Most often, cyber fraudsters steal bank cards using phishing sites. These are fraudulent web resources that entice card details under the guise of providing non-existent services.

Phishing sites are created as fakes of popular web resources that users trust. The design of phishing sites almost always resembles or even is identical to the design of a popular site. 

How to distinguish a phishing site?

The infographics created by the specialists of the EMA Association will tell you about this. Up-to-date information will help you identify a fraudulent site and avoid becoming a victim of cybercriminals!

Why it is important to know how to distinguish a real site from a fake

All fake sites provide non-existent services. About 80% of phishing sites imitate electronic services for replenishing a mobile account on the Internet. The rest are created as fake sites for making money transfers from card to card.

Phishing sites are usually short lived as they are quickly identified by cybercrime experts. However, according to web statistics, in just one month of operation of a fraudulent site, up to 30 thousand users can visit it.

Phishing sites often appear in the first lines of search results on the Internet (for example, if you enter the words "top up mobile" in Google or Yandex). Cyber ​​scammers use web marketing tools to effectively promote phishing sites. How, then, do you know if the site is fraudulent or not? Careful verification is indispensable. Take advantage of the information provided in the infographic. All signs are described by specialists.

Knowing how to identify a fraudulent site, you can safely make money transfers and payments on the Internet.

How to cheat on a phishing site

A fraudulent web resource may promise the client to carry out a money transfer or top up a mobile phone. If the client does not know how to recognize a fake site, then he fills out the payment form, entering his card details (number, expiration date, three-digit security code on the back of the card, as well as a one-time bank SMS code if the card is connected to additional Internet verification) operations on the 3DSecure system). Not knowing how to distinguish a phishing site, you can easily “share” the secret details of your card with criminals!

The user receives a message that the service was unsuccessful (a completely convincing reason may also be reported). However, in rare cases, a message about a successful payment appears, but it is not actually carried out.

The client's card data is saved in the site's memory and becomes available to fraudsters who try to use the client's card account, mainly to make money transfers to fraudsters' cards, as well as to make purchases in online stores.

Knowing just a few signs of phishing sites will help you spot a fake site and save you money!

Every day the expanses of the Internet are expanding, and the number of users of the World Wide Web is endlessly growing. An increasing number of users are using the services of online stores. In this article, you will learn the pros and cons of online shopping. And also, is it worth creating this Internet resource or not.

 There are a lot of advantages of creating an online store, let's take a look at some of them.

One of the first is that by creating an online store, you are automatically freed from a large number of costs, such as rent, purchase of equipment, hiring personnel. Some owners of such resources, nevertheless, rent premises for storing large quantities of goods, but this cost is usually paid off by them.

Further, of course, the girth area is not limited to your city or region. You capture a large shopping area throughout the country, which, accordingly, entails a larger number of buyers, constant development of the client base.

Also, you have more time to think about any plans or tasks of the store, create a logo and motto, and most importantly, you can work practically without leaving your home space.

But, like any business, an online store has its drawbacks.

Online trading takes away from the client the opportunity to observe the product in person, evaluate the quality, examine it, which, of course, frightens a considerable part of buyers and they refuse to buy.

You have sold and sent an item, but the quality of delivery is never predictable. Therefore, the client may receive, for example, a mug with a split handle, and you lose the client.

An exclusive product on the Internet? This practically does not happen. If having your own store in the city, you can offer an exclusive that no one has sold yet, then in an online store, unfortunately, it is very difficult to offer an exclusive product, since on the World Wide Web, as the motto of one of the largest search engines Yandex says: “ Everything will be found. "

In conclusion of this article, I can say that creating an online store is not bad at all.

To create this type of business, you need to evaluate all the pros and cons, as well as your abilities. If you are ready to compete with a large number of other Internet resources, you have a lot of free time, of course, try, as they say, "try not torture."

Think about which images you like - landscapes, portraits, still lifes, flowers, abstractions or fauna.

Pay attention to the color scheme of your interior and highlight the color that prevails. Think about which shades will complement it, and which will reveal it in a new light. 

In order not to be mistaken, use the color wheel and the contrast point rule: find the most contrasting point in the interior - it will become the main accent.

The length and width of the canvas strongly influence our perception. It is very important to observe the proportionality of the picture and the interior.

If you find it difficult to imagine the size of the painting in reality, make a prototype of it from regular paper of the appropriate size and glue it on the wall using special tape. Move the prototype, look at it from a distance and from different angles.

