Evansville Crime Topix,faux boucles d oreilles anciennes en or

Eighteen members of a now shuttered fraternity at Penn State University and the frat itself are facing criminal charges in the death of a student who was fatally injured in a fall during an alcohol fueled pledge. Eighteen members of a now shuttered fraternity at Penn State University and the frat itself are facing criminal charges in the death of a student who was fatally injured in a fall during an alcohol fueled pledge night. Her mother and her school's principal encouraged her to become the first in the school's history to earn a bachelor degree while still in high school.

Will I receive a DUI or charged with a hit and run? What should I do next?

Leaving the bar I was fine. As I began driving I blacked out. I clipped a mirror and left the scene. I was being followed by another car who told my friend who was in the passenger seat that they had my license plate. He suggested I turn around and give my insurance information. I don't remember any of this but he said I tried to run from the guy and I ended up hitting a second car, this time much more damage but no one hurt. Both cars were parked. After that I made it to our apartment when I was found passed out on the steering wheel. My friend got a public intox and he thought I was taken to jail. All I remember is waking up in the hospital with a public intox as well. This was 2 days ago and I've heard nothing from the police. Will they still charge me with a DUI? I was clearly drunk and passed out to the point they couldn't take me to jail. No one was waiting when I woke up and to my knowledge the hospital didn't notify the police upon my release. What do I do next? I'm baffeled I'm not in jail and ashamed of the whole situation as it's very unlike me. This is my first offense.

They can still charge you. Stop posting details of a potential crime to an open forum and get a local attorney asap,boucles d oreilles van cleef r��plique.

Can another state make me take alcohol treatment classes to lift a hold on my license?

I was sentenced to two years probation in Evansville Indiana along with mandatory AA meetings and community service. The dui happened in Evansville and I live here as well but it was a Kentucky license because I had just moved. Even though the case was settled here in Evansville court, I received a letter from Kentucky stating that I must complete a Kentucky approved 52 week alcohol treatment program at my own expense in order to lift a hold they placed on my license. I would be eligible to get my license again in September after my 1 year suspension from Indiana court but this adds a whole year on to that time span. Can Kentucky add on to my punishment after it's already been settled in Indiana's court?

Can another state make me take alcohol treatment classes to lift a hold on my license?

I was sentenced to two years probation in Evansville Indiana along with mandatory AA meetings and community service. The dui happened in Evansville and I live here as well but it was a Kentucky license because I had just moved. Even though the case was settled here in Evansville court,r��plique boucle d oreille van cleef, I received a letter from Kentucky stating that I must complete a Kentucky approved 52 week alcohol treatment program at my own expense in order to lift a hold they placed on my license. I would be eligible to get my license again in September after my 1 year suspension from Indiana court but this adds a whole year on to that time span. Can Kentucky add on to my punishment after it's already been settled in Indiana's court?

Technically, Kentucky isn't "adding on to the punishment" imposed by the Court in Indiana. Since the crime (OVWI).

Can drug court keep you from living with your spouse?

My spouse is incarcerated for possession of meth. She is being told that she will likely be forced to drug court and be forced to live at the ywca for 8 months or so. It was recommended that she not live with me eventhough I despise the drug have no, convictions for the drug nor do I even do drugs. She caught a CHIN's case because of it that I have to drug screen for. I will test clean as I do not do drugs. What can I do to ensure that my spouse lives with me?

Speak with her attorney. He/she can address this thru motions and in court.

When can I get my license back with 3 dui charges in Indiana.

Hello all. First off any advice is greatly appreciated. I have a situation I have been dealing with and need a fresh perspective. I have 3 dui charges in the state of Indiana. my third while I was on probation for the second one and currently have 2 felonies. I am currently on the DADs program and just completed the drug court treatment program with no sanctions or negative remarks. I got the duis while using ambien. I was at home and took ambien after drinking and woke up in jail the past two times. I would take an ambien and wake up in the middle of the night and not knowingly take more. Then wake up in jail for a dui. I was extremely depressed and dealing with a parents suicide and dealt with it the wrong way. I am alcohol and ambien free for over 2 years and never felt better. I was classified as a HTV and lost my license for 10 years. I am single and work full time. I have a bachelors degree in criminal justice and 6 years military service with honorable discharge. I am not a bad person was just in a bad spot and ended up in an even worse situation. Now I drive a scooter while I have a truck that's paid off just sitting in the driveway. Is there any stipulation on a drivers li

You may be eligible for Specialized Driving Privileges. You need to discuss this option with your criminal defense,r��plique boucles d oreilles anciennes en or.

Friday's National Newspaper Front Pages

A Labour MP was accused of being a snob after tweeting a picture of a house with England flags and a white van in Rochester,boucles d oreilles van cleef imitation. Shadow attorney general Emily Thornberry later quit,boucles d oreilles van cleef r��plique.

Wigan FC owner Dave Whelan has claimed Jewish people 'chase money more than everybody else' as he defended his decision to hire a manager embroiled in a racism row.

:: The Guardian

More than 34,000 police jobs one in six of the total are expected to go as a result of a new round of spending cuts after the election.

:: The Times

The ability of Britain's intelligence chiefs to monitor the terrorist threat is at its lowest level for a decade.

:: Daily Mirror

Sheffield United has scrapped its offer to let convicted rapist Ched Evans train at the club,boucles d oreilles anciennes r��plique.

:: The Independent

Foreign governments are making hundreds of millions of pounds a year running British public services.

:: Daily Mail

Hospital managers are taking legal action to evict elderly patients who are 'bed blocking The i

Families have asked doctors to 'keep hold' of relatives while they go on holiday or decorate the house.

:: Financial Times

A New York investment group used anonymous offshore companies to profit from some of the biggest short selling attacks in Europe,boucle d oreille van cleef prix imitation.

Fitting a Leisure Battery to a Mazda Bongo

If you want to use your Bongo as a camper van then it's a good idea to fit a second battery to run your interior lights, radio and camping junk from. owners club here Bongo Fury

Step 1: What Exactly Are We Doing Here

First things first. When the engine is not running or the starter battery is not fully charged the VSR will see less than 14v and so won't make,van cleef arpels alhambra knock off bracelet.

