Kyowa Hakko’s Cognizin Citicoline is now featured in two new products sold at Nootropics Depot. The supplements vendor now offers Cognizin Citicoline Powder in 30g and 60g jars, as well as Cognizin Citicoline Capsules, which contain 250mg of this brain health ingredient and come in 60- or 180-count jars. Brain health is a growing category for product launches, and within this space, nootropics are gaining recognition for their ability to provide a mental boost.Best Nootropic Powder

Citicoline is a nootropic naturally occurring in the body's cells and is especially vital to brain health and cognitive function. Cognizin Citicoline is touted as providing nutritional support that benefits mental processes, focus and concentration, as well as healthy brain metabolism.Kyowa Hakko sees the market for nootropics and brain foods expanding thanks to growing interest in the eSport sector and the company’s customers are offering various products fulfilling targeting this market.

“In today's hyperactive world where we are all connected 24/7, there is huge interest in maximizing the power of one's brain. Staying attentive and mentally sharp as long as possible is high on many people's agendas. This used to be mainly aimed at learning, but a massive new market has emerged in the eSports sector,” Oksana Ritchie, European Marketing Manager at Kyowa Hakko, tells NutritionInsight.

“Played by hundreds of millions worldwide it has transformed from being something younger people did on the bus on the way home to a multi-billion dollar industry where events can attract crowds of tens of thousands. It's even being proposed as a new Olympic sport. Supporting cognitive adaptability and improving mental sharpness are considered to be essential with shots of caffeine no longer being the only option,” she adds.

“Many of their new product formulas now contain Cognizin Citicoline, a brain ingredient which is GRAS and EU Novel Food [status] approved. It is a non-stimulant in comparison to caffeine and has been clinically proven to improve attention, focus and motor speed. Citicoline also improves the phospholipid balance which is essential for normal brain function,” Ritchie says.

Cognizin has been studied in a variety of human clinical trials, with the most recent human clinical trial focusing on the benefits of Cognizin on healthy, middle-aged men and women.

Conducted at the Brain Imaging Center at McLean Hospital, researchers found increases in brain activity among participants that had taken a Cognizin supplement for six weeks. Differences were noticeable in those participants that performed tasks that required sustained attention.

Noopept is gaining traction as an attractive smart drug to get things done with. However, it’s not that well known or sold widely, so trying to find exactly where to buy Noopept can be pretty difficult.

It’s a minefield, because some people tell fake pills, while other Noopept sold just simply isn’t that good quality. You need the best quality, to get the best experience because you need to take this stuff regularly.Noopept powder

So let’s talk about the best place to buy Noopept, benefits, dosage, side effects, how to use it and I’ll explain what you should look for when you’re looking to buy Noopept online, and sensibly experiment with it.Noopept was developed in the 1990s in Russia. It’s a synthetic molecule that was designed to try and slow the decline of cognitive abilities in the elderly.

But because of these traits, people have realized that it’s good for everyone, calming people down, as a reliever of stress, and for improving mood. It is a stimulant, and that’s why it’s linked to things like Adderall, in its effects. But it operates in a very different way in the body.In terms of stress, Noopept hits the benzodiazepine receptors, located in the human hippocampus. This has the result of lowering stress levels.

It works generally, by improving the quality of alpha brain waves, which boost cognitive performance, and other functions.So what does all that mean for you?

Basically, you’ll benefit from improved memory, both in terms of function and retention. You’ll feel clear in your mind, able to react more quickly, think more smartly.

You’ll also feel less stressed, your mood will be enhanced, and the combination of all this will help you to focus in a way you simply cannot normally.Noopept is often associated with Piracetam because the two work very similarly. However, doses are completely different. Piracetam requires doses of up to 4800 mg to be highly effective, whereas Noopept needs much lower doses.

The good news is that the starting Noopept dosage can be as low as 10 mg. This is a beginner dose, and most people recommend that your standard dose should be around 30 mg.