Rectangle, square, circle, oval - depending on the shape of the picture, our perception changes: soft and smooth shapes smooth the image and space, and sharp corners lengthen. The shape of the picture can overlap with the shapes of other objects in the interior.

“If I could turn back time I’d take better care of my skin.” Too often, we hear these words.

Unlike changing fashions or the latest devices, you are in your skin for life---no upgrades or outfit changes.

Read below as we share skin care healthy skin care practices to start now.

This is the biggie! Years of not taking the proper steps to ensure skin protection or opting to visit a tanning booth may have felt good at the time, but may have permanently wreaked havoc on the skin.

Over time, each glance in the mirror is coupled with visible wrinkles and hyperpigmentation.

Lesson learned: Protect yourself every day from head to toe.

Don’t wait for your first wrinkle to show up. Develop a proper skin care routine at an early age and stick to it.

Proper cleansing, toning, and hydrating should start in the early teens, with changes to daily skin care rituals conforming to your skin's needs over time.  

Just like brushing your teeth day and night, good skin care rituals need to be done every day, non-negotiable – it’s going to make the difference in whether or not you need to begin an “anti-aging” routine at 30 or 50.

Don’t let laziness get the best of you.

Remove your makeup to not only prevent breakouts and clogged pores, but to get in the habit of performing a proper skin care routine before bed – a necessary habit to carry with you if you want good skin throughout your life.

Even if you have oily skin you can develop fine lines – why? Because your skin is dehydrated.

You may not need a heavy moisturizer, but all skin types can benefit from an oil-free serum like our C-Serum Seaweed Filtrate that hydrates and contains skin essential vitamins, minerals, trace elements, amino acids and anti-oxidants.

Although it’s so tempting to pop – don’t do it. Let it be or treat it with an overnight cream.

Learn your lesson from the first time you try popping – the aftermath each and every time is going to be scabbing, bleeding, and a risk for permanent scarring.

Beauty begins from the inside out.

Focus on making healthier choices to develop good habits.

Eat healthy, natural and non-processed foods, drink a lot of water, and exercise regularly.

New shoes last a season; your skin is FOREVER.

It’s more important to invest in good skin care products and professional facial treatments (read why to get a facial), more so than a fashion item or the next technological gadget.

Freckles?  Beauty marks?  A little bit of dark circles? Laugh lines?  These are all part of what makes you YOU. 

Don’t obsess or worry too hard about what yousee as imperfections. It’s the stress and worrying that will show on your skin.

Learn how to embrace these characteristics and love the skin you are in.

Do you have skin care advice that you would you give your younger self? Comment below!

 When choosing our "correct" gel polish, we must focus on many factors: the relevance of the shade, the density of the pigment, the structure and plasticity of the gel polish, the promise of durability, etc. When all the characteristics have coincided in a single and satisfactory picture, the gel polish moves to the line of its fellows on the master's table. However, in reality, the selection scheme is often different ... The cost factor becomes the first and most important point under which the other qualities of gel polishes are "pulled up". Choosing cheap analogs of professional gel polishes, the master easily motivates himself with the low cost of the material and with a composition or structure similar at first glance.

   Is this approach justified? Are these real savings? What unaccounted for factors and properties of gel varnishes directly affect their cost? Why does the initially favorable price for coverage sometimes turn into additional costs?

   When buying materials, a comparison of prices and a quick determination of the "profitability" of a gel polish is a common thing for every master ... We easily choose the lowest price, pleasant to the ear, putting bottles of similar volume in a row. And completely in vain. There is absolutely nothing similar between volumes of 10 and 13 ml, 8 and 12 ml. For a correct comparison of the cost of the material, not the price of the package is taken as a basis, but the cost price of each milliliter. Indeed, when covering nails, we are talking about the consumption of fractions of a milliliter. The price for 9 and 13 ml bottles of gel polish may differ significantly at first glance, however, when calculating the cost price, the picture will be different. Determining the prime cost of gel varnishes, we will be able to correctly judge the high or affordable price of quality material and the real "benefit" of cheaper analogs of gel varnishes.

 How to calculate the cost of a material?

   It is necessary to divide the price of gel polish by the number of milliliters indicated on the bottle. The cost of 1 milliliter will help you compare the prices of gel varnishes of various brands and volumes when buying. When determining the cost of gel polish for each coating, it is necessary to take into account the consumption rates proposed by the technologist of the manufacturer or selling company.   

