established in large neuroblastoma tumour series (Supplementary Table 4)2, 3, 4, 5. Three tumours carried mutations in TIAM1, a known regulator of cytoskeleton organization and neuritogenesis15. In a parallel study we sequenced four primary neuroblastoma tumours as well as cell lines derived from these tumours and their metastases. et al., submitted). Together with the lack of recurrent mutations, our data indicate that neuroblastoma carry few early somatic tumour driving mutations with amino acid changing consequences.
Analysis of the paired end clones with bracelet van cleef and arpels copy discordant ends can be used to identify candidate structural rearrangements, which together with sequence coverage data can identify somatic structural variants (SVs). Comparison of tumour versus lymphocyte coverage generated ultra high resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) like profiles (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Analysis of the frequency of structural variations per chromosome revealed ten tumours with chromothripsis characteristics6 (see Methods). Chromothripsis is a localized shredding of a chromosomal region and subsequent random reassembly of the fragments. An extreme example of chromothripsis in chromosome 5 is shown in Fig. 2a and 2b (for other cases see Supplementary Fig. 2b). 2c). They were found in 18% of the stage 3 and 4 neuroblastoma, but not in low stage tumours (Fisher exact test P = 0.01). Accordingly, their prognostic impact is not independent of age and stage in multivariate analyses. Chromothripsis related structural aberrations frequently affected genes involved in neuroblastoma pathogenesis and were associated with amplification of MYCN or CDK4 and loss of heterozygosity of 1p (Supplementary Fig. 2c). In one tumour, chromothripsis resulted in amplification and very strong overexpression of MYC (c Myc) (Supplementary Fig. 2d). Chromosome 5 had undergone chromothripsis in three tumours, but no clear tumorigenic target on this chromosome was identified. To identify genetic defects that allowed chromothripsis and subsequent survival of the cell, we searched for defects in DNA damage response pathways in tumours with chromothripsis. The most extreme case of chromothripsis (N492, Fig. 2a and 2b) showed an inactivating deletion in FANCM and another chromothripsis tumour sample (N576) had a missense mutation in FAN1, predicted to be damaging by the polyphen2 program16. These findings might suggest involvement of inactivating events in the Fanconi anaemia signalling pathway to allow chromothripsis17.
a, Circos plot showing structural variations in sample N492. The inner ring represents the copy number variations (red, gain; green, loss) based on coverage of the tumour and lymphocyte genomes. The lines traversing the ring indicate inter and intrachromosomal rearrangements identified by discordant mate pairs from paired end reads. N492 is a chromothripsis sample with an extreme amount of junctions on chromosome 5. b, Circos plot of the van cleef arpels bracelet replica affected chromosome 5 in sample N492. c, Kaplan curves of the overall survival for tumours with or without chromothripsis. Numbers of patients per group are shown between brackets.
Full genome paired end sequencing allowed us to identify structural variants specifically perturbing single genes (see Methods and Supplementary Fig. 4 for selection procedure). We detected a total of 451 genes harbouring structural variants (306 genes without the events on chromothripsis chromosomes, Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). The structural variants often consisted of deletions of one or a few exons, inversions or translocations deleting part of a gene. One tumour showed an intrachromosomal rearrangement activating FOXR1 transcription (Supplementary Fig. 2e), which we recently identified as a recurrent but rare event in neuroblastoma18. Similar to the findings for amino acid changing mutations, there was a strong relation between the frequency of structural variations and the tumour stage (one way ANOVA P = 0.03; Fig. 1e), which extends the well established relationship between tumour stage and structural chromosomal defects in neuroblastoma10, 11, 12. Breakpoints identifying deletions were supported by changes in coverage plots. Most of the structural variants affected only one allele of a gene (Supplementary Table 5). This indicates that the tumour driving mechanism of these defects is haploinsufficiency, possibly combined with epigenetic attenuation of the non affected allele. On average, genes with structural variants resulting in loss of coverage indeed showed a reduced expression in tumours with these defects, as compared to tumours with normal alleles (Supplementary Fig. 2f). As an additional validation, we generated SNP arrays of 52 of the sequenced tumours. Although the SNP data have a much lower resolution than the sequence coverage plots, they supported the deletions and gains of sufficient size. This is especially evident on plots of chromothripsis samples (Supplementary Fig. 2g).
To identify relevant genes and pathways that contribute to neuroblastoma pathogenesis, we generated one list of all genes with amino acid changing mutations (n = 586), mutations in splice junctions (n = 37) and structural variations (n = 451). The total of 1,041 genes with alterations were analysed by two approaches. First, we analysed the most frequently affected genes (Supplementary Table 7). Four genes belonged to the MYCN amplicons (MYCN, MYCNOS, DDX1 and NBAS) and except for MYCN probably play no role in pathogenesis. Three genes, PTPRD, ODZ3 and ATRX, showed structural variants in five tumours each (Fig. 3a and Supplementary Fig. 3a) and 61 genes showed alterations in two to four tumours (Supplementary Table 7). This strongly indicates that at least the defects in PTPRD, ATRX and ODZ3 did not accumulate due to for example, the genomic length of the genes, but that they were selected for during the process of tumorigenesis.
a, Coverage plots displaying the structural variations in the ATRX gene. The dots indicate summed coverage for bins of 1,000 pairs of the tumour genome, normalized to the coverage in corresponding normal tissue. The intron exon structure of ATRX is shown in red (dark red are exons). b, ATRX mRNA expression of 70 tumours as measured on Affymetrix full exon arrays. Tumours with ATRX deletions are encircled.
The X chromosome encoded ATRX gene was affected by structural variants in five tumours (Fig. 3a). In two male patients this resulted in complete inactivation of the gene. Frequent ATRX defects were recently found in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours19. ATRX is a chromatin remodelling protein involved in exchange of H3.3 in GC rich repeats and mutations of this gene are associated with X linked mental retardation20. Exon mRNA profiles of part of the sequenced series showed that the three samples included with ATRX structural variations had the lowest ATRX mRNA expression of all samples and showed a specific collapse of the signal in the deleted regions, illustrating the inactivating nature of the ATRX defects (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. 3b).
ODZ3 and PTPRD were also hit by structural variations in five tumours each (Supplementary Fig. 3a). One tumour showed homozygous inactivation of ODZ3 (see legends of Supplementary Fig. 3a). In addition, ODZ2 and ODZ4, two highly homologous members of the conserved ODZ family, were together affected three times. PTPRD and ODZ genes encode transmembrane receptors expressed in the developing nervous system and localizing to axons and axonal growth cones21. Targeted silencing of ODZ homologues in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse caused severe axon guidance defects9. Overexpression of ODZ2 in neuroblastoma cells enhanced neuritogenesis22. PTPRD is a member of the LAR subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases. Transgenic mouse models strongly implicate the LAR subfamily receptors in neuritogenesis8. PTPRD defects in neuroblastoma were reported previously23. 3a). Interestingly, CSMD1, which showed structural variants in three tumours, is also a transmembrane protein expressed on nerve growth cones7. As the frequencies of PTPRD and ODZ3 defects exclude that they were found by chance, we propose that the function of these genes and of ODZ2, ODZ4 and CSMD1 in neuronal growth cones might hold a clue to their function in neuroblastoma pathogenesis.
The second analysis that we performed for the list for 1,041 affected genes was a gene ontology study to identify enrichment of genes with defects in specific molecular processes. This finding urged us to further investigate GTPase regulating genes in the list. TIAM1 was mutated in three tumours (see Supplementary Table 4). It functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rac and is, together with Rac, central to regulation of cellular polarity and neuritogenesis24, 25. The W1285S mutation creates a premature stop codon in the carboxy terminal pleckstrin homology domain required for Rac activation, whereas the other mutations were predicted to be damaging by polyphen2 analysis16. Rac is activated by GEFs and inactivated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs)26 (Fig. 4). We identified a total of eight alterations in six GEFs specific for Rac (including TIAM1), but none in GAPs specific for Rac (Supplementary Tables 7, 8 and 10 for functional consequences). Whereas activation of Rac1 stimulates neuritogenesis, activation of its small GTPase antagonist RhoA promotes axon retraction and growth cone collapse (Fig. 4a)15. Strikingly, we detected seven alterations in five GAPs for RhoA, but only one GEF specific for RhoA (ARHGEF12) showed a translocation with unknown functional consequences (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Tables 7, 8 and 10 for functional consequences). Of note, transgenic mice with ATRX mutations causing mental retardation in humans showed abnormal dendritic spine formation with increased TIAM1 phosphorylation and Rac1 signalling27.
a, Diagram of a neurite growth cone depicting the function of the proteins encoded by genes with genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis. Red proteins have defects (for references see Supplementary Table 8). Rac and Rho small GTPases cycle between an inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound conformation, transducing signals from a wide variety of membrane receptors. They are activated by GEFs and inactivated by GAPs. Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) sequester GDP bound GTPases. Proteins with aberrations in more than one tumour are marked with an asterisk (). b, Diagram of genetic defects and clinical parameters of all 87 sequenced neuroblastoma. Each vertical lane summarizes one tumour. Patients are sorted by the presence of genomic aberrations in neuritogenesis genes (Neuritogenesis, n = 19), by MYCN amplification (MYCN, n = 23), and by INSS stage (high to low). Middle panel, amino acid changing mutations and structural variations are indicated for all genes having two or more events and that are involved in neuritogenesis (red, mutated or structural variant; grey, not affected).