Parts:1 x 30 amp voltage sensing relay (VSR)2m of 27 amp flexible red cable0.5m flexible black cable (not shown in the photo)2 x fuse holders2 x 25 amp fuses3 x crimp eye connectors1 x ve battery strap (not shown in the photo)Handful of cable ties (not shown in the photo)Various sizes and lengths of heat shrink sleevingTools:Side cuttersCrimp toolMultimeterFlat bladed screwdriverLighterThere are relays around that can deal with much larger currents,van cleef and arpels knock off bracelet alhambra, typically they are used for 4x4 and emergency vehicle applications but they start to get very expensive. Unless your leisure battery is very flat a 30A VSR will be suitable. In the worst case your leisure battery will be too flat and draw more the 25 amps. At this point you fuses will blow and the battery won't charge from alternator. You'll have to hook it up to a mains charger to give it an initial boost before putting it back in the van. In the even that too much current is drawn through the circuit the fuses will blow thus protecting all the components from melt down. By placing the fuses as close as possible to the battery posts we only have a very short length of cable that will be subject to the high current and the subsequent potential fire risk. There are many types of fuses and fuse holders available and I'd preferred to have used blade fuses. Unfortunately most blade fuse holders come pre molded with short fly leads. I don't actually know the rating of this cable, it was a piece left behind after a fitter had installed a new alarm for me. At this point there are no fuses installed in either of the red cables. To allow me to judge correct cable length I taped the VSR to the cover whilst I working. A more permanent fixing will be sorted out a little later.

Step 6: Fit the ve Leisure Battery Strap

Now you need to install the ve battery strap to connect the ve leisure battery post to the van chassis. I bought mine pre made and simply had to find a suitable place to bolt it to the chassis.

Step 7: Routing the Long Charge Cable

To route the long charge cable I remove the heater air intake scoop and followed suitable bits of the wiring loom and anything else I could cable tie to,van cleef and arpels clover replica bracelet. Check anything for faults.2) Your starter battery is very flat and pulling down the input voltage to the VSR below the trigger threshold. This is pretty unlikely since you just started the van which would imply the starter battery is in good shape.3) The trigger threshold is set too high and needs adjusting to the correct level. Turn the engine off and measure the voltage again,alhambra knock off bracelet van cleef. You will most likely find that the voltage will drop off slowly and so the VSR will not unmake straight away. This is expected. For safely remove the fuse from the starter battery end first. Now connect the charge cable to the +ve leisure battery clamp and the clamp to the +ve post of the leisure battery.

I am so confused with my leisure battery. It charges whilst driving but when parked up even when not using anything will drain flat. Also I thought when on EHU it woukd switch to that or charge the leisure battery. I have a 4 prong resistor and am sure its been wired up wrong. How can i check ?

I just done this to charge the leisure battery in my vanette. Thanks for the great instructions!Can you use this simple relay from Halfords to do this:

Would the leisure battery be a deep cycle battery? If not, wouldn a deep cycle battery be better for running accessories for long periods of time??

There are three sorts of automotive battery. Standard starter batteries that need constantly topping up (trickled if you like) to stay in top condition. Then at the other end are deep cycle batteries that can be discharged near enough fully without being harmed. In between these are the so called leisure batteries. These can be used as a sort of heavy duty starter battery or a lighter duty battery.

That a very condensed way of putting it but, in essence, to answer your question, yes, a true deep cycle battery is best but a leisure battery is fine and a fair bit cheaper.

If you are interested the difference is in the way the battery is made. Deep cycle batteries have much more heavy duty plates and some are chemically different (as well as there being specialist gel batteries).

Fifa 15 OP Passing Team,van cleef fake alhambra bracelet

So carrying on with our FIFA 15 Ultimate Team squad builders we've not set to think about an inexpensive OP passing team to travel with a tika Bangladeshi monetary unit kind of play. This team is totally overcome and can pass any team it comes up against off the pitch with ease,bracelet van cleef knock off alhambra.

These players also are endued with unimaginable shut ball management and dribble stats in order that you'll retain possession and perceive your killer passes. you may have detected if you probably did watch the video that i set myself alittle mission and also the rules were primarily that i used to be not allowed to run in any respect within the entire match. If you play FUT plenty you'll grasp that you simply virtually have to be compelled to run or you're just about doomed to fail.

Not during this case as i used to be thus assured within the ability of this squad and the way nice they're at holding possession of the ball and spending it nice and easily that this task ne'er discomposed Maine one bit. Take a glance at the complete beginning eleven that i contend with below.

GK: Petr Cech Chelsea

LB: Csar Azpilicueta Chelsea

CB: John Terry Chelsea

CB: Sergio Ramos Real Madrid

RB: Daniel Carvajal Real Madrid

CM: Toni Kroos Real Madrid

CDM: Xavi FC Barcelona

CM: Cesc Fbregas Chelsea

LW: David Silva Manchester City

ST: Robin Van Persie Manchester United

RW: Thomas Mller FC Bayern Munich

As for the player roles i set Xavi and Fabregas to require the corners, RVP to require the long FK and Penalties, David timberland to require the short free kicks and John Terry because the club captain. As for the directions that you'll be able to solely access on next gen consoles, i simply merely set Van Persie to remain central which was the heap.

This specific cluster of players is ideal for the patient build up tutorial that we have a tendency to did approach back once FIFA fifteen 1st start up within the fall/winter and if you wan to understand UN agency to use then look no more than this team. allow us to skills you get on if you opt FIFA Coins to use it by going away a comment within the section at the footer of this page.

As each year passes Yaya seems to become slightly less influential in that Man City midfield, but on his day he is still,sweet alhambra fake bracelet, even at 32 nigh on unstoppable. So he's still got it as they say but he scored 10 less goals this season than the one before, so we feel EA should recognise that with a minor rating drop.

Xavi has packed his bags for Qatar to finish his glittering career in some style. And as such,van cleef fake rose gold bracelet, he probably won't be in Cheap FIFA 15 Coins FIFA 16 at all unless there are impending license announcements we don't know about yet.