So, the cost of the material is calculated in milliliters according to the volume of the entire bottle. What else? The smallest amount and the most advantageous cost are obvious. And yet, take into account the figures obtained in the work and lay them in the cost of the service, it is possible only being completely sure that the entire volume of gel polish will be used to the end ...

    It is no secret for most masters that with the beginning of work, some gel polishes thicken rather quickly and harden by half or a third of their volume right in the package, without "living" until the next season or a special occasion. In this case, we are not talking about the cost of each milliliter. The calculated benefit of coating bought at a relatively low price closer to the middle of the bottle turns out to be far from accurate and not at all a benefit.

   The thickened coating is not suitable for work, and its useful volume is reduced, for example, from 9 ml to 7 ml or from 12 ml to 9-10 ml, which means that 20-30% must be added to the initial price of the gel polish in case premature "failure" 2-3 ml, or even 5 ml. By ear, the loss of a few milliliters seems funny, but for a nail service master, working materials are presented in such small volumes that each gram and milliliter has its own value and cost. In addition to the unpleasantly unexpected fact of the absence of a working gel polish of a certain shade, the master is faced with the need for new acquisitions, investing not only additional funds, but also spending invaluable time choosing a new product.

Moving takes time and preparation: it is better to start planning and collecting things a month and a half before the date of the move. Here are a couple of tips for those on the move:

1) Start with things that you definitely won't be transporting. Unnecessary appliances, old furniture, clothes and shoes. Recycle or sell them. This is a great way to earn some money for your future apartment. In the end, things can be donated to special funds or given to friends. Get rid of it - it's very encouraging!

2) Take care of the packing for the move. 

3) Start by collecting things that you can do without at first. If you move in the summer, pack all winter clothing, sports equipment, and heavy blankets. They can be unpacked last or left in the boxes until the desired time.

4) Try to pack in groups. Let the books lie with the books, and the plates with the cutlery. When packing things in boxes, be sure to mark the containers with a marker or colored tape. Identify fragile items or essentials. This will help the movers to place the boxes in the right place and alert them to any dangers. In addition, this way you will save time when sorting things out in a new apartment.

5) Clothes, towels, bedding and pillows can be used to protect fragile items. Just be sure to mark this on the box. If the person unpacking the box is unaware that the crystal vase is wrapped in a fleece blanket, you can easily part with the precious thing.

6) Make sure you properly wrap all fragile items in several layers of bubble wrap and protect sharp edges (this includes dishes, mirrors, picture frames, etc.).

7) Tie all similar items together. Ski poles, brooms, mops, lamps and other long-handled items can be folded into one package for easy portability and storage.

8) An important step is furniture packing: use air bubble wrap, covers, corner protectors to keep them intact. It is better to remove drawers and shelves from cabinets in advance.

9) Hire a team of movers and / or vehicles. A taxi is hardly suitable for a global move.

It remains only to gain strength and patience! Happy moving!

The first cryptocurrency appeared on the Internet five years ago, and since then hundreds of other electronic money have joined Bitcoin, but still few know what it is, how it works and why it attracts so much attention.

Since the topic of the review is quite voluminous, and in order not to complicate the first acquaintance with cryptocurrency for many, some points in the text will be simplified to create a more understandable picture. In principle, these simplifications will not affect the description of the mechanisms of operation of the cryptocurrency.

Probably, the main reason for the popularity of digital currency is its decentralization and the resulting features. CV (digital currency) is not served by any central bank, and as the Bit prefix in the progenitor of all digital money hints at, it works on the principle of decentralization in the network. If in a large bank the bank itself is the main observer of the reliability of money transfers, then in CV such observers are network members - ordinary users.

For users, the main advantage of CV can be considered the speed of transactions (sending money from one user to another). If you have ever made a bank transfer to another country, then you know that this, in itself, a difficult procedure, can also take several days. Notification of a CV transfer occurs virtually instantly, and the transfer confirmation is carried out within a few minutes (for some CVs, less than a minute)

Another advantage of CV is the almost zero cost of translations. If banks charge a certain fee for their services, up to several percent, then the CV is transferred from account to account virtually free of charge.

Despite their dislike for CVs, large banks and money transfer systems have recently begun to reckon with its appearance. For example, eBay, the owner of Paypal, who put a spoke in the wheels of CVs, prohibiting their sale at auction, just recently abandoned such a restriction and now a special section has appeared for cryptocurrency on eBay .

The obvious advantage of CV is anonymity. If a plastic card is tied to a passport, then an electronic wallet is just a set of symbols that by itself will not be displayed even to a postal address. And if you install and use a basic security tool like Tor, then tracking transfers becomes impossible, even in theory.