We conclude that alterations with significant frequencies (PTPRD and ODZ genes) affect transmembrane receptors that function in neuronal growth cone guidance and maintenance. In addition gene ontology analysis of the 1,041 genes showed significant enrichment of GTPase regulating genes. Alterations in GEFs for Rac and GAPs for Rho significantly deviate from a random distribution, implicating inhibition of Rac1 and activation of RhoA in impairing neuritogenesis in neuroblastoma (Fig. 4a).
From these findings we propose that defects in neuritogenesis regulating genes form an important category of tumour driving events in neuroblastoma. For a preliminary analysis of tumours with these defects, we selected the genes with recurrent defects in tumours that function in neuronal growth cones (PTPRD, ODZ3, ODZ2, CSMD1) or regulation of these processes through Rac/Rho signalling (TIAM1, DLC1, ARHGAP10, ATRX). The 19 tumours with defects in these genes were almost all stage 3 and 4 tumours diagnosed above 1.5
Rich Life Style Reflects Swaggart Empire's Wealth
BATON ROUGE, La. In the late 1950s, Jimmy Swaggart was roaming around the back roads of Louisiana in a broken down Chevrolet, earning about $40 a week from his preaching and gospel singing.
He has come a long way since then.
The controversial evangelist now heads a tax exempt enterprise that ranks, by almost any measure, as one of the most successful of its kind. Jimmy Swaggart World Ministries and its Bible college boasted revenues of $150 million in 1987 more than $500,000 each working day.
And Swaggart's vast revenues, interviews and documents here reveal, finance more than his nonprofit ministry. Behind a veil of secrecy, Swaggart and his family have adopted a life style that, had it not been achieved in pursuing what he is fond of calling "the work of the Lord," Swaggart himself might include in some of his public condemnations of secularism and materialism.
His two story, high columned "parsonage," as it is called by ministry officials, sits behind a tall fence to assure privacy and is situated on 20 landscaped acres, including a swimming pool. The highly polished parquet living room floor is partly covered with an Oriental carpet, and off the master bedroom is a step up Jacuzzi with faucets in the shape of golden swans.
Swaggart and his wife, Frances, drive matching late model Lincoln Town Cars and fly to appearances around the country in a private Gulfstream jet aircraft that once was owned by the Rockefeller family. The Swaggarts have accepted gifts from loyal members of his video flock that include a diamond studded gold Rolex watch, fine clothes and a mink coat.
When asked about such a life style, Elizabeth Fuller of Chattanooga, Tenn., a board member of the ministry, told The Times: "After years of hardship and traveling in poor circumstances, if the Lord chooses to bless him in his latter days, I don't quarrel with that."
Swaggart's temporary suspension from preaching as of last month, a result of his self confessed "moral lapse" with a prostitute, may have a devastating effect on his ministry's income. But ministry officials have enough taped broadcasts to keep his weekly show on the air for months to come if local stations still want it.
Officials said Friday that because of a sudden drop off in contributions, more than 100 employees had been laid off and construction of new ministry buildings had been halted. The organization said it would hold a telethon in an effort to revive donations.
Seen on 200 Stations
Of Swaggart's $150 million in 1987 revenues, fully $135 million came from voluntary contributions generated both by his television ministry which appears on 200 stations in the United States and is copy van cleef and arpels necklace beamed to 145 countries in English and 15 foreign languages and by fund raising letters that are mailed at a rate of 7 million pieces a day.
The rest represented proceeds from the sales of gospel records and tapes, Bibles, books and T shirts by the largest mail order business in Louisiana and one of the biggest in the country.
Officials of Swaggart's ministry insist they can account for the spending of van cleef and arpel necklace fake every penny of the $150 million. Almost half, they say, paid television production costs, including the purchase of equipment, and bought air time for the broadcasts seen around the world. Other large shares were used to build schools and to run food programs for children overseas and to meet administrative expenses that include a payroll of 1,200 employees and teachers.
The rapid growth of Swaggart's ministry just six years ago, revenues were only $60 million has gone largely unnoticed because Swaggart, until his confessed indiscretion, has avoided national controversy and because his organization has maintained such financial secrecy.
Although nonprofit charitable organizations are exempt from taxation, most of them file with the Internal Revenue Service an annual information return that is open to public inspection. These returns, called Form 990s, show the amount of contributions received by the organization and for what purposes its funds were disbursed.
But according to imitation clover necklace van cleef IRS analyst Wilson Fadely, the Swaggart organization asked for and received official classification as a church in the late 1970s, and so it is not required to file any documents with any government agency, not even Form 990s. Congress, as part of the Internal Revenue Code, has long exempted churches from federal scrutiny.
Adding further to the ministry's financial secrecy is the fact that it is largely a family affair, with few outsiders in positions of influence.
The ministry's seven member executive board was effectively controlled for many years by four Swaggarts Jimmy, Frances, their only son, Donnie, and Donnie's wife, Debra. In recent months, however, the board has been expanded to 11 members with the addition of two more Assemblies of God preachers and two longtime Swaggart contributors.
BATON ROUGE, La. In the late 1950s, Jimmy Swaggart was roaming around the back roads of Louisiana in a broken down Chevrolet, earning about $40 a week from his preaching and gospel singing.
He has come a long way since then.
The controversial evangelist now heads a tax exempt enterprise that ranks, by almost any measure, as one of the most successful of its kind. Jimmy Swaggart World Ministries and its Bible college boasted revenues of $150 million in 1987 more than $500,000 each working day.
And Swaggart's vast revenues, interviews and documents here reveal, finance more than his nonprofit ministry. Behind a veil of secrecy, Swaggart and his family have adopted a life style that, had it not been achieved in pursuing what he is fond of calling "the work of the Lord," Swaggart himself might include in some of his public condemnations of secularism and materialism.
His two story, high columned "parsonage," as it is called by ministry officials, sits behind a tall fence to assure privacy and is situated on 20 landscaped acres, including a swimming pool. The highly polished parquet living room floor is partly covered with an Oriental carpet, and off the master bedroom is a step up Jacuzzi with faucets in the shape of golden swans.
Swaggart and his wife, Frances, drive matching late model Lincoln Town Cars and fly to appearances around the country in a private Gulfstream jet aircraft that once was owned by the Rockefeller family. The Swaggarts have accepted gifts from loyal members of his video flock that include a diamond studded gold Rolex watch, fine clothes and a mink coat.
When asked about such a life style, Elizabeth Fuller of Chattanooga, Tenn., a board member of the ministry, told The Times: "After years of hardship and traveling in poor circumstances, if the Lord chooses to bless him in his latter days, I don't quarrel with that."
Swaggart's temporary suspension from preaching as of last month, a result of his self confessed "moral lapse" with a prostitute, may have a devastating effect on his ministry's income. But ministry officials have enough taped broadcasts to keep his weekly show on the air for months to come if local stations still want it.
Officials said Friday that because of a sudden drop off in contributions, more than 100 employees had been laid off and construction of new ministry buildings had been halted. The organization said it would hold a telethon in an effort to revive donations.
Seen on 200 Stations
Of Swaggart's $150 million in 1987 revenues, fully $135 million came from voluntary contributions generated both by his television ministry which appears on 200 stations in the United States and is copy van cleef and arpels necklace beamed to 145 countries in English and 15 foreign languages and by fund raising letters that are mailed at a rate of 7 million pieces a day.
The rest represented proceeds from the sales of gospel records and tapes, Bibles, books and T shirts by the largest mail order business in Louisiana and one of the biggest in the country.
Officials of Swaggart's ministry insist they can account for the spending of van cleef and arpel necklace fake every penny of the $150 million. Almost half, they say, paid television production costs, including the purchase of equipment, and bought air time for the broadcasts seen around the world. Other large shares were used to build schools and to run food programs for children overseas and to meet administrative expenses that include a payroll of 1,200 employees and teachers.
The rapid growth of Swaggart's ministry just six years ago, revenues were only $60 million has gone largely unnoticed because Swaggart, until his confessed indiscretion, has avoided national controversy and because his organization has maintained such financial secrecy.
Although nonprofit charitable organizations are exempt from taxation, most of them file with the Internal Revenue Service an annual information return that is open to public inspection. These returns, called Form 990s, show the amount of contributions received by the organization and for what purposes its funds were disbursed.
But according to imitation clover necklace van cleef IRS analyst Wilson Fadely, the Swaggart organization asked for and received official classification as a church in the late 1970s, and so it is not required to file any documents with any government agency, not even Form 990s. Congress, as part of the Internal Revenue Code, has long exempted churches from federal scrutiny.
Adding further to the ministry's financial secrecy is the fact that it is largely a family affair, with few outsiders in positions of influence.
The ministry's seven member executive board was effectively controlled for many years by four Swaggarts Jimmy, Frances, their only son, Donnie, and Donnie's wife, Debra. In recent months, however, the board has been expanded to 11 members with the addition of two more Assemblies of God preachers and two longtime Swaggart contributors.
Striking Galaxy Images
Heart of the Milky Way CompositeMass of the entire Milky Way: estimates range from about 200 billion to 1.9 trillion solar masses. Karachentsev's "Catalog of nearby galaxies" gives 141 billion solar masses.
Diameter of the entire Milky Way: 100,000 light years.
An image from the Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared (IR) was combined with another from the Hubble in near infrared, and a third image from the Chandra X ray Observatory.
The image at right shows the three separate images.