Harmony Gold Mining Company Ltd HMY People

Mr. Modise J. Motloba is an Independent Non Executive Deputy Chairman of the Board of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, since August 13, 2012. Modise joined the board in 2004. He is currently chief executive officer of Quartile Capital (Proprietary) Limited. His 21 years' experience in investment banking, treasury and fund management includes appointments at Rand Merchant Bank, African Merchant Bank, African Harvest Fund Managers and Goldman Sachs. Modise is a former president of the Association of Black Securities and Investment Professionals where he was instrumental in formulating and negotiating the historic financial services charter in 2003.

Mr. Patrice T. Motsepe is Non Executive Non Independent Chairman of the Board of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He Appointed to the board in 2004, Patrice became non executive chairman during 2004. He was a partner in one of the largest law firms in South Africa, Bowman Gilfillan Inc. He was a visiting attorney in the USA with the law firm, McGuire Woods Battle and Boothe. In 1994 he founded Future Mining, which grew rapidly to become a successful contract mining company. He then formed ARMgold in 1997, which listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 2002. ARMgold merged with Harmony in 2003 and this ultimately led to the takeover of Anglovaal Mining (Avmin). In 2002 he was voted South Africa's Business Leader of the Year by the chief executive officers of the top 100 companies in South Africa. In the same year, he was the winner of the Ernst Young Best Entrepreneur of the Year award. Patrice is a recipient of numerous other business and leadership awards, including; In 2002 he was voted South Africa's Business Leader of the Year by the chief executive officers of the top 100 companies in South Africa. In the same year, he was the winner of the Ernst Young Best Entrepreneur of the Year award. He is an executive chairman of African Rainbow Minerals Limited (ARM) and the deputy chairman of Sanlam Life Insurance Limited. He is also a member of the International Business Council (IBC) of the World Economic Forum (WEF), which is made up of 100 of the most highly respected and influential chief executives from all industries. He is a member of the JP Morgan International Council.

Mr. Peter William Steenkamp is Chief Executive Officer, Director of the Company. Mr. Peter currently serves on the Executive Committee as Chief Operating Officer. Peter joined Harmony in October 2003 following the merger with ARMgold. Prior to joining Harmony, he was an executive director of ARMgold in charge of Gold Operations. Peter has 21 years' experience in the mining industry. He started his career as a trainee miner with the Chamber of Mines Training College and after graduating he worked for Gold Fields as a shift boss. He then joined Vaal Reefs (an operation in Anglo American's Gold and Uranium Division) in 1989, occupying various positions including those of shift boss, mine overseer, technical assistant, section manager and business unit manager until 1997. The following year he began working for ARMgold as a business unit leader.

Mr. Frank Abbott is Financial Director, Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board as non executive director in 1994, and was appointed financial director in 1997. In 2004 he was appointed financial director of African Rainbow Minerals Limited, and resigned as such during 2009. He was reappointed as financial director of Harmony in February 2012. Frank joined the Rand Mines Group in 1981, where he obtained broad financial management experience at an operational level. He was a director of various listed mining companies and currently serves as a non executive director on the board of African Rainbow Minerals Limited.

Mr. Johannes van Heerden is Chief Executive Officer, South East Asia Operations of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined Harmony in 1998 and was appointed chief executive officer of Harmony's south east Asia operations in 2008. He is responsible for Harmony's Papua New Guinea assets including an extensive exploration portfolio and the Morobe Mining Joint Ventures' assets (Hidden Valley mine,van cleef fake bracelet alhambra, Wafi Golpu project and Morobe exploration, held in equal partnership with Newcrest Mining Limited). He joined Harmony as financial manager with operational and group reporting responsibility for the Free State region. He was appointed as group financial manager in 2001, and relocated to Harmony south east Asia as chief financial officer two years later.

Mr. Anton Buthelezi is an Executive Human Resources of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited,van cleef and arpels replica bracelet alhambra, He rejoined Harmony in 2005 as human resources manager at Evander. He has over 23 years' experience in human resources management in the mining industry. Previous positions include senior human resources officer at Anglogold Ashanti, and mid and senior managerial positions in the same field at African Rainbow Minerals Gold, Samancor Chrome and Harmony. He has a proven track record in the full spectrum of human resources functions as a generalist. Anton has an outstanding record in managing labour matters especially conducting and guiding negotiations with organised labour. He participates in the Chamber of Mines' Gold Sector Caucus.

Ms. Melanie Naidoo Vermaak is an Executive Environment Management of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined Harmony in 2009. Her expertise in sustainable development was built over 15 years in the private mining sector and public sector in South Africa as well as international environmental management exposure gained in the United Kingdom, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Africa. She has worked at leading international mining companies, including De Beers, BHP Billiton Limited and Anglo American. She currently holds directorships at Western Basin Environmental Corporation (Pty) Ltd, Harambe Mineral Resources (Pty) Ltd and Phoenix Corporation (Business Ventures Investment No 1 692 (Pty) Ltd), is Chair of both Harmony's environmental trust and community ownership trust and is a member of Harmony's social trust. In addition she is member of Chambers Environmental Policy Committee, Far West Rand Dolomitic Water Association and Mining Industries Group. She is also board member of CareSA.

Mr. Beyers Nel is Chief Operating Officer South African Operations of the Company. He have been regional general manager at Harmony and responsible for certain mining operations since 1 July 2014. Beyers holds a B. Eng (Mining Engineering), MBA and is a registered professional engineer (Pr. Eng). He has 15 years of experience in gold mining and 13 years at Harmony gained on a variety of opencast, deep and ultra deep gold mines in both supervisory and management positions. Beyers is also currently vice president of the Association of Mine Managers of South Africa.

Mr. Phillip Tobias is Chief Operating Officer Special Projects and Development of the Company. His responsibilities includes safety, mining projects and company strategy. He have been regional general manager at Harmony and responsible for certain mining operations since 1 July 2014. He joined Harmony on 1 July 2014, with more than 20 years of experience in the mining industry. His operational and managerial experience were developed at a number of gold and platinum mines. He was appointed the first black president of the Association of the Mine Managers of South Africa in 2008.