Occasionally, you could push that limit up to 60 mg, when you really need to perform. But you could get side effects at that level.It has a really fast effect on the brain. On an empty stomach, it can hit your bloodstream in as little as seven minutes. In as little as 15 minutes, you can be feeling the full effects of Noopept, so it is very fast acting.

However, on the downside, a dose only lasts about an hour. Then it will start to tail off. That’s why it’s important to take Noopept powder during a cycle, so that the effects build up, and last longer every day.

Some people get around this by splitting the dose up, into several doses that are taken in intervals, sometimes up to an hour apart. But it is recommended by experienced users not to take more than 30 mg a day, apart from occasionally.

Background: Tulobuterol patch, one of strongest bronchodilators, was recently shown to improve bronchial hyperresponsiveness and significantly decrease the sputum eosinophil counts by combining with nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs on patients with asthma. However, there is limited study on the anti-inflammatory activities of tulobuterol patch and its potential machenism.
Results: The tulobuterol patch significantly ameliorated inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue, reduced the number of total leukocytes and its differential count, markedly reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-11 and IL-4 in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, as well as a reduction in IL-4/IFN-γ ratio. Tulobuterol patch exhibited the best effect on allergic inflammation compared with formoterol and salbutamol. Furthermore, tulobuterol patch treatment significantly suppressed the expression and activation of Syk and its downdream signaling NF-κB and p-NF-κB.Tulobuterol
Conclusions: The present studies revealed that tulobuterol patch effectively ameliorated airway inflammatory responses in allergic asthma, and its mechanisms, at least partially, via down-regulating Syk/NF-κB pathway.
Methods: An ovalbumin induced allergic asthma mouse model were used, and the effects of tulobuterol patch on allergic airway inflammation were evaluated. Also, its anti-airway inflammatory potential was compared with two other β2-agonists, salbutamol and formoterol. Its possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms were identified by using western blotting and immunohistochemistry.
INTRODUCTION

Allergic asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory lung disease affecting millions of people worldwide and with a steadily increasing incidence [1]. Asthma treatments are predominantly the combination of nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs (inhaled corticosteroids, ICS) and bronchodilators (β2-agonists), which work in most patients [2]. However, the use of ICS has been associated with growth impairment in children and other systemic adverse effects, such as an increased risk of pneumonia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, osteopenia to patients with large dosages and/or long-term treatment [3, 4]. This leads to poor adherence to ICS and increases the risk of asthma exacerbations. These pitfalls call for some alternative or auxiliary anti-asthma drugs with no or lower toxicity [4], especially for children.
Tulobuterol is a short-acting selective β2-agonist. The tulobuterol patch containing molecular and crystallized forms of tulobuterol provides a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and avoids adverse drug reactions, which make it a useful long-acting β2-agonist with good adherence [5–7]. Recently, some β2-agonists are shown to attenuate the proinflammatory activities of a range of immune and inflammatory cells in vitro, such as neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic respiratory diseases [8]. Recent clinical studies also showed that tulobuterol patch as an add-on medication decreased the sputum eosinophil count more significantly compared with ICS or leukotriene receptor antagonist treated alone on patients with asthma [5, 6]. However, the anti-inflammatory activities of tulobuterol patch and its potential machenism is of considerable potential value in the pharmacotherapy of allergic asthma with limited study.
In allergic asthma, airway inflammation is characterized as a T helper (Th) 2 lymphoyte immune response to allergens, by hyper-production of allergen-specific IgE, which binds to high-affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI) of mast cells and eosinophils, followed by degranulation and release of multiple cytokines [9]. The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) plays a critical role in FcεRI-dependent inflammation in inflammatory cells, and triggers a complex series of signaling pathways, including the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), producing a vast array of inflammatory mediators [10, 11]. Considering that syk is involved in the proximal part of signalling pathways initiated by allergen-mediated activation of immunoreceptors on inflammatory cells [12], it may represent an attractive target for new therapeutics.
Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential value of tulobuterol patch in the pharmacotherapy of allergic airway inflammation by using an ovalbumins (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation mouse model, and identified its possible anti-inflammatory mechanism by down-regulating of syk and NF-κB.