Top: reddish clouds from Spitzer (IR).
Middle: golden streaks from Hubble (near IR).
Bottom: blue and violet clouds from Chandra (X ray). The LMC is one of the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, visible only from the Southern Hemisphere or from near the equator. This is the largest satellite of our galaxy.
Distance: 157,000 replica van cleef and arpels necklace alhambra light years.
Mass: Estimates vary greatly and include 8.7 billion solar masses (van der Marel) and 3.3 billion solar masses (Karachentsev).
Near the LMC resides the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). This view includes its own stellar nursery. The SMC also orbits the Milky Way galaxy. The irregular shape of this galaxy is thought to have been caused by tidal interaction with both the LMC and the Milky Way. Three astrophysicists (Mathewson, Ford and Visvanathan) have proposed that copy van cleef arpels alhambra necklace there is a third Magellanic cloud behind the SMC, which they call the Mini clover necklace van cleef replica Magellanic Cloud (MMC), because they estimate that the SMC had been split in two many millions of years ago by the tidal forces from its larger neighbors.
Heart of the Milky Way CompositeMass of the entire Milky Way: estimates range from about 200 billion to 1.9 trillion solar masses. Karachentsev's "Catalog of nearby galaxies" gives 141 billion solar masses.
Diameter of the entire Milky Way: 100,000 light years.
An image from the Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared (IR) was combined with another from the Hubble in near infrared, and a third image from the Chandra X ray Observatory.
The image at right shows the three separate images.
Top: reddish clouds from Spitzer (IR).
Middle: golden streaks from Hubble (near IR).
Bottom: blue and violet clouds from Chandra (X ray). The LMC is one of the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, visible only from the Southern Hemisphere or from near the equator. This is the largest satellite of our galaxy.
Distance: 157,000 replica van cleef and arpels necklace alhambra light years.
Mass: Estimates vary greatly and include 8.7 billion solar masses (van der Marel) and 3.3 billion solar masses (Karachentsev).
Near the LMC resides the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). This view includes its own stellar nursery. The SMC also orbits the Milky Way galaxy. The irregular shape of this galaxy is thought to have been caused by tidal interaction with both the LMC and the Milky Way. Three astrophysicists (Mathewson, Ford and Visvanathan) have proposed that copy van cleef arpels alhambra necklace there is a third Magellanic cloud behind the SMC, which they call the Mini clover necklace van cleef replica Magellanic Cloud (MMC), because they estimate that the SMC had been split in two many millions of years ago by the tidal forces from its larger neighbors.
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the Godfather of Punk and Seamus Heaney Have in Common
There is a theory of "primitive affluence" that suggests that when a society has its primary needs met by Nature food, shelter, clothing then it will turn to creativity. Bali, a tropical island in Indonesia where the rich volcanic soil produces an abundance of food and materials for fabrics and building, is held as an example. The trope is that "everyone in Bali is an artist." Yet, while it is true that most everyone spends days carving, painting and dancing, there is very little originality in the products all are variations on a standard theme, precisely ritualistic, all expressed within rigid boundaries. The island's most famous dance, Kecak, was created by a German painter and musician, in the 1930s, intended as a performance for tourists.
On the other side of the field, Malcolm Gladwell, the counter intuitive craftsman, in his book David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants, promotes the idea of "desirable difficulty," wherein disadvantages propel people to extraordinary achievement and creativity.
Northern Ireland may be the poster child for Mr. Gladwell's theory. About the size of Connecticut, with less than half the population (about 2 million people), it has a wildly disproportionate number of fearless creatives and original thinkers. Yes, it is as far from "primitive affluence" as can be found. The land has few natural resources. Everything from coal to timber to iron has to be imported. For much of the year, the weather is cold and dank. And, for years, the region endured ethno nationalist and sectarian strife. One rumor has it that when archeologists broke into King Tut's tomb they found a newspaper with the headline, "Irish Problems Still Unsolved."
The exceedingly carbonated era that began in 1969, known as The Troubles, ended with the Good Friday Agreement of April 10, 1998, an accord that brought the Peace Dividend, a surge in cathexis with the land, and the beginnings of a surprising renaissance.
Yet, throughout its fractious history Northern Ireland has continued to unleash unreasonable creativity. The Kelvin scale was invented by a Belfastian; the ejection seat, portable defibrillator, modern tractor, the safety lamp for miners and chocolate milk by engineers from County Down. It could be argued distilled whiskey was concocted here, as the flush toilet.
On the entrepreneurial side, Northern Ireland, despite its challenges, became the largest linen producer in the world. And had the largest ropeworks. It was the largest manufacturer of fizzy drinks; largest shirt maker; had the largest flax machine works; largest tobacco factory; largest handkerchief factory in the world. For a time, a century ago, it was the world's leading industrial city, anchored by the biggest shipyard in the world, and there it created the biggest man made moving object in history: the ocean liner Titanic.
And then the arts. Lewis, Jack Higgins (who was raised here), Oscar Wilde (who schooled in County Fermanagh), Sir Kenneth Branagh, Patrick Magee, Sam Neill, Liam Neeson, and the most famous film star of the land, The DeLorean. There is not so much sun in this northern clip of the world, so folks are often inside sipping the hot cup of creativity, fanning the flames of magic turf.
When I read, then, that one of my teenage heroes, Van Morrison, was being awarded "The Freeman of Belfast" honor (which allows him to drive his herd of sheep through the center of town), I knew I had to go and jump into this place.
So well I remember standing on the sidelines at a high school mixer, too shy to cross the room and make the ask. But when Gloria, performed by Them (named for the 1954 horror movie about giant radioactive ants) with the deep burr of Van Morrison's voice slashing through paper walls, came on the record player, I found a beat and a gift of confidence I never knew I had, and strutted across the floor and asked the most beautiful girl to dance. And she said, "yes."
I won't commit the crime of clich and say his songs were the soundtrack of my life, but there were milestones marked in the Druidic forest trails of his music. "Moondance," for instance, enabled my own passage to freemanhood, and I'm sure I am not alone in that refrain.
With the first bite of fall I make the pilgrimage to Northern Ireland, to Belfast, where Van Morrison, after a life time of travel, and living in the artistic meccas of Woodstock and Marin County, has come home, to the place he was born.
I make my way to Waterfront Hall, and settle in just below Violet Morrison, Van's mom, in the balcony. It's a family affair, as the chief back up singer is Van's daughter, Shana.
Silence, anticipation seem in command. Then The Lord Mayor Mirtn Muilleoir takes the mic, and says, "He united us in the past, he's united us tonight and he will unite us in the future. This honor represents our love, respect and gratitude for Van Morrison from the 'dark side of the street to the bright side of the road'."
And Van the Freeman, six time Grammy winner, sporting signature dark suit, black hat and sunglasses, struts out stage left and gives a thumbs up to the crowd. He signs a special scroll, accepts a gold key to the city, bows, and then, without a word, picks up his alto sax, and launches into a sensual Celtic Swing.
And from there into "Moondance," "Brown Eyed Girl," and a roll call of greats, many citing patches of his personal map, sign posts and street names from his East Belfast boyhood. Van, of course, remains rock's foremost curmudgeon, and true to form he lets the music do the talking, rarely speaking, sometimes turning his back to the audience to play.
But at 68, after 50 years as a fiercely prolific copy van cleef pendant artist, he still summons the nerve to sing about the world as if it remains to be made, or as if it could be unmade, something he's witnessed in his hometown. As so many in Northern Ireland, he rattles the door of convention in its frame. And as he growls his lines, making himself into a sea monster, his daughter Shana swoops over him and digs van cleef bracelet replica into the songs, adding fervor in a glittering dress.
Just before Into the Mystic, The Belfast Cowboy sits down and jests: "This is the part where I hide behind the piano." A German journalist next to me, who has been to a score of Van's concerts, turns to me shocked and says "that's the most he's ever said at a concert." Then the piano takes off, like a boat untied, into waves of melody. There is the feeling that Van is looking back at his dock from a future already passed.
This is a "hand of history" moment in Belfast. We're immersed in something called "yarragh," fleeting elusive moments of transcendence, when the sense of an unrepeatable event is present. Like the city itself, this is an irresolvable adventure, someplace between the breaks and holes in the music.
He ends the municipal tribute with a muscle and fiber rendition of "Gloria," and I am transported back, as no doubt many in the audience, to teendom, to that moment when we loosed ourselves from words and floated on the bowers of his music.
Van is now a Freeman of Belfast, which is doubly significant, as just a few years ago men were not free to walk this city, and now they are.
The day after the concert I head out to meet another cyclone in residence, Terri Hooley, the "godfather of punk," at the latest awakening of his record shop, Good Vibrations, with its 1955 Elvis effigy out front. He is still, after all these years, hawking vinyl, posters, and the trending whiffs of the '70s. He insists we head over to the pub for a pint of Guinness with a brandy chaser, his preferred poison for the last half century. He lost an eye with a stray arrow as a boy, and has a reputation for plucking out his glass eye and dropping it into a drink, so I keep my pint out of reach. After a sip or few he shares, "I honestly believe punk bands saved countless lives, keeping impressionable young people away from the paramilitaries and giving us all something exciting to focus on."
Terri Hooley first opened his record shop on Great Victoria Street in 1976, at the time the most bombed piece of real estate in the world. It quickly became a safe haven, a neutral harbor, at a time when things were very thin on the ground. Teens and lost tribes from all sections and classes, from both sides of the divide, joined by a love of music, hung out in peace, preferring tunes to stones, music and culture more than the dead hand of sectarianism. It was a firefly of light in the blackness of Belfast at the time.