Ms. Marian P. van der Walt is an Executive Corporate and Investor Relations of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. Marian was appointed company secretary in 2003 and joined its executive committee in 2005 as executive: legal and compliance (which included taking responsibility for company secretarial, risk management, internal audit and Sarbanes Oxley compliance). In 2008, she resigned as company secretary, enabling her to accept her current position at Harmony as executive: corporate and investor relations. Marian began her career as attorney and conveyancer in 1998 and held positions at Routledge Modise Attorneys, Deloitte and Touche and the Standard Bank of South Africa Limited prior to joining Harmony. Marian also serves on the board of Rand Refinery (Pty) Ltd as nonexecutive director, is a member of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Social Responsibility Index Advisory Committee and the Chamber of Mines Communications Committee.

Mr. Abre van Vuuren is an Executive Risk Management and Services Improvement of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined Harmony in 1997. He has over 30 years' experience in the mining industry, specifically finance and human resources, on various gold mines and collieries in the Rand Mines Group. As a member of Harmony's executive committee, he was initially responsible for industrial relations. He has held various positions in services and human resources prior to accepting his current position.

Ms. Riana Bisschoff is Group Company Secretary and Head of Legal of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited, since 1 March 2012. Bisschoff completed her LLB as well as a Masters Degree (LLM) in Commercial Law at the Potchefstroom campus (formerly known as University of Potchefstroom). She further completed her articles in 2003 at Couzyn, Hertzog and Horak Attorneys in Pretoria and was admitted as an attorney, notary and conveyancer. In 2004 she started her own firm, Bisschoff Attorneys,alhambra bracelet fake van cleef, in association with Van der Merwe and Associates in Pretoria. She ventured into the commercial arena in 2005 where she served as company secretary and legal advisor before joining iThemba Governance and Statutory Solutions (Pty) Ltd ("iThemba") in 2010. During her time at iThemba, Bisschoff attended to the company secretarial duties of various listed and unlisted entities.

Ms. Fikile Tebogo de Buck is Non Executive Lead Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined the board in 2006. A Chartered Certified Accountant, she was only the second person to obtain this qualification in Botswana. She was awarded the Stuart Crystal Prize for Best Accounting Student at Birmingham Polytechnic (UK), now Birmingham University, being the first black overseas student to be awarded this prize. Fikile is a fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) UK. From 2000 to 2008, she worked in various capacities at the Council for Medical Schemes in South Africa, including as a chief financial officer and chief operations officer. Prior to that she worked in various capacities at the Botswana Development Corporation and was the first treasurer of the Corporation. She also served on various boards representing the Corporation's interests,van cleef arpels fake bracelet, and was the founding chairman of the Credit Guarantee Insurance Co. She has 23 years' experience in financial reporting at executive level. Fikile is a non executive director and chairman of the audit committee of Atlatsa Resources Corporation, and a member of various other committees. She is included in "South Africa's Most Inspirational Women" coffee table book (2011). Fikile mentors a number of young people, mostly women.

Mr. Andre J. Wilkens is Non Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2007. He was appointed to the board of African Rainbow Minerals Limited in 2004 and was a chief executive officer of African Rainbow Minerals until March 2012. Mr. Wilkens is currently executive director growth and strategic development (based in the office of the African Rainbow Minerals executive chairman). He headed ARMgold Limited for five years and African Rainbow Minerals Platinum for a year before being appointed chief operating officer of Harmony after its merger with African Rainbow Minerals Gold in 2003. Andr has over 43 years' experience in the mining industry, particularly gold, platinum group metals, iron ore, manganese, coal, chrome, nickel and copper.

Mr. Joaquim A. The former president of Mozambique (1986 2004), he also served as a chairman of the African Union for 2003/2004. On leaving the presidency, he established the Joaquim Chissano Foundation for Peace Development and Culture, and has led various international peace initiatives on behalf of the United Nations, African Union and Southern African Development Community to Guinea Bissau, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Madagascar. In 2006 he was awarded the annual Chatham House prize for significant contributions to improving international relations and received the inaugural MoIbrahim prize for Achievement in African Leadership in 2007. Joaquim was appointed to the global development program advisory panel of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in December 2009.

Dr. D. Simo Lushaba is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2002. As an entrepreneur and executive business coach, Mr. Simo previously held senior management positions at Spoornet (Rail and Terminal Services division), was vice president of Lonmin Plc and chief executive of Rand Water. He is a non executive director on the Board of Cashbuild Limited and facilitates programmes on corporate governance for the Institute of Directors (SA), where he is also a member.

Mr. Mavuso Msimang is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the board in 2011. He has 27 years' experience in management at executive level, and was involved in the successful transformation and restructuring of various state owned entities over a period of 16 years, until 2010. Mavuso was director general of the South African Department of Home Affairs and previously served successively as chief executive officer of the State Information Technology Agency, South African National Parks and SA Tourism. He was country representative of the international development organisations World University Service/Canada and CARE International in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively. Mr. Msimang also held senior management positions with UNICEF and the World Food Program.

Ms. Karabo Tshailane Nondumo is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. She joined the board in 2013. She is an executive director of Igagu Communications. She held various roles at Vodacom Group Limited including executive head of Vodacom Business as well as Mergers and Acquisitions. She was inaugural chief executive officer of AWCA Investment Holdings Limited and former head of Global Markets Operations at Rand Refinery Limited. She is a former associate and executive assistant to the former executive chairman at Shanduka Group. She was seconded to Shanduka Coal, where she was a shareholder representative, and also served on various boards representing Shanduka's interests. She is qualified Chartered Accountant, a member of the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and African Women Chartered Accountants. She is an independent non executive director of Merafe Resources Limited, Richards Bay Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd, South African Express SOC Limited and Rolfes Holdings Limited. She is on the advisory board of Senatla Capital and Trustee of Innovator Trust. She is a patron of Women In Mining South Africa.

Mr. Vishnu P. Pillay is an Independent Non Executive Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2013 and is currently executive head of Anglo American Platinum Limited's (Amplats) joint venture operations. Before joining Amplats in 2011, he was an executive vice president and head of South African operations for Gold Fields Limited and, prior to that, vice president and head of operations at Driefontein Gold Mine. His 25 years at Gold Fields Limited were interrupted by a two year period with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, where he was director of mining technology and group executive for institutional planning and operations.

Mr. John Wetton is Non Executive Independent Director of Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited. He joined the Harmony board in 2011. He was with Ernst Young from 1967 to 2010. Corporate audit was his main focus, but for the final 11 years he played a business development role across Africa. He led Ernst Young's mining group for a number of years and continued to act as senior partner for some of the firm's major mining and construction clients. Mr. Wetton was a member of Ernst Young's executive management committee and was, until retirement, a member of the Ernst Young Africa governance board.