Emoxypine is an antioxidant that is similar in chemical structure to Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6). Its mechanism of action involves its ability to function as an antioxidant and its membrane protective effects.emoxypine powder

Users of this supplement can expect to experience anti-stress, neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammation and nootropic properties when using this ingredient. This is due to its ability to inhibit free radical oxidation, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, play a key role in the modulation of the receptor complexes of the brain membranes and the activity of membrane-bound enzymes, stabilise bio-membranes and increase the dopamine content in the brain.

Standalone Nootropic

The primary benefit of taking emoxypine are its nootropic effects. It acts as a psychological aid, helping to promote greater levels of concentration and cognition. It works differently to other nootropics as it works by protecting neurons and increasing blood flow to the brain, whereas other nootropics exert their influence or alter the behaviour of neurotransmitters in the brain. The increase of dopamine levels in the brain by taking emoxypine also help to improve cognitive ability.

Neuroprotective Effects

Emoxpine provides a protective effect for the brains neurons from free radicals. Free radicals can have a harmful effect on the brains neurons and emoxypine diminishes this as it can inhibit free radical oxidation. This also plays a role in its ability to increase focus and enhance learning and memory.

Anti-Stress and Anti-Anxiety Effects

Studies have shown emoxypine to shield against stress and anxiety. It was demonstrated that empoxypine helped to reduce the feelings of anxiety and assist participants to normalise and improve their behaviour following stressful events. Additionally, there were also no side effects reported from taking emoxypine- something that has become a norm when taking conventional drugs to improve psychological conditions.

Antioxidant Benefits

Emoxypine’s antioxidant properties allow it to provide further support and protective capabilities for membranes. It enhances the activity of various antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, while simultaneously inhibiting free radical activity.

Breckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc. announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has granted final approval for its Abbreviated New Drug Application for Exemestane Tablets, 25mg, generic for Aromasin® Tablets by Pfizer. Breckenridge's Exemestane Tablets product was developed in collaboration with Medikl Ltd. and MSN Laboratories Private Ltd. MSN will manufacture and supply the product from its facilities in Hyderabad, India. Additional announcements will be made prior to product launch. Exemestane Tablets generated annual sales of $65 million during the twelve months ending December 31, 2018, according to industry sales data.Exemestane powder

About Breckenridge:
Breckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc. is a privately held own-label distributor that performs pharmaceutical marketing, research and development, as well as marketing and distribution in the U.S. The company was founded in 1983 and markets a broad range of generic prescription products in many therapeutic categories. The Breckenridge label is recognized by wholesalers, distributors, chains, and managed care accounts, as well as retail pharmacies nationwide. The company markets over 70 products in a variety of dosage forms, including: tablets, capsules, liquids, suspensions, ophthalmics, nasal sprays, powders and injectable products.

About Medikl:
MEDIKL is a privately held pharmaceutical company founded in 2009. MEDIKL is committed to the development of a premium range of generic pharmaceutical products in a variety of dosage forms, including: tablets, capsules, liquids and injectable products. The company has a multi-product agreement with Breckenridge for marketing its products in the U.S., with five additional products expected to be launched in the following two years.

Synephrine (5985-28-4) is an alkaloid that is commonly used to form the supplement Synephrine HCL. This article includes the Synephrine facts, Synephrine history, synephrine HCL mechanism of action, health benefits of synephrine, potential side effects/risks of synephrine and synephrine recommended usage.