Though a Hank Williams fan in a polo neck, when he heard Punk it screeched his being. "To be a punk was to be different from the past." He started his own label, and produced edgy, alternative records. "Teenage Kicks," by the Undertones, was his biggest hit. He took the record to London and pedaled it around, but no one bit. "They said it was the worst record they ever heard in their lives." Then John Peel, the rock star DJ, played it on the BBC, twice, in a row, and the Undertones were signed to a major label. Hooley never did it for the money his store has gone bankrupt more times than the airlines and he still doesn't have any savings, but his unending efforts to build peace through music are recognized now around the world. "My brother was addicted to heroin; I'm addicted to having a record shop."
"For such a small population we have more talent per head of poets, painters and performers than anywhere else in Europe. Because of our in between status the arts give young people something to be proud of. It proves to every kid here that he can achieve something, and have a bloody good laugh doing it." Terri Hooley
Terri has a sign in his store at the top of the stairs, "Help the Aged Appeal. Don't let the elderly be on their own. Support this lonely old man by coming to hear him play his golden oldies every Thursday night at the Voodoo." I ask Terri if he still pogoes, and his eyes light up (well, his eye actually), and with a quick smile, up and down he bunts, like a kid on caffeine.
I make my way back to the Europa, once the most shelled hotel in the world, now a chic boutique. Along the way I pass the Albert Clock, which lists like the leaning tower of Pisa. It not only has the inclination, it has the time.
And I take a stop at the storied Ulster Hall, the Grand Dame of Bedford Street, where if the walls could talk, they wouldn't talk, they would sing. Glenn Miller performed for American Troops stationed in Belfast preparing for the Normandy invasion of 1944 (a local saw at the time: The Americans are "oversexed, overpaid and over here; the Brits are undersexed, underpaid, and under Eisenhower); Paul Robeson bellowed Old Man River here. The Rolling Stones, in 1964, played their shortest set, 13 minutes, before hysterical fans broke up the show. Led Zeppelin debuted Stairway to Heaven here in 1971 to an unimpressed audience. The Clash were due to play in 1977, but when insurance was cancelled for the gig, hundreds of disappointed fans rioted. Terri Hooley said it may have been "the only riot of the Troubles where Catholics and Protestants were fighting on the same side."
That evening its back to Waterfront Hall, this time for a concert celebrating the man who threw a net across the world with his poetry, Seamus Heaney, the Nobel Prize winner who died in August 2013 at 74. His final message to the world, van cleef bracelet knock off written in Latin just minutes before he passed: 'Noli timere', "Don't be afraid."
The main presenter is Belfast born actor Stephen Rea (were you surprised in The Crying Game?), who enjoyed a 35 year relationship with Seamus. They both served as directors of the Field Day Theatre company, which they saw as a "direct intervention" of art and culture during The Troubles.
There is a theory of "primitive affluence" that suggests that when a society has its primary needs met by Nature food, shelter, clothing then it will turn to creativity. Bali, a tropical island in Indonesia where the rich volcanic soil produces an abundance of food and materials for fabrics and building, is held as an example. The trope is that "everyone in Bali is an artist." Yet, while it is true that most everyone spends days carving, painting and dancing, there is very little originality in the products all are variations on a standard theme, precisely ritualistic, all expressed within rigid boundaries. The island's most famous dance, Kecak, was created by a German painter and musician, in the 1930s, intended as a performance for tourists.
On the other side of the field, Malcolm Gladwell, the counter intuitive craftsman, in his book David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants, promotes the idea of "desirable difficulty," wherein disadvantages propel people to extraordinary achievement and creativity.
Northern Ireland may be the poster child for Mr. Gladwell's theory. About the size of Connecticut, with less than half the population (about 2 million people), it has a wildly disproportionate number of fearless creatives and original thinkers. Yes, it is as far from "primitive affluence" as can be found. The land has few natural resources. Everything from coal to timber to iron has to be imported. For much of the year, the weather is cold and dank. And, for years, the region endured ethno nationalist and sectarian strife. One rumor has it that when archeologists broke into King Tut's tomb they found a newspaper with the headline, "Irish Problems Still Unsolved."
The exceedingly carbonated era that began in 1969, known as The Troubles, ended with the Good Friday Agreement of April 10, 1998, an accord that brought the Peace Dividend, a surge in cathexis with the land, and the beginnings of a surprising renaissance.
Yet, throughout its fractious history Northern Ireland has continued to unleash unreasonable creativity. The Kelvin scale was invented by a Belfastian; the ejection seat, portable defibrillator, modern tractor, the safety lamp for miners and chocolate milk by engineers from County Down. It could be argued distilled whiskey was concocted here, as the flush toilet.
On the entrepreneurial side, Northern Ireland, despite its challenges, became the largest linen producer in the world. And had the largest ropeworks. It was the largest manufacturer of fizzy drinks; largest shirt maker; had the largest flax machine works; largest tobacco factory; largest handkerchief factory in the world. For a time, a century ago, it was the world's leading industrial city, anchored by the biggest shipyard in the world, and there it created the biggest man made moving object in history: the ocean liner Titanic.
And then the arts. Lewis, Jack Higgins (who was raised here), Oscar Wilde (who schooled in County Fermanagh), Sir Kenneth Branagh, Patrick Magee, Sam Neill, Liam Neeson, and the most famous film star of the land, The DeLorean. There is not so much sun in this northern clip of the world, so folks are often inside sipping the hot cup of creativity, fanning the flames of magic turf.
When I read, then, that one of my teenage heroes, Van Morrison, was being awarded "The Freeman of Belfast" honor (which allows him to drive his herd of sheep through the center of town), I knew I had to go and jump into this place.
So well I remember standing on the sidelines at a high school mixer, too shy to cross the room and make the ask. But when Gloria, performed by Them (named for the 1954 horror movie about giant radioactive ants) with the deep burr of Van Morrison's voice slashing through paper walls, came on the record player, I found a beat and a gift of confidence I never knew I had, and strutted across the floor and asked the most beautiful girl to dance. And she said, "yes."
I won't commit the crime of clich and say his songs were the soundtrack of my life, but there were milestones marked in the Druidic forest trails of his music. "Moondance," for instance, enabled my own passage to freemanhood, and I'm sure I am not alone in that refrain.
With the first bite of fall I make the pilgrimage to Northern Ireland, to Belfast, where Van Morrison, after a life time of travel, and living in the artistic meccas of Woodstock and Marin County, has come home, to the place he was born.
I make my way to Waterfront Hall, and settle in just below Violet Morrison, Van's mom, in the balcony. It's a family affair, as the chief back up singer is Van's daughter, Shana.
Silence, anticipation seem in command. Then The Lord Mayor Mirtn Muilleoir takes the mic, and says, "He united us in the past, he's united us tonight and he will unite us in the future. This honor represents our love, respect and gratitude for Van Morrison from the 'dark side of the street to the bright side of the road'."
And Van the Freeman, six time Grammy winner, sporting signature dark suit, black hat and sunglasses, struts out stage left and gives a thumbs up to the crowd. He signs a special scroll, accepts a gold key to the city, bows, and then, without a word, picks up his alto sax, and launches into a sensual Celtic Swing.
And from there into "Moondance," "Brown Eyed Girl," and a roll call of greats, many citing patches of his personal map, sign posts and street names from his East Belfast boyhood. Van, of course, remains rock's foremost curmudgeon, and true to form he lets the music do the talking, rarely speaking, sometimes turning his back to the audience to play.
But at 68, after 50 years as a fiercely prolific copy van cleef pendant artist, he still summons the nerve to sing about the world as if it remains to be made, or as if it could be unmade, something he's witnessed in his hometown. As so many in Northern Ireland, he rattles the door of convention in its frame. And as he growls his lines, making himself into a sea monster, his daughter Shana swoops over him and digs van cleef bracelet replica into the songs, adding fervor in a glittering dress.
Just before Into the Mystic, The Belfast Cowboy sits down and jests: "This is the part where I hide behind the piano." A German journalist next to me, who has been to a score of Van's concerts, turns to me shocked and says "that's the most he's ever said at a concert." Then the piano takes off, like a boat untied, into waves of melody. There is the feeling that Van is looking back at his dock from a future already passed.
This is a "hand of history" moment in Belfast. We're immersed in something called "yarragh," fleeting elusive moments of transcendence, when the sense of an unrepeatable event is present. Like the city itself, this is an irresolvable adventure, someplace between the breaks and holes in the music.
He ends the municipal tribute with a muscle and fiber rendition of "Gloria," and I am transported back, as no doubt many in the audience, to teendom, to that moment when we loosed ourselves from words and floated on the bowers of his music.
Van is now a Freeman of Belfast, which is doubly significant, as just a few years ago men were not free to walk this city, and now they are.
The day after the concert I head out to meet another cyclone in residence, Terri Hooley, the "godfather of punk," at the latest awakening of his record shop, Good Vibrations, with its 1955 Elvis effigy out front. He is still, after all these years, hawking vinyl, posters, and the trending whiffs of the '70s. He insists we head over to the pub for a pint of Guinness with a brandy chaser, his preferred poison for the last half century. He lost an eye with a stray arrow as a boy, and has a reputation for plucking out his glass eye and dropping it into a drink, so I keep my pint out of reach. After a sip or few he shares, "I honestly believe punk bands saved countless lives, keeping impressionable young people away from the paramilitaries and giving us all something exciting to focus on."