Groups affirm support for China strategy

KUALA LUMPUR: Forty six Chinese guilds and associations have signed the Belt and Road Declaration initiated by MCA to show their support for the ambitious strategy from China.

The signing ceremony at Wisma MCA was witnessed by party president Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai,van cleef gold knock off bracelet, his deputy Datuk Seri Dr Wee Ka Siong and China ambassador to Malaysia, Dr Huang Huikang.

Among others, the declaration expressed their commitment to promoting peaceful coexistence and a win win cooperation in strengthening existing friendly Malaysia China ties.

They also voiced their support for the Belt and Road Initiative and believed that it would open up new opportunities for development as well as greatly contribute towards regional stability and prosperity.

Encouraged by the warm response, Liow said this was proof that the local Chinese community valued the Malaysia China ties that had been formally established in 1974.

this declaration, we can affirm that the Malaysia China bilateral cooperation is built on frankness and equality for mutual benefit. We insist on the principle of moderation, peace and openness, and strongly oppose any extreme and malicious comment or action that undermines our bilateral friendship, he said.

In his speech, Liow also decried the irresponsible and negative remarks over the Prime Minister recent visit to China, which saw the highest investments from China, adding that this would create unnecessary hate and conflict.

MCA leaders, think tanks and professionals,van cleef replica bracelet alhambra, he added, had immediately refuted such claims with facts and figures.

that is not enough. We need to unite the strength of all Chinese groups to support the Government efforts in pushing for the bilateral cooperation. Hence, the declaration was born, he said here yesterday.

MCA,bracelet alhambra replica van cleef, said Liow, was not competing for fame or fortune but was only aspiring to remain steadfast in helping the Chinese community reap economic benefits.

Dr Huang said trade between Malaysia and China currently hovered around US$100bil (RM442bil), with November figures showing positive growth.

to Chinese customs data, trade in November recorded a 19.6% increase to US$8.47bil (RM37.46bil). Imports from Malaysia to China rose 25.8% to US$4.78bil (RM21.14bil),sweet alhambra fake bracelet, he said, adding that they were confident of achieving a historical high in bilateral trade next year.

Citing an online shopping festival in China yesterday, Dr Huang said Malaysia was also commemorating another kind of 12 by for Belt and Road treasures the event, the MCA Belt and Road Centre (Mbrace), located on the sixth floor of Wisma MCA, was also launched, serving as a platform for consultation, education and information exchange as well as business matching.

MCA China affairs committee chairman Datuk Seri Chuah Poh Khiang said Mbrace would operate like a charity clinic to to the pulse of small and medium sized enterprises nationwide to help them transform and expand overseas.

Mbrace, he said, would be working closely with the Secretariat for the Advancement of Malaysian Entrepreneurs under the Prime Minister Department, local Chinese associations, China governmental departments and others.

Five memorandums of understanding (MoU), including one between Mbrace and Eurasia Trade, Culture and Exhibition Centre to set up an office in Guangzhou, were also signed.

Florida woman with vitiligo paints her skin with art

A student who was bullied for her vitiligo has learnt to see the beauty in her skin by painting it with stunning works of art.

Ashley Soto,van cleef fake bracelet alhambra, from Orlando, Florida, spent years hiding the distinctive white patches under long sleeved tops and trousers after a girl asked whether she had 'showered in bleach'.

But the 21 year old has learnt to love the condition by covering the patches with intricate designs, from a map of the world to Van Gogh's The Starry Night.

'I never realised how beautiful my vitiligo was until I traced it with a black marker, it really helps to bring out the different colours of my skin,' she said.

Human canvas: Ashley Soto covers the white patches on her skin with stunning works of art. One of the most breathtaking examples was her version of Van Gogh's The Starry Night, right

'I was always trying to find a way to look at my skin in a positive light, I couldn't do that before starting this.

'Now what others would perceive as an imperfection I have made into something more beautiful and made it more accepted than before,sweet alhambra knock off bracelet.'

Miss Soto started by drawing around the white patches with a black marker and discovered the shapes looked like a map of the world.

Bold: The 21 year old traces the patches with different colours to give a beautiful effect

Miss Soto revealed how she started covering her body after a little girl asked whether she had 'taken a shower in beach' when she saw her in a bikini at the beach,van cleef & arpels alhambra replica bracelet.

'I was so shocked that someone said that to me that I cried and cried, I didn't want to have the condition any more,' Miss Soto said.

'It made me want to start hiding away from people and left me covering my skin, as I didn't want people to make fun of me.'

However she decided to make a change in her late teens and swore she would not let herself be held back by her skin.

Personal challenge: Miss Soto pictured aged 10, left, and 11, right, before she was diagnosed

She started setting herself daily challenges to unveil her skin in public, starting with walking outside without a long sleeved sweater.

Now she's showcasing her skin through her artwork.

Ashley added: 'I will continue creating different pieces of art with my skin and hope it inspires others in the process,van cleef and arpels fake bracelet alhambra.

'Soon I will be doing some glow in the dark markings which will be a real challenge but it's very exciting. Thanks to doing this I've learned to accept myself more than I did before.'

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George Clooney and wife Amal rumoured to have bought Thameside village mansion

The grand dining room inside the house believe to be the new home of Mr and Mrs Clooney, complete with traditional wood fireplace

If the couple need live in staff or a gardener to maintain the perfectly manicured lawns,bracelet knock off alhambra van cleef, they will be able to house them in a separate cottage in the immaculate grounds.

The house was bought at the end of last month through a privately held company. Clooney and Miss Alamuddin married in Venice last month,van cleef fake clover bracelet, but they are said to have honeymooned in the local area.

Last weekend they were spotted at a 500 year old pub near their new home, setting tongues wagging.

Retired designer Trishaws Redrup, 78, told the Daily Telegraph: 'It was the vicar of our local church who told me. But to be honest I couldn't quite believe it.'

Well wasn it the most romantic wedding you ever seen?