Synephrine History

The use of Synephrine (Cas: 5985-28-4, known as para Synephrine, or p-Synephrine) dates back to many years ago and can be traced back to the native China. The medicinal value of Synephrine was discovered in the region where it first used to treat gastrointestinal ailments such as nausea and constipation. Also, the ancient Brazilians used Synephrine as a remedy to sleeplessness, anxiety and convulsions.raw Synephrine powder
The following are some of the common facts that everyone who intends to use Synephrine should know about the fruit from which the chemical is derived from(bitter orange fruit) :

The fruit also contains other chemicals among them being ephedrine. The concentration of the latter substance is however very little.
Bitter orange fruit has been in existence for long and its use stems back to native Asia where it was mainly used to treat stomach complications. It is also highly available in parts of Eastern Africa.
Traditionally, bitter orange was used to treat nausea, constipation, and indigestion. In the Mediterranean, it was used to treat heartburn, promote weight loss and decrease appetite. Its oil extracts were sometimes applied to the skin, but it has mostly been used in its extract form.
Synephrine powder has for long been confused for other substances that are similar to it. This confusion has been so serious that even some reputable scientific journals find it difficult to establish where to classify this chemical appropriately. Some of the substances that are similar but yet different from Synephrine include the following:

Bitter orange extract. This is primarily the source of Synephrine. However, many people are still not aware that other than this chemical, there exist other substances in the extract that are similar to Synephrine yet very different in terms of their modes of action. For this reason, the bitter orange is known as a reliable solution for the treatment of various diseases and the chemicals responsible for the treatment of these ailments are different from p-Synephrine.
Phenylephrine. This chemical is structurally very similar to Synephrine, but their modes of action are ways apart. While Synephrine is used for improving the body’s metabolism through thermogenesis, phenylephrine is primarily used as a nasal decongestant. The chemical phenylephrine is also used in surgical operations to dilate the eye’s pupil during an operation. Phenylephrine is made synthetically. On the other hand, Synephrine, is obtained from plant extracts.
Ephedrine. The bitter orange fruit has also been found to have significant reserves of this Ephedrine. Ephedrine is a very strong stimulant and whose use must be controlled as it is strongly addictive.
The structure of the stimulant ephedrine is similar to that of Synephrine, and this is primarily the confusing bit of the two chemicals. However, the use of ephedrine is prohibited in many places for its adverse effects to humans, especially if you take Synephrine without control. On the other hand, use of Synephrine doesn’t carry any similar side effects, and it is thus considered to be a safer option as compared to ephedrine.

Sodium DNP 2,4-dinitrophenolate description:
plant hormone DNP is used as a broad-spectrum plant growth regulator.raw dnp powder
It can quickly infiltrate through the plant body, quicken the speed of nutrition absorption of plant roots;
promotes plant sprouting, rooting and avoid falling blooms and fruits;
To be used as plant-growth regulator;
To be used as intermediate Chemicals.

Name:Phenol, 2,4-dinitro-,sodium salt (1:1)
EINECS:213-786-7
Molecular Formula:C6H3N2NaO5
CAS Registry Number:1011-73-0
Synonyms:Phenol,2,4-dinitro-, sodium deriv. (6CI); Phenol, 2,4-dinitro-, sodium salt (8CI,9CI); 2,4-Dinitrophenol sodium salt; Sodium 2,4-dinitrophenate; Sodium2,4-dinitrophenol; Sodium 2,4-dinitrophenoxide;
Appearance:Brown Yellow Flake Crystal
Molecular Weight:206.09
Density:g/cm3
Boiling Point:312.1 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point:142.8 °C
usage: it is used as plant-growth regulator and intermediate chemicals.

DNP Description:
DNP is a deep yellow crystal powder, it is faint soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, such as ethyl alcohol, diethyl and benzene.
2,4-dinitrophenol is used in the manufacture of dyes, wood preservatives, and as a pesticide. the acute (short-term) effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol in humans through oral exposure are nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, headaches, and loss of weight. chronic (long-term) oral exposure to 2,4-dinitrophenol in humans has resulted in the formation of cataracts and skin lesions, weight loss, and has caused effects on the bone marrow,central nervous system (cns),and cardiovascular system. limited or no information is available on the developmental, reproductive, or carcinogenic effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol in humans.epa has not classified 2,4-dinitrophenol for carcinogenicity.

when you examine many of the other profiles here you'll find that most all anabolic steroids have a multitude of purposes as well as several of the non-steroidal compounds such as serm's, ai's and peptides, as well as many secondary functions; that simply isn't the case with dnp.
when it comes to dnp we are not talking about an anabolic steroid, it is often talked about in conjunction, as both are generally and necessarily used at the same time but a steroid it is not.when we talk about dnp the truth is very simple, we're talking about fat loss plain and simple but when steroids are added we are assuredly talking about pure fat loss and not simple body weight loss.