Terri Hooley first opened his record shop on Great Victoria Street in 1976, at the time the most bombed piece of real estate in the world. It quickly became a safe haven, a neutral harbor, at a time when things were very thin on the ground. Teens and lost tribes from all sections and classes, from both sides of the divide, joined by a love of music, hung out in peace, preferring tunes to stones, music and culture more than the dead hand of sectarianism. It was a firefly of light in the blackness of Belfast at the time.
Though a Hank Williams fan in a polo neck, when he heard Punk it screeched his being. "To be a punk was to be different from the past." He started his own label, and produced edgy, alternative records. "Teenage Kicks," by the Undertones, was his biggest hit. He took the record to London and pedaled it around, but no one bit. "They said it was the worst record they ever heard in their lives." Then John Peel, the rock star DJ, played it on the BBC, twice, in a row, and the Undertones were signed to a major label. Hooley never did it for the money his store has gone bankrupt more times than the airlines and he still doesn't have any savings, but his unending efforts to build peace through music are recognized now around the world. "My brother was addicted to heroin; I'm addicted to having a record shop."
"For such a small population we have more talent per head of poets, painters and performers than anywhere else in Europe. Because of our in between status the arts give young people something to be proud of. It proves to every kid here that he can achieve something, and have a bloody good laugh doing it." Terri Hooley
Terri has a sign in his store at the top of the stairs, "Help the Aged Appeal. Don't let the elderly be on their own. Support this lonely old man by coming to hear him play his golden oldies every Thursday night at the Voodoo." I ask Terri if he still pogoes, and his eyes light up (well, his eye actually), and with a quick smile, up and down he bunts, like a kid on caffeine.
I make my way back to the Europa, once the most shelled hotel in the world, now a chic boutique. Along the way I pass the Albert Clock, which lists like the leaning tower of Pisa. It not only has the inclination, it has the time.
And I take a stop at the storied Ulster Hall, the Grand Dame of Bedford Street, where if the walls could talk, they wouldn't talk, they would sing. Glenn Miller performed for American Troops stationed in Belfast preparing for the Normandy invasion of 1944 (a local saw at the time: The Americans are "oversexed, overpaid and over here; the Brits are undersexed, underpaid, and under Eisenhower); Paul Robeson bellowed Old Man River here. The Rolling Stones, in 1964, played their shortest set, 13 minutes, before hysterical fans broke up the show. Led Zeppelin debuted Stairway to Heaven here in 1971 to an unimpressed audience. The Clash were due to play in 1977, but when insurance was cancelled for the gig, hundreds of disappointed fans rioted. Terri Hooley said it may have been "the only riot of the Troubles where Catholics and Protestants were fighting on the same side."
That evening its back to Waterfront Hall, this time for a concert celebrating the man who threw a net across the world with his poetry, Seamus Heaney, the Nobel Prize winner who died in August 2013 at 74. His final message to the world, van cleef bracelet knock off written in Latin just minutes before he passed: 'Noli timere', "Don't be afraid."
The main presenter is Belfast born actor Stephen Rea (were you surprised in The Crying Game?), who enjoyed a 35 year relationship with Seamus. They both served as directors of the Field Day Theatre company, which they saw as a "direct intervention" of art and culture during The Troubles.
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6. NOTES: With the release of running back Nic Grigsby, Ottawa will go with Canadians Kienan LaFrance and Brendan Gillanders against Montreal . . . Defensive backs Abdul Kanneh and Tristan Jackson as well as offensive.
Riders' Canadian content is improvingMarch 16, 2017
.7? How about van cleef gold bracelet copy a Canadian tailback? Greg Morris looked impressive knock off bracelet van cleef in spot duty last season. 6. NOTES: With the release of running back Nic Grigsby, Ottawa will go with Canadians Kienan LaFrance and Brendan Gillanders against Montreal . . . Defensive backs Abdul Kanneh and Tristan Jackson as well as offensive. Milton would replica bracelet van cleef and arpels serve as an insurance. Veteran offensive lineman Andrew Jones, a 34 year old. LaFrance reportedly signed a multi year deal with the Riders. LaFrance spent two seasons with the Redblacks.
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6. NOTES: With the release of running back Nic Grigsby, Ottawa will go with Canadians Kienan LaFrance and Brendan Gillanders against Montreal . . . Defensive backs Abdul Kanneh and Tristan Jackson as well as offensive.
Riders' Canadian content is improvingMarch 16, 2017
.7? How about van cleef gold bracelet copy a Canadian tailback? Greg Morris looked impressive knock off bracelet van cleef in spot duty last season. 6. NOTES: With the release of running back Nic Grigsby, Ottawa will go with Canadians Kienan LaFrance and Brendan Gillanders against Montreal . . . Defensive backs Abdul Kanneh and Tristan Jackson as well as offensive. Milton would replica bracelet van cleef and arpels serve as an insurance. Veteran offensive lineman Andrew Jones, a 34 year old. LaFrance reportedly signed a multi year deal with the Riders. LaFrance spent two seasons with the Redblacks.
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Super fun morning at West Van Run includes Zipper
Before saluting speedsters Kevin van cleef necklace knock off Friesen, Sabrina Wilkie and Catherine Watkins, or the super fun people dressed in costumes for West Van Run's 5K on sunny, snow less Saturday, we need to discuss Zipper gate.
If you ever have this crazy idea of dressing up as a Ninja Turtle, for example, and you have a one piece outfit with no zippers or escape hatches, and you've drank tons of water all morning and you skip using the washroom before the starting gun, this will become an issue. Trust me!
About 2.5K in to the scenic race, which attracted 608 runners this year, my focus on a personal best time became oh so irrelevant to finding a washroom in record time.
I veered off course for the waterfront Silk Purse Studio and, in a panicked mode, asked two women who were working on paintings to let this sweating stranger use their private washroom. Fortunately one of the women understood it was time to make an exception or brace for a turtle tsunami! Cowabunga, indeed!
It took forever to get out of the costume, then back in, and back to the race course. The awesome women my super heroes of the day even attached the padded shell back on my outfit before joking "please visit again, Mr. Turtle!"
OK, some people might have been devastated by this unexpected but are there any expectations for a turtle to reach the finish line early?
Speaking of real zippers, as in zipping right by, Kevin Friesen won the 5K in 14:48, edging out Rob Watson (14:55) and Theo Hunt (14:48). The top six finished in under 16 minutes, and the top 25 in under 18, which is pretty impressive.
Sabrina Wilkie and Catherine Watkins finished tied on the clock for first in the women's category with course record 17 minute efforts, but Wilkie actually won the race by a hair after an epic sprint battle to the tape. Kirsten Lee was van cleef necklace alhambra imitation third in 17:24.
A number of runners reported personal bests or improved performances on this year's course, which started in front of West Van Community Centre and finished in Dundarave Park. Special Olympics (North Shore) and Debra Kato's costume closet! Ms. Kato, dressed in a Deadpool outfit, was difficult to miss on the course, especially with her pirate hatchet thingy waving around!
There were a lot of capes, lots of glitter, lots of Supermen and Superwomen, Spider Men, the Flash, Avengers, Batmen, Wonder Women and a Super Babe (hi Judy!).
The kids' races at Dundarave Park were entertaining as always, as were the number of vendor displays.
West Van Run blogger Bradley Cuzen, who ran the 5K in a relaxed 23:01 without the "interesting" Superman costume used to promote this event, gave in to pre race requests to see it. He changed into the "hero" right in the middle of the community centre lobby. Apparently, this is the downside of not having phone booths anymore!
A number of the club's top athletes skipped the run to work as volunteers and they were great. Bubbly Marg Coe was a high five factory. The excellent "cheer station" at the 3K mark brought instant smiles, especially the girl holding the 'Why walk when you can cartwheel?' sign. She had a walking boot/brace on her left foot!
NDP candidate and longtime North Shore resident Mehdi Russel hoping to win the West Vancouver Capilano riding in May provincial election, worked the crowd and asked if we could take a together. He handed me his business card and brochure even though I pointed out I had no pockets or zippers!
At the finish line I chatted with vendors and was handed 2 bottles of water, Honey Water, 2 Muscle Mlk bottles and a large coffee. I consumed all of them by the time I walked back to the starting line along Marine Drive in my turtle outfit to fetch the car.
En route home to Langley, and just before the Port Mann Bridge, guess who really had to go to the washroom again? Rest in peace turtle suit!
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By clicking "Create Account", replica van cleef gold clover necklace I hearby grant permission to Market to use my account information to create my account.
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Before saluting speedsters Kevin van cleef necklace knock off Friesen, Sabrina Wilkie and Catherine Watkins, or the super fun people dressed in costumes for West Van Run's 5K on sunny, snow less Saturday, we need to discuss Zipper gate.
If you ever have this crazy idea of dressing up as a Ninja Turtle, for example, and you have a one piece outfit with no zippers or escape hatches, and you've drank tons of water all morning and you skip using the washroom before the starting gun, this will become an issue. Trust me!
About 2.5K in to the scenic race, which attracted 608 runners this year, my focus on a personal best time became oh so irrelevant to finding a washroom in record time.
I veered off course for the waterfront Silk Purse Studio and, in a panicked mode, asked two women who were working on paintings to let this sweating stranger use their private washroom. Fortunately one of the women understood it was time to make an exception or brace for a turtle tsunami! Cowabunga, indeed!