George Clooney finally married his girl Amal Alamuddin in Venice and we not sure we ever seen a happier and more in love couple. Swoon,van cleef rose gold fake bracelet! Ever since they announced their engagement we become crazy about this particular high flying lawyer and her innate sense of style,van cleef fake rose gold bracelet.

This week end alone she has worn Dolce Gabbana, Alexander McQueen, Giambattista Valli and now Stella McCartney. This is an extremely elegant look on the new Mrs Clooney and she exuding cool sophistication as well as a beaming smile. We love it.

This season is all about the wide leg pant and now we seen Amal totally rocking this look, we sold. It time to ditch the skinnies and embrace a more fluid aesthetic. So why not treat yourself to this beautiful pair of trousers now? They available at Net a Porter (right) and while we can promise a Clooney esque man will fall in love with you we can guarantee a step up in the style stakes.

If you love the look but the price is a bit too A list then never fear. The high street has come up with some fabulous alternatives that will help you recreate Amal outfit at home. Reiss has our favourite pick or get a bargain at Missguided and Forever 21.

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Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Was bomber's family in global terror network? Killer. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. Mother of child actress pictured hugging a female police. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Grisly photos of scorched remnants of suicide bomber's. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Heartwrenching scenes as the mother of 15 year old. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. Comedian Jason Manford deletes Twitter after being. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Melania and Ivanka wear black veils to meet the Pope at. White women's burrito shop is forced to close after. Bomber from a red brick semi who 'knew an ISIS. MOST READ NEWS Previous.