The lack of centralization and central authority brings some disadvantages to CV. For example, all transactions are irreversible (unless an intermediary is used). That is, there is no opportunity to contact the bank and cancel the transfer. Money goes in one direction, and there is no way to return it without the consent of the recipient.

As for the other most frequently cited disadvantages of cryptocurrencies, which are mostly voiced by new users, it is usually mentioned that huge amounts of computing power and energy are wasted to maintain the functionality of Bitcoin and other currencies.

This statement can be viewed in another way. For example, the value of ordinary money, at least in theory, must be backed by something else, in our case gold. In the world of cryptocurrencies, the value of coins is, in a sense, provided by the cost of energy spent on mining and the funds spent on purchasing mining equipment.

As for the uselessness of computation, first, there are coins that make useful computations. For example, during Primecoin mining, new primes are searched for, and Gridcoin is completely connected directly to the Boinc project to participate in distributed computingaimed at solving physical, astronomical, biological, medical and other problems. Well, secondly, the huge computing power of Bitcoin is not wasted, but ensures the reliability of all transactions, and guarantees the network protection from possible hacker attacks, which are possible only if connected to the network with even greater computing power (read below about the 51% attack), which is almost unrealistic, given the funds spent on specialized mining farms, which have achieved colossal productivity over the past few years. Without the same processing power, younger CVs are vulnerable to various attacks, and some have already been exposed to them in the recent past.

There is a term Block Chain in the CV lexicon. In plain language, this is a book containing the records of all remittances for all time. Suppose this book is available on 1 million computers. If one of the computers sends a false message about the transfer of coins to another address (for example, to pay for goods in an online store), then the rest of the network will not just accept this statement. Monetary transactions must be confirmed by appropriate signatures that cannot be counterfeited.

There are two main algorithms in the cryptocurrency world: SHA256 and Scrypt. SHA256 is an algorithm for Bitcoin and several of its clones. Initially, Bitcoin mining took place on processors, but over time, programs appeared that learned how to use video cards, which significantly increased the efficiency of mining. After that, the so-called ASIC (Application-specific integrated circuit) were developed - boards optimized exclusively for calculating hash functions using the SHA256 algorithm and useless in all other respects.

ASICs are orders of magnitude more efficient than video cards, while using an order of magnitude less electricity. In principle, the disadvantage of ASIC boards comes down only to their high cost (for a board with sufficient performance you will have to pay several thousand dollars), and after their performance turns out to be uncompetitive, due to the release of a new generation of ASICs, it is difficult (almost impossible) for them to find a use due to their narrow specialization. In other words, they will have to be resold for next to nothing, or scrapped.

After the high cost of ASIC boards led to the fact that only wealthy enthusiasts were able to mine bitcoins, the idea came up to create a new algorithm called Scrypt, the main feature of which would be resistance to GPU and ASIC mining.

At first, Scrypt, as planned, ran only on processors, but the first applications for video cards appeared quite quickly. At first, it seemed that the release of specialized ASICs for Scrypt was really impossible. The fact is that calculations using SHA256 require a fairly small amount of memory, while Scrypt requires much larger amounts of memory available both in a computer and in modern video cards. The requirement for a large amount of memory makes the development and release of Scrypt ASICs not so much impossible as unprofitable, since adding the necessary amount of RAM to the boards makes them more expensive compared to video cards (at least, it was thought that some time ago). The advantage of video cards is their wider application (video games), and the possibility of sale after use.

The first CV based on the Scrypt algorithm was Litecoin, and since the source code of this currency was left open, after a while there was a real boom in altcoins (alternative coins is a common name for all CVs that appeared after Bitcoin). At the moment, there are several hundred altcoins, if you count the more or less famous. A list of them can be found on the website http://com-http.us/ , and this is not a complete list, although with its help one can get an idea of ​​the total number of CVs.

Which of these CVs are really popular is difficult to answer, since the assessment here is purely subjective. You can make your own conclusion by looking at the market cap (the total cost of a certain CV) on the website www.cryptmarketcap.com . As you can see, only a small number of top-coins have this value representing at least some significant amount for the currency.

Despite attempts to defend against Scrypt ASICs, all efforts were ultimately futile, although many did not believe in the possibility of their appearance until the very end. Nevertheless, they have been available for sale since the beginning of this year, although the first models traditionally lose in the price / performance ratio to conventional video cards.