It took forever to get out of the costume, then back in, and back to the race course. The awesome women my super heroes of the day even attached the padded shell back on my outfit before joking "please visit again, Mr. Turtle!"
OK, some people might have been devastated by this unexpected but are there any expectations for a turtle to reach the finish line early?
Speaking of real zippers, as in zipping right by, Kevin Friesen won the 5K in 14:48, edging out Rob Watson (14:55) and Theo Hunt (14:48). The top six finished in under 16 minutes, and the top 25 in under 18, which is pretty impressive.
Sabrina Wilkie and Catherine Watkins finished tied on the clock for first in the women's category with course record 17 minute efforts, but Wilkie actually won the race by a hair after an epic sprint battle to the tape. Kirsten Lee was van cleef necklace alhambra imitation third in 17:24.
A number of runners reported personal bests or improved performances on this year's course, which started in front of West Van Community Centre and finished in Dundarave Park. Special Olympics (North Shore) and Debra Kato's costume closet! Ms. Kato, dressed in a Deadpool outfit, was difficult to miss on the course, especially with her pirate hatchet thingy waving around!
There were a lot of capes, lots of glitter, lots of Supermen and Superwomen, Spider Men, the Flash, Avengers, Batmen, Wonder Women and a Super Babe (hi Judy!).
The kids' races at Dundarave Park were entertaining as always, as were the number of vendor displays.
West Van Run blogger Bradley Cuzen, who ran the 5K in a relaxed 23:01 without the "interesting" Superman costume used to promote this event, gave in to pre race requests to see it. He changed into the "hero" right in the middle of the community centre lobby. Apparently, this is the downside of not having phone booths anymore!
A number of the club's top athletes skipped the run to work as volunteers and they were great. Bubbly Marg Coe was a high five factory. The excellent "cheer station" at the 3K mark brought instant smiles, especially the girl holding the 'Why walk when you can cartwheel?' sign. She had a walking boot/brace on her left foot!
NDP candidate and longtime North Shore resident Mehdi Russel hoping to win the West Vancouver Capilano riding in May provincial election, worked the crowd and asked if we could take a together. He handed me his business card and brochure even though I pointed out I had no pockets or zippers!
At the finish line I chatted with vendors and was handed 2 bottles of water, Honey Water, 2 Muscle Mlk bottles and a large coffee. I consumed all of them by the time I walked back to the starting line along Marine Drive in my turtle outfit to fetch the car.
En route home to Langley, and just before the Port Mann Bridge, guess who really had to go to the washroom again? Rest in peace turtle suit!
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I also accept and agree to be bound by Postmedia's Terms and Conditions with respect to my use of the Site and I have read and understand Postmedia's Privacy Statement. I consent to the collection, use, maintenance, and disclosure of my information in accordance with the Postmedia's Privacy Policy.
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The Highest Grossing Films of the 1960's
The radical cultural change in society and 'counterculture movement' in the 1960's had a gradual effect of the cinematic world. Movies insiders and actors began to push socially excepted boundaries such as sex and violence. This caused a very visible and vocal public backlash in equal measures of condemnation and celebration.This was the beginning van cleef arpels jewelry copy of an era described as the 'New Hollywood'. It was the start of a movement that dominated the film industry for years to come and had a permanent effect in revolutionizing the media. Films that pushed the boundaries were those such as 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner' (1967) about the civil rights movement and 'Easy Rider' (1969) which dealt with the drugs subculture of the time.So it is almost in replica van cleef arpels clover necklace total contrast that we look to the highest grossing films of the decade. Absent are a lot of groundbreaking work as conventional money still flowed to family classics such as "Mary Poppins", "101 Dalmatians", "The Jungle Book" and " The Sound of Music".However the genie was out of the bottle. As the years progressed this sub culture of 'New Hollywood' would come very much to the forefront as the time of animation and musicals was very much coming to an end.Be sure to check out my other infobarrel top ten countdowns from previous decades:The Highest Grossing Films of the 1980'sThe Highest Grossing Films of the 1990's10. The total budget of the film ran to $44 million which adjusted for inflation would be around $320 million dollars today.The film chronicles the years leading up to the formation of the Roman Empire.Cleopatra had plotted an alliance with Julius Caesar, head of the Romans, in an attempt to hold on to ruling her Egyptian lands under overall Roman command.Unfortunately for both parties, Caesar is stabbed and killed by the Roman senate. With the death of Caesar Cleopatra sees her political safeguard destroyed.When Cleopatra meets Roman general Mark Anthony she plans to build another strategic alliance with Rome and seduces Anthony.In the following Battle of Actium, Cleopatra combines her forces with that of Mark Antony's in trying to win victory over the army of Octavian. The joined forces battle in vain and are met with defeat and soon have to retreat back to Egypt. Once back, Antony and Cleopatra meet together as they wait their fate as the enemy forces advance towards them.Julius Caesar: [to Cleopatra] You, a descendant of generations of inbred, incestuous, mental defectives!9. Thunderball (1965) $64 millionSean Connery'Thunderball' is the fourth film in the franchise and sees Sean Connery returning as James Bond. holds the world to ransom for a fee of million in flawless diamonds. Their threat? Well they have hijacked two NATO nuclear bombs , hidden them under the sea at a decret location and will detonate unless their demands are met.James Bond: That gun, it looks more fitting for a woman. Emilio Largo: You know much about guns, Mr. Bond? James Bond: No, but I know a little about women.8. My Fair Lady (1964) $72 millionAudrey Hepburn, Rex Harrison'My van cleef & arpels necklace knock off Fair Lady' is the 1964 film based on the broadway hit of the same name and inspired by George Bernard Shaw's comedy Pygmalion.Our south London heroine, Eliza Doolittle, meets linguistic expert Henry Higgins. Soon afterwards Higgins places a bet with his colleague that he could transform Eliza into a proper lady, simply through elocution lessons, making her drop her Cockney dialect and start using the English language properly.Professor Henry Higgins: Why can't a woman be more like a man?My Fair Lady Trailer7. Mary Poppins (1964) $102 millionJulie Andrews, Dick Van DykeThis five time oscar winning family favourite is regarded by many as the finest Disney movie of all time. Mary Poppins decides, unlike Miss Frost who travels by black London cab, to fly in on her umbrella in response to the pleas from the Banks children.Que songs, music and dancing penguins as Mary Poppins uses her magical powers to put the joy back into the children's lives before flying off to help others in need.6. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) $102 millionPaul Newman, Robert RedfordButch is your typical likeable rouge outlaw and together with his best friend and righthand man, Sundance, combine with other bandits to form the 'hole in the wall gang'.The gang's main purpose is to steal, but to steal doing so as gentlemanly as possible and most definitely in a non lethal way.
The radical cultural change in society and 'counterculture movement' in the 1960's had a gradual effect of the cinematic world. Movies insiders and actors began to push socially excepted boundaries such as sex and violence. This caused a very visible and vocal public backlash in equal measures of condemnation and celebration.This was the beginning van cleef arpels jewelry copy of an era described as the 'New Hollywood'. It was the start of a movement that dominated the film industry for years to come and had a permanent effect in revolutionizing the media. Films that pushed the boundaries were those such as 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner' (1967) about the civil rights movement and 'Easy Rider' (1969) which dealt with the drugs subculture of the time.So it is almost in replica van cleef arpels clover necklace total contrast that we look to the highest grossing films of the decade. Absent are a lot of groundbreaking work as conventional money still flowed to family classics such as "Mary Poppins", "101 Dalmatians", "The Jungle Book" and " The Sound of Music".However the genie was out of the bottle. As the years progressed this sub culture of 'New Hollywood' would come very much to the forefront as the time of animation and musicals was very much coming to an end.Be sure to check out my other infobarrel top ten countdowns from previous decades:The Highest Grossing Films of the 1980'sThe Highest Grossing Films of the 1990's10. The total budget of the film ran to $44 million which adjusted for inflation would be around $320 million dollars today.The film chronicles the years leading up to the formation of the Roman Empire.Cleopatra had plotted an alliance with Julius Caesar, head of the Romans, in an attempt to hold on to ruling her Egyptian lands under overall Roman command.Unfortunately for both parties, Caesar is stabbed and killed by the Roman senate. With the death of Caesar Cleopatra sees her political safeguard destroyed.When Cleopatra meets Roman general Mark Anthony she plans to build another strategic alliance with Rome and seduces Anthony.In the following Battle of Actium, Cleopatra combines her forces with that of Mark Antony's in trying to win victory over the army of Octavian. The joined forces battle in vain and are met with defeat and soon have to retreat back to Egypt. Once back, Antony and Cleopatra meet together as they wait their fate as the enemy forces advance towards them.Julius Caesar: [to Cleopatra] You, a descendant of generations of inbred, incestuous, mental defectives!9. Thunderball (1965) $64 millionSean Connery'Thunderball' is the fourth film in the franchise and sees Sean Connery returning as James Bond. holds the world to ransom for a fee of million in flawless diamonds. Their threat? Well they have hijacked two NATO nuclear bombs , hidden them under the sea at a decret location and will detonate unless their demands are met.James Bond: That gun, it looks more fitting for a woman. Emilio Largo: You know much about guns, Mr. Bond? James Bond: No, but I know a little about women.8. My Fair Lady (1964) $72 millionAudrey Hepburn, Rex Harrison'My van cleef & arpels necklace knock off Fair Lady' is the 1964 film based on the broadway hit of the same name and inspired by George Bernard Shaw's comedy Pygmalion.Our south London heroine, Eliza Doolittle, meets linguistic expert Henry Higgins. Soon afterwards Higgins places a bet with his colleague that he could transform Eliza into a proper lady, simply through elocution lessons, making her drop her Cockney dialect and start using the English language properly.Professor Henry Higgins: Why can't a woman be more like a man?My Fair Lady Trailer7. Mary Poppins (1964) $102 millionJulie Andrews, Dick Van DykeThis five time oscar winning family favourite is regarded by many as the finest Disney movie of all time. Mary Poppins decides, unlike Miss Frost who travels by black London cab, to fly in on her umbrella in response to the pleas from the Banks children.Que songs, music and dancing penguins as Mary Poppins uses her magical powers to put the joy back into the children's lives before flying off to help others in need.6. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) $102 millionPaul Newman, Robert RedfordButch is your typical likeable rouge outlaw and together with his best friend and righthand man, Sundance, combine with other bandits to form the 'hole in the wall gang'.The gang's main purpose is to steal, but to steal doing so as gentlemanly as possible and most definitely in a non lethal way.