Direct evidence of milk consumption from ancient human dental calculus

Direct evidence of milk consumption from ancient human dental calculusC. Warinner1, 2 n1, J. Hendy3 n1, C. Speller3, E. Cappellini4, R. Fischer5, C. Trachsel6, J. Arneborg7, 8, N. Lynnerup9, O. E. Craig3, D. M. Swallow10, A. Fotakis4, 11, R. J. Christensen11, J. V. Olsen11, A. Liebert10, N. Montalva10, 12, S. Fiddyment3, S. Charlton3, M. Mackie3, A. Canci13, A. Bouwman2, F. Rhli2, M. T. P. Gilbert4, 14 M. J. Collins3Scientific Reports 4, Article number: 7104 (2014)doi:10.1038/srep07104Download CitationArchaeologyBiomarkersProteomicsZoologyAbstractMilk is a major food of global economic importance, and its consumption is regarded as a classic example of gene culture evolution. Humans have exploited animal milk as a food resource for at least 8500 years, but the origins, spread, and scale of dairying remain poorly understood. Indirect lines of evidence, such as lipid isotopic ratios of pottery residues, faunal mortality profiles, and lactase persistence allele frequencies, provide a partial picture of this process; however, in order to understand how, where, and when humans consumed milk products, it is necessary to link evidence of consumption directly to individuals and their dairy livestock. Here we report the first direct evidence of milk consumption, the whey protein lactoglobulin (BLG), preserved in human dental calculus from the Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE) to the present day. Using protein tandem mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that BLG is a species specific biomarker of dairy consumption, and we identify individuals consuming cattle, sheep, and goat milk products in the archaeological record. We then apply this method to human dental calculus from Greenland's medieval Norse colonies, and report a decline of this biomarker leading up to the abandonment of the Norse Greenland colonies in the 15th century CE.IntroductionMilk is a major nutritional resource. In addition to being a source of clean liquid (milk is 80 90% water), milk solids contain approximately 25 55% sugar (lactose), 25 45% fat, and 5 35% protein (caseins and whey proteins), as well as calcium, potassium, and B vitamins1. Adoption of animal milk consumption by humans typically requires behavioral adaptations, such as culturing and curdling techniques, to remove or reduce the lactose content of milk in order to make dairy products digestible after infancy. Additionally, populations with long pastoralist traditions in Europe and India, East Africa, and the Arabian peninsula have also independently evolved lactase persistence (LP),van cleef and arpels necklace sale replica, a genetic adaptation in the regulation of the lactase gene (LCT) that allows continued adult digestion of milk2,3 (Fig. 1). LP is hailed as one of the clearest examples of gene culture co evolution in humans4, yet many fundamental aspects of its evolution remain unknown5,6,7,8,9 and the socioeconomic context and scale of prehistoric and historic dairying are only poorly understood. Helena). Pie charts for each region are scaled by sample size and indicate the proportion of individuals from each region testing positive for milk BLG peptides (black) in dental calculus. A pooled sample of five individuals from Norway testing positive for BLG is shown in gray indicating the uncertainty of the number of BLG+ individuals. Interpolated contour map of lactase persistence frequencies were generated from allele frequencies of all 5 known LP causal alleles ( 13907G, 13910T, 13915G, 14009G and 14010C) in present day populations in Europe, Africa, and northern Southwest Asia. The map was generated with the R statspat package32 using published data available as of March 2014 (see Methods section). Data points are shown as dots, and interpolation may be inaccurate where there are few data points.The ability to directly identify milk consumption patterns in past populations would thus advance understanding of human dietary ecology, evolution, and cultural agency. However, previous attempts to directly measure milk consumption using bone calcium isotopes have proven unsuccessful10. Other milk biomarkers offer only indirect lines of evidence. For example, isotopic inference of milk lipids from pottery residues11 is the most widely used approach to identify dairying, but this method cannot discriminate species of origin, and reuse of communal vessels and exploitation of cervid adipose tissue12 both pose further challenges to interpretation. Milk proteins have also been recovered from food residues13,14,15, but such finds are exceptional and rare, and animal bone evidence for the exploitation of secondary products is limited by the availability of large, well preserved assemblages to provide interpretable mortality profiles16,17.To address these problems we turned to dental calculus, a mineralized form of dental plaque that serves as a long term reservoir of dietary biomolecules and microfossils18. Nearly ubiquitous in archaeological populations and sourced directly from the oral cavity, dental calculus presents a unique opportunity to access primary evidence of ancient diets at an individual level. In a recent study18, we identified the milk whey protein lactoglobulin (BLG) in the dental calculus of a modern Swiss dental patient using tandem mass spectrometry. This protein was also recently identified within preserved kefir cheese curds associated with the mummified remains of Bronze Age Xiaohe pastoralists (ca. 1980 1450 BC) in Xinjiang, China15. BLG is a lipocalin within the calycin superfamily of proteins19, and it is the dominant whey (milk serum) protein in ruminant milk, making up 11% of the total milk proteins and 50% of the whey proteins20. BLG offers many advantages as a milk biomarker19,20 including: 1) humans do not produce BLG and therefore the presence of the protein in dental calculus excludes a host origin; 2) BLG is present only in milk and thus it is a specific biomarker for this fluid; 3) BLG is more resistant to enzymatic degradation and microbial proteolysis than other milk proteins21; 4) BLG lacks close bacterial orthologs, making it readily identifiable against a background of bacterial proteins; 5) over half of the amino acid residues in BLG are variable among traditional dairy livestock, allowing genus and species discrimination between cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, donkey, and reindeer, among others (Supplementary Fig. S1); 6) BLG is the dominant protein in the whey fraction of milk and partitions with lactose during dairy processing, thereby making BLG a superior proxy for lactose than caseins or milk fats, which separate from the lactose rich whey fraction during cheese and butter production20; 7) and finally, because BLG is identified directly from protein sequence data, uncertainties arising from indirect detection methods, such as isotopic analysis, are minimized.This study seeks to employ shotgun protein analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to identify dairy consumption in the archaeological record. In this study, we analyzed 92 archaeological dental calculus samples selected from regions with (Europe and northern Southwest Asia) and without (Central West Africa) long standing dairying traditions for the presence of BLG (Fig. 1; Table 1). After establishing that BLG can be detected in the dental calculus of archaeological populations from dairy consuming regions, we then applied this approach to 6 additional medieval dental calculus specimens from the Norse Greenland sites Brattahli (Qassiarsuk) and Sandnes (Kilaarsarfik). These sites date to a period during which a major dietary shift from ruminant dairy to marine resources has been previously hypothesized on the basis of bone stable isotope and zooarchaeological evidence22,23. We confirm that a decline in BLG observed at these sites is consistent with a dietary shift, and specifically diminished access to dairy products, leading up to the abandonment of the Norse Greenland colonies in the 15th century CE.Table 1: Proteomic results of archaeological dental calculus samples analyzed in this studyFull size tableResultsLactase Persistence in Present Day PopulationsTo assist in the selection of archaeological samples for analysis, we generated an updated interpolated contour map of present day LP frequency in Europe, northern Southwest Asia, and Africa (Fig. 1) using recently published LP genotype data24,25. We then selected archaeological dental calculus specimens from sites located within regions with high (Northern Europe), moderate (Central Europe), low (northern Southwest Asia), and very low (Central West Africa) present day LP frequencies.BLG in Europe and northern Southwest AsiaSeventy four dental calculus samples were selected from 20 sites in Northern Europe (Britain, Denmark, and Norway; n = 40), Central Europe (Germany,replica clover necklace van cleef inspired, Hungary,van cleef and arpel necklace replica, and Italy; n = 38), and northern Southwest Asia (Armenia and Russia, n = 6) dating from the Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE) through the 19th century CE (Table 1; Supplementary Table S1). Approximately one quarter (25.7%) of the Eurasian dental calculus samples tested positive for BLG peptides (Fig. 1). In total, 229 spectra (representing 37 unique peptide sequences) from the Eurasian dataset were assigned to BLG (Table 1; Supplementary Table S2), resulting in a reconstruction of 72% of the protein (Fig. 2). For each of the 19 Eurasian dental calculus samples that tested positive for BLG, the consensus BLG sequence could be assigned to ruminants of the Pecora infraorder of Artiodactyla, and 18 samples contained bovid specific (Bovidae) peptides. Among these samples, 4 samples contained cattle specific (Bos sp.) peptides, 3 samples contained sheep specific (Ovis sp.) peptides, 2 samples contained goat specific (Capra sp.) peptides, and 3 samples contained BLG peptides from multiple ruminant species (Supplementary Fig. S1; Supplementary Table S2).Figure 2: Protein coverage of lactoglobulin identified within Eurasian archaeological dental calculus.