The first Scrypt ASIC in performance was comparable to top-end processors (up to 100 Kh / s), but the next generation ASIC cards released after one or two months caught up with average video cards costing $ 200 (400 Kh / s) in speed. In the meantime, literally in a couple of months the first "titans" with performance exceeding the total power of several hundred Radeon 290x (100-200 Mh / s) are expected on sale. At the same time, the currently available ASICs (400 Kh / s) require no more than 5 W for operation and are connected directly to USB ports, while video cards with similar performance draw about 200 watts from the power supply unit.

The SHA256 and Scrypt algorithms are the most popular among CV, but there are others besides them, for example, Scrypt-N - another attempt to create a tough nut to crack for ASIC boards. The prefix N in the name means that after certain intervals (months or years) the amount of memory required to search for hash functions increases by N times (usually two), which does not exclude the possibility of creating ASIC boards for mining, but it does their development is even more disadvantageous.

There are also CPU-only coins, which at the moment, and possibly in principle, cannot be mined on anything other than processors, which makes them more "popular", since mining does not require the purchase of expensive video cards or ASIC boards. However, these coins also have their weak points - botnets created by special viruses. Botnets are no better than ASIC farms, especially if they have thousands of computers. And to gain access to such power, hackers do not need hundreds of thousands of dollars, a small virus outbreak is enough.

Any CV, like regular currency, can be bought. To do this, there are special exchanges on the Internet, for example, www.btc-e.com , where "ordinary" money is exchanged for digital. As a rule, the purchase procedure is as follows: transfer from a money card to an exchange -> buying Bitcoin at the current price -> withdrawing Bitcoin to your electronic wallet. There are other ways to replenish your account on exchanges, in addition to plastic cards.

However, this scheme usually only works with Bitcoins. Other cryptocurrencies are not so popular and the possibility of buying them directly for dollars or other currencies on exchanges is much less common, although in recent years there has been a noticeable shift in this area.

Therefore, to buy other CVs, you will need to use Bitcoins. You can also exchange Bitcoins for CV on specialized exchanges, for example, https://bter.com/ . To do this, you need to transfer the required amount of bitcoins to the exchange, buy the necessary altcoins with them and withdraw them to your wallet.

To get a closer look at CV and understand some of the terms, consider everything using the example of the very young, but quickly gaining popularity, Dogecoin cryptocurrency .

To get started with Dogecoin, you need to download a wallet program. This can be done on the official website , where there are versions for most operating systems, but for Windows owners I recommend using the lite wallet MultiDoge . Unlike the official wallet, MultiDoge does not download the entire block chain to the computer (the transaction history currently occupying about 2 GB), which takes several hours, but works almost immediately after launch.

Branding elements can also create a positive image of the brand and contribute to its identification by consumers. These elements are becoming especially important attributes of the service brand and the B2B ( business-to-business ) sector : shops, eateries, restaurants, airlines, travel companies, hotels, banks, mobile operators, express delivery.

Distinguish between the graphic part of the corporate identity (brand name) and the brand name in a certain style (logo). To fulfill its function as a brand attribute, branding must meet the following basic requirements:

• - promote brand identification;
• - differ from branded elements of competitors;
• - convey content or associations consistent with the brand identity;
• - be expressive, simple, easy to remember;
• - be well recognizable.

In addition, the logo should be laconic and, as experience shows, the best logos consist of two or three elements (Fig. 4.59).

Logo (in Greek "word imprint") - the term appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, denoting small printing forms containing two or more frequently used letters, created to speed up typing. Later, this began to be called addresses, names or trade marks, cast in the form of a printing plate in a single piece.

Figure: 4.59. Some car brands logos [1]

The logo is as important as the slogan and company name. It should be clearly linked to all components of the brand and be associated with the activities of the company, its product or service. There are many examples of an unsuccessful logo: a dog peeps out of the Porsche Baby washing machine , which obviously cannot be washed in a typewriter.

At the moment, the following trends in logo parameters can be distinguished :

• 1) structure - laconicism is gradually being replaced by intensive visualization: the number of elements increases, and the connections between them become more complicated;
• 2) size - trademarks also increase in size;
• 3) space - the plane is replaced by the volumetric-spatial effect of applied graphics;
• 4) texture - there is a transition from one-textured to textured expressiveness both inside the trademark and when using it (for example, placing it in a shimmering environment);
• 5) variability - recently the principle of immutability of a trademark has been replaced by its constant insignificant transformation;
• 6) attitude to the subject - from ignoring the object to which the trademark belonged, we moved on to its adaptation;
• 7) tradition and innovation - the use of traditional forms in a new interpretation;
• 8) the degree of unification - there is a tendency towards a decrease in universality, the individual character of a trademark is increasing;
• 9) perception - modern trademarks require a kind of "slow reading", they are designed more for a long study, their appearance has a meaning "in itself".