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The 6 Most fake van cleef alhambra diamond necklace Unintentionally Hilarious Buildings Ever Proposed
The Freedom Ship taller than New York's Flatiron Building (the building used as The Daily Bugle in the Spider Man movies), wider than two football fields, and almost a mile in length was designed as a floating city to take 100,000 residents, crew, and visitors on an everlasting voyage around the world. Luckily, no part of that sentence sounds completely insane, so you can head on over to the Freedom Ship's official website right now and make an official investment.
However, if you want to buy a residential unit on this floating commercial park, you can expect to pay anything from $150,000 to $10 million for the privilege (we assume the $150,000 homes are windowless utility closets next to the engines). Freedom Ship would have a multimillion dollar hospital, a complete K 12 school system, a freaking subway system, landscaped parks, and an indoor rain forest, because we apparently learned nothing from the harsh lessons of the Rainforest Cafe. The designers insist that their brainchild is "not a cruise ship, but a fascinating and unique place to live, work, retire, vacation, or visit."To keep its inhabitants safe from pirates, Freedom Ship would house a 2,000 strong security force armed with "state imitation arpels van cleef necklace of the art defensive weapons" to enforce the law of whichever nation the ship ultimately decided to sail under possibly a European country, but they were apparently leaning toward Panama, because Panama would basically allow them to do whatever the hell they pleased. Each deck of the ship would hold democratic elections for representatives, but final ultimate rule would be placed in the hands of the captain, because there has been absolutely no historical precedent of a system like that going horribly wrong."And that's how the 'Naked Fridays (except for fatties) Amendment' was passed."
So it's essentially the Axiom, that big spaceship from WALL E, only lurching through the ocean like a dead whale instead of floating at the edge of some distant galaxy. It received generally positive worldwide press coverage, and the Discovery Channel even devoted an entire program to it in 2002 (this was back before Discovery Channel devoted entire programs to ghosts and motorcycles, so that distinction actually meant something). Thousands of residential units had been sold by the time the Freedom Ship got the go ahead to begin construction in 2001, but ballooning costs (from a naive $6 billion in 1999 to a much more soberingly realistic $11 billion in 2002) effectively stalled the project.
The heroically named Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion was to be built on the site of the Bastille, where the French Revolution more or less officially began. Visitors could access it from an internal stairway and enjoy a panoramic view of France's capital city from a tower on the elephant's back. The whole thing would be set in the middle of a giant fountain, with water flowing up and out from the elephant's trunk, because apparently that was the greatest symbol of national pride that Napoleon could be bothered to come up with.
Augustus Charles Pugin
"Then he kept asking us to make the trunk 'thicker' and 'longer'; it was kind of creeping us out."
Bafflingly, this was not the first giant elephant structure to be proposed in the nation of France.
Now, as any blue collar construction foreman worth his salt can tell you, an eight story elephant would require a whole lot of bronze, but not to worry Napoleon had that shit figured out. The Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion would be constructed entirely of metal wrought from hundreds of melted down cannons captured from the enemies of France. That's like Jean Claude Van Damme making a giant photomosaic of an elephant out of pictures of all the faces he's kicked.
Unfortunately, that turned out to be the problem. You see, France was still at war, and Spain didn't seem like it was going to give up anytime soon. Being the legendary military strategist that he was, Napoleon ultimately decided that all those cannons would be better served lobbing death balls at the enemies of France rather than being made into a giant elephant. So a plaster version of the Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion was built instead, which quickly began to decay and become infested with rats and weeds, because that's what happens to giant glorified pinatas when you leave them unattended in the middle of a densely populated city with a notoriously poor sewage system. So they did what any group of eccentric rich people sharing a single impossible idea would do and decided to try to build one, despite the fact that the Alps (which are real, actual mountains) are only a few hundred miles away.
Their proposed amusement park style acropolis would stand 6,560 feet high (the equivalent of four Sears Towers standing fake van cleef and arpels jewellery on each other's shoulders like the Little Rascals trying to get into an R rated movie), loaded with swimming pools, movie theaters, sporting facilities, and its own water supply, all resting atop a hollow base 6 miles wide. So it seems Zonneveld and his friends were less concerned about the Netherlands' lack of natural rock formations and more concerned with its lack of enormous, mountain shaped shopping malls.
The Freedom Ship taller than New York's Flatiron Building (the building used as The Daily Bugle in the Spider Man movies), wider than two football fields, and almost a mile in length was designed as a floating city to take 100,000 residents, crew, and visitors on an everlasting voyage around the world. Luckily, no part of that sentence sounds completely insane, so you can head on over to the Freedom Ship's official website right now and make an official investment.
However, if you want to buy a residential unit on this floating commercial park, you can expect to pay anything from $150,000 to $10 million for the privilege (we assume the $150,000 homes are windowless utility closets next to the engines). Freedom Ship would have a multimillion dollar hospital, a complete K 12 school system, a freaking subway system, landscaped parks, and an indoor rain forest, because we apparently learned nothing from the harsh lessons of the Rainforest Cafe. The designers insist that their brainchild is "not a cruise ship, but a fascinating and unique place to live, work, retire, vacation, or visit."To keep its inhabitants safe from pirates, Freedom Ship would house a 2,000 strong security force armed with "state imitation arpels van cleef necklace of the art defensive weapons" to enforce the law of whichever nation the ship ultimately decided to sail under possibly a European country, but they were apparently leaning toward Panama, because Panama would basically allow them to do whatever the hell they pleased. Each deck of the ship would hold democratic elections for representatives, but final ultimate rule would be placed in the hands of the captain, because there has been absolutely no historical precedent of a system like that going horribly wrong."And that's how the 'Naked Fridays (except for fatties) Amendment' was passed."
So it's essentially the Axiom, that big spaceship from WALL E, only lurching through the ocean like a dead whale instead of floating at the edge of some distant galaxy. It received generally positive worldwide press coverage, and the Discovery Channel even devoted an entire program to it in 2002 (this was back before Discovery Channel devoted entire programs to ghosts and motorcycles, so that distinction actually meant something). Thousands of residential units had been sold by the time the Freedom Ship got the go ahead to begin construction in 2001, but ballooning costs (from a naive $6 billion in 1999 to a much more soberingly realistic $11 billion in 2002) effectively stalled the project.
The heroically named Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion was to be built on the site of the Bastille, where the French Revolution more or less officially began. Visitors could access it from an internal stairway and enjoy a panoramic view of France's capital city from a tower on the elephant's back. The whole thing would be set in the middle of a giant fountain, with water flowing up and out from the elephant's trunk, because apparently that was the greatest symbol of national pride that Napoleon could be bothered to come up with.
Augustus Charles Pugin
"Then he kept asking us to make the trunk 'thicker' and 'longer'; it was kind of creeping us out."
Bafflingly, this was not the first giant elephant structure to be proposed in the nation of France.
Now, as any blue collar construction foreman worth his salt can tell you, an eight story elephant would require a whole lot of bronze, but not to worry Napoleon had that shit figured out. The Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion would be constructed entirely of metal wrought from hundreds of melted down cannons captured from the enemies of France. That's like Jean Claude Van Damme making a giant photomosaic of an elephant out of pictures of all the faces he's kicked.
Unfortunately, that turned out to be the problem. You see, France was still at war, and Spain didn't seem like it was going to give up anytime soon. Being the legendary military strategist that he was, Napoleon ultimately decided that all those cannons would be better served lobbing death balls at the enemies of France rather than being made into a giant elephant. So a plaster version of the Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion was built instead, which quickly began to decay and become infested with rats and weeds, because that's what happens to giant glorified pinatas when you leave them unattended in the middle of a densely populated city with a notoriously poor sewage system. So they did what any group of eccentric rich people sharing a single impossible idea would do and decided to try to build one, despite the fact that the Alps (which are real, actual mountains) are only a few hundred miles away.
Their proposed amusement park style acropolis would stand 6,560 feet high (the equivalent of four Sears Towers standing fake van cleef and arpels jewellery on each other's shoulders like the Little Rascals trying to get into an R rated movie), loaded with swimming pools, movie theaters, sporting facilities, and its own water supply, all resting atop a hollow base 6 miles wide. So it seems Zonneveld and his friends were less concerned about the Netherlands' lack of natural rock formations and more concerned with its lack of enormous, mountain shaped shopping malls.