(a) Human dental calculus from the British Anglo Saxon site of Norton on Tees (sample NEM18, ca. 6th century CE) found to contain seven lactoglobulin peptides. (b) Three dimensional structure of bovine lactoglobulin protein, rendered from PDB 3NPO using VMD v.1.9.136. The mapped locations of all BLG peptide sequences identified by tandem mass spectrometry within archaeological dental calculus are shown in red, resulting in a coverage of 72% of the reconstructed consensus BLG protein.Absence of BLG in Central West AfricaEighteen dental calculus samples were selected from a 19th century cemetery on the island of St. Helena, located approximately 2,000km west of Angola in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The cemetery contains the remains of Central West Africans26 originating from a region with traditionally very low or no milk consumption (Fig. 1; Supplementary Table S1). As expected, BLG peptides were not identified in any of the West African samples (Fig. 1; Table 1).BLG in Norse GreenlandRecent isotopic and faunal evidence suggests that Greenland Norse settlements shifted from an economy initially based on dairy to one increasingly reliant on marine mammals after the onset of the Little Ice Age ca. 1250 CE23. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed dental calculus from individuals buried at Tjodhildes Church, an early cemetery (ca. 985 1250 CE) at the Eastern settlement landnm site of Brattahli (Qassiarsuk) established by Erik the Red, the founder of the Norse Greenland colonies23,van cleef arpels alhambra necklace replica, and at Sandnes (Kilaarsarfik), a high status farm and church in the Western Settlement that continued to be in use until the abandonment of the settlement in the 15th century CE. The individuals analyzed from Tjodhildes Church (n = 2) exhibited strong evidence of dairy consumption (Fig. 3), with a total of 38 spectra matching BLG peptides (12 unique peptides including one Bos specific sequence). Because these two individuals had not been previously analyzed isotopically, we then performed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on bone collagen extracted from these individuals and confirmed that their isotopic values are consistent with a terrestrial diet (Figure 3). Analysis of the Sandnes individuals (n = 4) revealed that only one individual showed even weak evidence of milk consumption, as evidenced by a single spectrum (Fig. 3). This individual was previously determined to have consumed a primarily terrestrial diet on the basis of isotopic evidence23. The remaining BLG negative individuals exhibited bone stable isotope values consistent with increasing marine resource consumption (Figure 3).Figure 3: BLG pattern in dental calculus is consistent with bone collagen stable isotope evidence of a decline of the dairy economy in Norse Greenland with the onset of the Little Ice Age (ca.1250 CE).(a) Total spectra matching BLG peptides recovered from dental calculus samples from the earlier Tjodhildes Church at 29a Brattahli in the Eastern Settlement (individuals KAL1064 and KAL1052) and from the later V51 Sandnes site in the Western Settlement (individuals KAL934, KAL933, KAL936, and KAL930). (b) Bone collagen carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values measured from burials at Tjodhildes Church (black) and Sandnes (white)22,23, showing a major dietary shift toward marine resources at the later Sandnes site. Isotopic values for individuals also analyzed for dental calculus BLG peptides are represented by triangles, and from left to right on the x axis are: KAL1064, KAL1052, KAL934, KAL933, KAL936, and KAL930. Isotopic data for KAL1064 and KAL1052 were measured in this study.DiscussionOur results show that the milk protein BLG preserves in archaeological dental calculus and can be identified in specimens dating back to at least the Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE) in Europe and northern Southwest Asia. Moreover, we demonstrate that BLG is a species specific milk biomarker that allows cattle, sheep, and goat dairy product consumption to be distinguished. As expected, no BLG was detected in specimens from Central West Africa, where dairy consumption was historically very low or absent and current LP frequencies are very low.In addition to establishing BLG as a biomarker of milk consumption in the archaeological record, the broad survey of dental calculus BLG conducted in this study reveals previously uncharacterized temporal and geographical complexities in dairy consumption. In Central Europe, for example, it is intriguing given the high prevalence of LP in both modern day (Fig. 1) and medieval27 German populations that no BLG peptides were detected in Bronze Age or medieval German samples (0/9 individuals) (Table 1). This stands in contrast to the northern Italian and Hungarian samples where BLG peptides were detected at a relatively high frequency (5/11 individuals) (Table 1; Supplementary Table S2). Using this approach, it now becomes possible to explore specific cultural, social, and environmental factors influencing past dairy economies at both a population and an individual level.To explore a specific dairy economy in greater detail, we applied this approach to Norse Greenland to examine the hypothesis that this population underwent a dramatic dietary shift in response to environmental change during the Little Ice Age23. The medieval Greenland Norse economy was primarily based on animal husbandry and especially dairying. The short growing season and cold climate of Greenland precluded the successful establishment of agriculture but was sufficient for ruminant pastoralism. Like other Scandinavian populations, the medieval Norse utilized nearly all by products of dairy processing, including BLG rich whey28,29.Our dental calculus BLG results confirm that dairy products were consumed by individuals buried in the early Norse cemetery at Tjodhildes Church (ca. 985 1250 CE), and bone collagen stable isotopic values from the same individuals are consistent with a terrestrial diet. By contrast, BLG was very low or absent in the dental calculus of individuals buried at the Sandnam site, which was occupied until ca. 1430 CE, and bone stable isotope values from these individuals indicate a dietary shift toward marine resources.Diminished access to dairy products and a collapse of dairy herds would have had a strongly negative effect on the Norse economy, removing not only a major source of storable nutrition but also impeding the ability to preserve other perishable foods, such as meats, thereby exacerbating food instability especially during the winter months. Our findings support the hypothesis that climate change and the consequent decline of dairy herds contributed to the decline and ultimate abandonment of the Norse Greenland colonies in the 15th century CE.In this study, we identify the protein lactoglobulin in archaeological dental calculus and demonstrate that it is a species specific milk biomarker and an indicator of dairy consumption in the archaeological record. Nearly ubiquitous and obtained directly from the oral cavity of individuals, dental calculus provides a novel approach to detecting patterns of milk consumption and the dietary variables driving recent natural selection in humans. Latitude and longitude of the data points were taken as near as possible to the collection sites where these were known. Where country alone was known these were estimated using major cities. The contour map was constructed in 'R' (v.3.1.0, 2014 04 10, "Spring Dance") using the spatstat package32 and included weighting for sample size. Interpolation smoothing was conducted at the lowest non overflowing bandwidth (value of sigma) allowable from the heterogeneous data available. Interpolation may be inaccurate where there are few data points, and it should be noted that neighboring populations with different ancestry and life style, in Africa particularly, sometimes have very different allele frequencies.Samples and MS/MS analysisDental samples (n = 98) were obtained from diverse historic human populations in Eurasia, Africa, and Greenland dating from the Bronze Age to the present (Supplementary Table S1). Dental calculus was removed using a dental scaler and stored in sterile 2.0mL tubes until further analysis. Tryptic peptides were extracted from decalcified dental calculus using a filter aided sample preparation (FASP) protocol modified for degraded samples33 according to previously published protocols18. The extracted peptides were then analyzed using shotgun protein tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to detect the presence of lactoglobulin. MS/MS analysis of samples were performed at three independent laboratories in Switzerland, the UK, and Denmark:Functional Genomics Center Zurich at the University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologySamples from Greenland and Germany (Z1, Z2, Z27, Z46, and Z28) were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry at the Functional Genomics Centre Zrich (FGCZ) using an LTQ Orbitrap VELOS mass spectrometer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Bremen, Germany) coupled to an Eksigent NanoLC Ultra 1D plus HPLC system (Eksigent Technologies, Dublin (CA), USA). Solvent composition at the two channels was 0.2% formic acid, 1% acetonitrile for channel A and 0.2% formic acid, 100% acetonitrile for channel B. Peptides were loaded on a self made tip column (75m 80mm) packed with reverse phase C18 material (AQ, 3m 200, Bischoff GmbH, Leonberg, Germany) and eluted with a flow rate of 250nl per min by a gradient from 0.8% to 4.8% of B in 2min, 35% B at 57min, 48% B at 60min, 97% at 65min. Full scan MS spectra (3001700m/z) were acquired in the Orbitrap with a resolution of 30000 at 400m/z after accumulation to a target value of 1,000,000. Higher energy collision induced dissociation (HCD) MS/MS spectra were recorded in data dependent manner in the Orbitrap with a resolution of 7500 at 400m/z after accumulation to a target value of 100, 000. Precursors were isolated from the ten most intense signals above a threshold of 500 arbitrary units with an isolation wind

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