Quite often the logo is formed on the basis of stylization according to the given properties. The image of real objects (buildings, animals, plants, any other objects or their parts) is taken as a basis. The main, most expressive quality of the object is highlighted, then the object forms are simplified and stylized. The final version must meet all the requirements for signs: individuality, brevity, compact composition. The ultimate generalization of objective forms gives the image the character of an abstract sign, while the connection with the prototype (real object) is preserved.

When creating a logo, you need to choose the form of a graphic image so as to convey the semantic content and get rid of the initial information redundancy. The reworking of the original object can be so significant that the connection between it and the resulting stylized image will be very conditional, for example, the image of a lizard can be conveyed with curved lines that simulate a brush stroke.

Violation of the requirements of subject recognizability translates the pictorial sign into the class of index signs. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid too detailed semantic content, which will lead to the loss of significance.

When developing pictorial signs, the main attention should be paid to the embodiment of the semantic content and the proportionality of the figurative and logical principles. In other words, the meaning should be seen in the form of a graphical construction. The graphic structure of the logo should correspond as much as possible to its semantic content.

The logo should be built on the following principles:

• • simplicity (the logo should not be overloaded);
• • attractiveness (the logo should draw attention to itself, evoke emotions);
• • readability (the logo should not force consumers to decipher information);
• • memorability (the logo should help the consumer to identify the trade mark);
• • versatility (the logo should use universal design techniques and tools);
• • originality (the logo must be different from others);
• • associativity (the logo should cause the desired associative range);
• • functionality (it is recommended to make a logo in vector format);
• • uniqueness (the logo must have a unique combination of all components);
• • creativity (the logo should have a certain flavor, hidden meaning or message).

In practice, logos are often combined: text and graphic. This technique provides better memorability.

Stages of creating a trademark:

• 1) image search;
• 2) composition of the mark;
• 3) building analogs;
• 4) development of the mark itself;
• 5) creating a black and white version;
• 6) color matching. It should be remembered that in print reproduction the color can be washed out, and at a small scale, colors can merge if you use weakly saturated colors and complex shades.

The following trademarks are distinguished.

A. A pictorial trademark or its individual elements contributes to the emergence of certain associations among consumers when it is found on advertising posters and in other places. They usually represent:

• 1) specific images, for example, animals, birds, people, inanimate objects. When developing a pictorial trademark, the characteristics of the product or service for which the mark will be created are often used. For example, the logo of the Mikhailovsky Broiler company, the largest producer of poultry meat in the Far East region of Russia, is an image of roosters with the name of the company inscribed (Fig. 4.60);
• 2) symbols, for example, a circle is a symbol of the sun, a triangle is a mountain, etc. It is not always possible to express a logo with a specific example. And, therefore, in this case it is necessary to refer to the symbolism, which evokes certain associations. For example, the logo of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea contains one graphic symbol depicting mountains, sun and sea (Fig. 4.61).

The logo of the Udmurt Pension Bank symbolizes the sun, a coin and an eight-pointed solar sign, which is one of the most recognizable national symbols in Udmurtia (Fig. 4.62);

3) abstract images, for example, lines, shapes. Often, trademarks are based on architectural and historical motives. The basis of such signs is formed by conventional images of characteristic buildings, historical

Figure: 4.60. Mikhailovsky Broiler company logo

Figure: 4.61. Republic of Crimea logo

Figure: 4.62. Udmurt Pension Bank logo

nicknames, etc. For example, the logo of the National Historical Museum of the Republic of Belarus represents the historical roots from which a tree-building grows. The roots form an ornamental structure that adds an ethnic touch. The building is also a structure - a characteristic architectural motif of the facade. The rows of windows are as follows - lower rectangular, upper arched (Fig. 4.63);

4) compositions of an ornamental nature. National motives make it possible to expand the possibility of creating original trademarks. The EURO-2012 trademark uses the motifs of vytynanka - traditional patterns for Poland and Ukraine cut from paper. The vytynanka, symbolizing the flora and fauna of the local open spaces, pay tribute to mother nature, express respect for the harvesting land, prosperity and fertility (Fig. 4.64);