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Southern California regulators approve smog plan with tougher refinery rules
Brian van der Brug / Los Angeles Times
Containers are unloaded from a ship at the Port of Los Angeles. A plan by Southern California air quality regulators relies on voluntary measures for ports, warehouse distribution centers and other freight pollution hubs.
Containers are unloaded from a ship at the Port of Los Angeles. A plan by Southern California air quality regulators relies on voluntary measures for ports, warehouse distribution centers and other freight pollution hubs. (Brian van der Brug / Los Angeles Times)
Southern California air quality officials voted Friday to impose tougher rules on oil refineries but rejected a proposal to regulate pollution from ports and warehouses, which are responsible for much of the region's harmful emissions.
The South Coast Air Quality Management District's 15 year smog reduction plan, approved on an 11 2 vote, will guide efforts to slash replica van cleef necklace emissions as required to meet federal health standards and reduce harm to 17 million people in the nation's smoggiest region.
But it will rely on only voluntary measures from ports, warehouses and rail yards.
The $16 billion plan is expected to prevent thousands of asthma related emergency room visits and an estimated 1,600 early deaths a year from air pollution. These benefits, according to an air district analysis, will outweigh the costs to industry, taxpayers and consumers.
But the effort faces immediate obstacles because of its hefty price tag. Environmental Protection Agency.
"This plan relies very, very heavily on a whole bunch of money that we don't have in our pocket," said board member Joseph Lyou, who heads the Coalition for Clean Air.
The panel voted 7 to 6 to accelerate existing efforts to reduce smog forming emissions under AQMD's troubled pollution trading program, known as the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market, or RECLAIM. Then, "as soon practicable," the newly approved plan will replace RECLAIM's "cap and trade" approach with traditional "command and control" regulations on emissions from specific sources.
The program for nitrogen oxide pollution was established in 1993 to offer flexibility to refineries, power plants and other large facilities.
But state regulators, lawmakers and environmental groups have attacked it for falling short of promised reductions and allowing refineries to avoid installing readily available pollution controls.
Environmentalists applauded regulators' decision to sunset the cap and trade program but accused them of ducking their obligation to clean up the freight industry.
This plan relies very, very heavily on a whole bunch of money that we don't have in our pocket. Joseph Lyou, Coalition for Clean Air
"We can't get to our clean air goals if the ports and warehouses don't do their share to reduce emissions," said Angela Johnson Meszaros, an attorney for Earthjustice. "They let those two major sources skate."
Under the newly approved plan, the agency will seek cooperation from goods movement hubs that attract large numbers of trucks, ships and locomotives, asking them to make their own pollution reductions. The air district will pivot to rulemaking mode only if the facilities fail to agree to adequate measures within van cleef necklace imitation a year.
Los Angeles City Councilman Joe Buscaino said he expected the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to sign an agreement with the air district and "commit to firm dates with emission reduction goals."
Cargo moving industries have long opposed local pollution regulations, arguing they will stifle job growth in a sector that supports hundreds of thousands of jobs, while environmentalists have pressed for stricter measures to protect public health.
Tracy Hernandez, chief executive of the Los Angeles County Business Federation, said she was still digesting the late amendments to the plan but remained concerned about their effect. The elimination of the RECLAIM program will be "rough" on imitation arpels van cleef necklace oil refiners, she said. "The likely impact is increased cost. And someone's going to pay for it somehow."
Also included in the plan was an amendment by board member Clark E. Parker Sr. that will prioritize incentive spending on "the most cost effective technologies," such as low emitting natural gas engines for heavy duty trucks.
Diesel fueled big rigs are the region's top source of nitrogen oxides. Though the Los Angeles Long Beach port complex has slashed emissions over the last decade, it remains the single largest air pollution source in Southern California, according to the air district.
To meet federal deadlines to reduce ozone, the lung damaging gas in smog, the region must go beyond existing regulations to slash smog forming gases called nitrogen oxides 45% by 2023 and an additional 10% by 2031.
The South Coast basin, which spans Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, has the nation's highest ozone pollution. Though air quality has improved dramatically over decades, progress has faltered in recent years. The region still does not meet a series of federal health standards going back to 1979.
The plan's approval follows a heated public hearing last month that drew more than 500 people and hours of testimony. Friday's hearing had no public comment, but the district's Diamond Bar hearing room was packed with industry representatives and Sierra Club members, who held a rally outside.
The plan now goes to the California Air Resources Board for consideration and must then be approved by the EPA to become enforceable under the federal Clean Air Act.
In other business Friday, the air board adopted long delayed regulations on toxic emissions from grinding and cutting operations at 22 metal forging facilities across the region. The rules, which require such operations occur inside enclosed buildings, came in response to years of community complaints about noxious odors from metal processing plants in the city of Paramount.
Brian van der Brug / Los Angeles Times
Containers are unloaded from a ship at the Port of Los Angeles. A plan by Southern California air quality regulators relies on voluntary measures for ports, warehouse distribution centers and other freight pollution hubs.
Containers are unloaded from a ship at the Port of Los Angeles. A plan by Southern California air quality regulators relies on voluntary measures for ports, warehouse distribution centers and other freight pollution hubs. (Brian van der Brug / Los Angeles Times)
Southern California air quality officials voted Friday to impose tougher rules on oil refineries but rejected a proposal to regulate pollution from ports and warehouses, which are responsible for much of the region's harmful emissions.
The South Coast Air Quality Management District's 15 year smog reduction plan, approved on an 11 2 vote, will guide efforts to slash replica van cleef necklace emissions as required to meet federal health standards and reduce harm to 17 million people in the nation's smoggiest region.
But it will rely on only voluntary measures from ports, warehouses and rail yards.
The $16 billion plan is expected to prevent thousands of asthma related emergency room visits and an estimated 1,600 early deaths a year from air pollution. These benefits, according to an air district analysis, will outweigh the costs to industry, taxpayers and consumers.
But the effort faces immediate obstacles because of its hefty price tag. Environmental Protection Agency.
"This plan relies very, very heavily on a whole bunch of money that we don't have in our pocket," said board member Joseph Lyou, who heads the Coalition for Clean Air.
The panel voted 7 to 6 to accelerate existing efforts to reduce smog forming emissions under AQMD's troubled pollution trading program, known as the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market, or RECLAIM. Then, "as soon practicable," the newly approved plan will replace RECLAIM's "cap and trade" approach with traditional "command and control" regulations on emissions from specific sources.
The program for nitrogen oxide pollution was established in 1993 to offer flexibility to refineries, power plants and other large facilities.
But state regulators, lawmakers and environmental groups have attacked it for falling short of promised reductions and allowing refineries to avoid installing readily available pollution controls.
Environmentalists applauded regulators' decision to sunset the cap and trade program but accused them of ducking their obligation to clean up the freight industry.
This plan relies very, very heavily on a whole bunch of money that we don't have in our pocket. Joseph Lyou, Coalition for Clean Air
"We can't get to our clean air goals if the ports and warehouses don't do their share to reduce emissions," said Angela Johnson Meszaros, an attorney for Earthjustice. "They let those two major sources skate."
Under the newly approved plan, the agency will seek cooperation from goods movement hubs that attract large numbers of trucks, ships and locomotives, asking them to make their own pollution reductions. The air district will pivot to rulemaking mode only if the facilities fail to agree to adequate measures within van cleef necklace imitation a year.
Los Angeles City Councilman Joe Buscaino said he expected the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to sign an agreement with the air district and "commit to firm dates with emission reduction goals."
Cargo moving industries have long opposed local pollution regulations, arguing they will stifle job growth in a sector that supports hundreds of thousands of jobs, while environmentalists have pressed for stricter measures to protect public health.
Tracy Hernandez, chief executive of the Los Angeles County Business Federation, said she was still digesting the late amendments to the plan but remained concerned about their effect. The elimination of the RECLAIM program will be "rough" on imitation arpels van cleef necklace oil refiners, she said. "The likely impact is increased cost. And someone's going to pay for it somehow."
Also included in the plan was an amendment by board member Clark E. Parker Sr. that will prioritize incentive spending on "the most cost effective technologies," such as low emitting natural gas engines for heavy duty trucks.
Diesel fueled big rigs are the region's top source of nitrogen oxides. Though the Los Angeles Long Beach port complex has slashed emissions over the last decade, it remains the single largest air pollution source in Southern California, according to the air district.
To meet federal deadlines to reduce ozone, the lung damaging gas in smog, the region must go beyond existing regulations to slash smog forming gases called nitrogen oxides 45% by 2023 and an additional 10% by 2031.
The South Coast basin, which spans Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, has the nation's highest ozone pollution. Though air quality has improved dramatically over decades, progress has faltered in recent years. The region still does not meet a series of federal health standards going back to 1979.
The plan's approval follows a heated public hearing last month that drew more than 500 people and hours of testimony. Friday's hearing had no public comment, but the district's Diamond Bar hearing room was packed with industry representatives and Sierra Club members, who held a rally outside.
The plan now goes to the California Air Resources Board for consideration and must then be approved by the EPA to become enforceable under the federal Clean Air Act.
In other business Friday, the air board adopted long delayed regulations on toxic emissions from grinding and cutting operations at 22 metal forging facilities across the region. The rules, which require such operations occur inside enclosed buildings, came in response to years of community complaints about noxious odors from metal processing plants in the city of Paramount.