This medication is used with a doctor-approved exercise, behavior change, and reduced-calorie diet program to help you lose weight. It is used by certain overweight people, such as those who are obese or have weight-related medical problems. Taking orlistat can also help keep you from gaining back weight you have lost. Losing weight and keeping it off can lessen the many health risks that come with obesity, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and a shorter life.Raw Orlistat powder

Dietary fats need to be broken down into smaller pieces before the body can absorb them. Orlistat works by blocking the enzyme that breaks down fats in your diet. This undigested fat then passes out of your body in your bowel movement. Orlistat does not block the absorption of calories from sugar and other non-fat foods, so you still need to restrict your total intake of calories.

How to use Orlistat Capsule

If you are taking the over-the-counter product to self-treat, read all directions on the product package before taking this medication.

If your doctor has prescribed this medication, read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start taking orlistat and each time you get a refill. Take this medication as directed by your doctor, by mouth with liquid sometime during each meal that contains fat or within 1 hour after the meal, usually 3 times daily. If you miss a meal or your meal contains no fat, skip that dose of the medication. To decrease the chance of unpleasant side effects, it is very important that no more than 30% of the calories in your diet come from fat. Your daily intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrates should be evenly spread over 3 main meals.

Do not increase your dose or use this drug more often or for longer than prescribed. Your condition will not improve any faster, and your risk of side effects will increase.

Because this drug can interfere with the absorption of certain vitamins (fat-soluble vitamins including A, D, E, K), a daily multivitamin supplement containing these nutrients is recommended. Take the multivitamin at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after taking orlistat (such as at bedtime).

If you take cyclosporine, take it at least 3 hours before or after orlistat to make sure the full dose of cyclosporine is absorbed into your bloodstream. If you take levothyroxine, take it at least 4 hours before or after orlistat.

Orlistat is a reversible inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases indicated for obesity management including weight loss and weight maintenance when used in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet. Orlistat is also indicated to reduce the risk for weight regain after prior weight loss.Raw Orlistat powder
Orlistat is indicated for obese patients with an initial body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 in the presence of other risk factors (eg,hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia). The BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.

What is the mechanism of Orlistat
Orlistat is a reversible inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases. It exerts its therapeutic activity in the lumen of the stomach and small intestine by forming a covalent bond with the active serine residue site of gastric and pancreatic lipases. The inactivated enzymes are thus unavailable to hydrolyze dietary fat in the form of triglycerides into absorbable free fatty acids and monoglycerides. As undigested triglycerides are not absorbed, the resulting caloric deficit may have a positive effect on weight control.

How to take Orlistat
For oral administration
The recommended dose is one 120-mg capsule three times a day with each main meal containing fat (during or up to 1 hour after the meal).
The patient should be on a nutritionally balanced, reduced-calorie diet that contains approximately 30% of calories from fat. The daily intake of fat, carbohydrate, and protein should be distributed over three main meals. If a meal is occasionally missed or contains no fat, the dose of Orlistat can be omitted. Because Orlistat has been shown to reduce the absorption of some fat-soluble vitamins and beta-carotene, patients should be counseled to take a multivitamin containing fat-soluble vitamins to ensure adequate nutrition. The vitamin supplement should be taken at least 2 hours before or after the administration of Orlistat, such as at bedtime. Doses above 120 mg three times a day have not been shown to provide additional benefit. Based on fecal fat measurements, the effect of Orlistat is seen as soon as 24 to 48 hours after dosing. Upon discontinuation of therapy, fecal fat content usually returns to pretreatment levels within 48 to 72 hours.

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