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sea Mining Yield an Underwater Gold Rush
Scientists have known about the bounty for decades, but only recently has rising demand for such commodities sparked interest in actually surfacing it. The treasure doesn't lie in the holds of sunken ships, but in natural mineral deposits that a handful of companies are poised to begin mining sometime in the next one to five years.
The deposits aren't too hard to find they're in seams spread along the seafloor, where natural hydrothermal vents eject rich concentrations of metals and minerals.
These underwater geysers spit out fluids with temperatures exceeding 600 And when those fluids hit the icy seawater, minerals precipitate out, falling to the ocean floor.
The deposits can yield as much as ten times the desirable minerals as a seam that's mined on land.
While different vent systems contain varying concentrations of precious minerals, the deep sea contains enough mineable gold that there's nine pounds (four kilograms) of it for every person on Earth, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Ocean Service.
At today's gold prices, that's a volume worth more than $150 trillion.
But a fledgling deep sea mining industry faces a host of challenges before it can claim the precious minerals, from the need for new mining technology and serious capital to the concerns of conservationists, fishers, and coastal residents.
The roadblocks are coming into view in the coastal waters of Papua New Guinea, where the seafloor contains copper, zinc, van cleef & arpels wedding ring replica and gold deposits worth hundreds of millions of dollars and where one company, Nautilus Minerals, hopes to launch the world's first deep sea mining operation.
Animation: How Robots Could Mine Seafloor
Last year, the Papua New Guinean government granted the Canadian firm a 20 year license to mine a site 19 miles (30 kilometers) off their coast, in the Bismarck Sea in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The company plans to mine the site, known as Solwara 1, by marrying existing technologies from the offshore oil and gas industry with new underwater robotic technologies to extract an estimated 1.3 million tons of minerals per year.
Samantha Smith, Nautilus's vice president for corporate social responsibility, says that ocean floor mining is safer, cleaner, and more environmentally friendly than its terrestrial counterpart.
"There are no mountains that need to be removed to get to the ore body," she says. "There's a potential to have a lot less waste . No people need to be displaced. Shouldn't we as a society consider such an option?"
But mining a mile below the sea's surface, where pressure is 160 times greater than on land and where temperatures swing from below freezing to hundreds of degrees above boiling, is trickier and more expensive than mining on terra firma.
Nautilus says it will employ three remote controlled construction tools that resemble giant underwater lawn mowers to cut the hard mineral ore from the seafloor and pump it a mile up to a surface vessel.
That vessel would be equipped with machinery that removes excess water and rock and returns it to the mining site via pipeline, an effort aimed at avoiding contaminating surface waters with residual mineral particles. The company would then ship the rock to a concentrator facility to remove the mineral from the ore. Geological Survey proved their existence in the Gal rift with cameras and a manned dive in the submersible Alvin.
The animal rich landscape and huge temperature shifts came as a surprise.
"When the first people went down there, and saw these things, they had no idea," says Mike Coffin, a geophysicist and executive director of the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania in Australia. "The submersible had windows that could melt at temperatures lower than what was coming out of the vent."
And, in contrast to the desert like landscape that the scientists expected, it van cleef flower ring fake turns out that hydrothermal vents are home to lots of life: snails the size of tennis balls, seven foot long (two meter long) tubeworms, purple octopi, and all white crabs and skates.
It turns out that, far from the sun's life giving light, the same minerals now eyed by the mining industry support lively communities.
Now some researchers fear that deep sea mining could jeopardize those communities by altering their habitats before the systems have been fully explored and explained.
"We're still just grappling with this reality of commercialization of the deep sea," says Cindy Van Dover, director of Duke University's Marine Lab. "And scrambling to figure out what we need to know."
Van Dover was aboard the first manned biological exploration of the hydrothermal vents in 1982 and was the only woman to pilot the submersible Alvin. Despite the strides van cleef & arpels engagement ring replica that have been made in understanding the deep sea, she says, it's still a young science.
When it comes to the impacts of mining on any deep sea life, "there's a particular type of research that needs to be done," she says. "We haven't yet studied the ecosystem services and functions of the deep sea to understand what we'd lose.
"We don't yet know what we need to know," Van Dover says.
Conservationists also say they want to know more about the vent ecosystems and how they will be mined.
"The whole world is new to the concept of deep sea mining," says Helen Rosenbaum, coordinator of the Deep Sea Mining Campaign, a small activist group in Australia that campaigns against mining the Solwara 1 site.
"This is going to be the world's first exploitation of these kinds of deep resources. The impacts are not known, and we need to apply precautionary principles," she says. "If we knew what the impacts were going to be, we could engage in a broad based debate."
Rosenbaum says some communities in Papua New Guinea are raising concerns about the sustainability of local livelihoods in the face of mining and say they aren't receiving the information they need.
Scientists have known about the bounty for decades, but only recently has rising demand for such commodities sparked interest in actually surfacing it. The treasure doesn't lie in the holds of sunken ships, but in natural mineral deposits that a handful of companies are poised to begin mining sometime in the next one to five years.
The deposits aren't too hard to find they're in seams spread along the seafloor, where natural hydrothermal vents eject rich concentrations of metals and minerals.
These underwater geysers spit out fluids with temperatures exceeding 600 And when those fluids hit the icy seawater, minerals precipitate out, falling to the ocean floor.
The deposits can yield as much as ten times the desirable minerals as a seam that's mined on land.
While different vent systems contain varying concentrations of precious minerals, the deep sea contains enough mineable gold that there's nine pounds (four kilograms) of it for every person on Earth, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Ocean Service.
At today's gold prices, that's a volume worth more than $150 trillion.
But a fledgling deep sea mining industry faces a host of challenges before it can claim the precious minerals, from the need for new mining technology and serious capital to the concerns of conservationists, fishers, and coastal residents.
The roadblocks are coming into view in the coastal waters of Papua New Guinea, where the seafloor contains copper, zinc, van cleef & arpels wedding ring replica and gold deposits worth hundreds of millions of dollars and where one company, Nautilus Minerals, hopes to launch the world's first deep sea mining operation.
Animation: How Robots Could Mine Seafloor
Last year, the Papua New Guinean government granted the Canadian firm a 20 year license to mine a site 19 miles (30 kilometers) off their coast, in the Bismarck Sea in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The company plans to mine the site, known as Solwara 1, by marrying existing technologies from the offshore oil and gas industry with new underwater robotic technologies to extract an estimated 1.3 million tons of minerals per year.
Samantha Smith, Nautilus's vice president for corporate social responsibility, says that ocean floor mining is safer, cleaner, and more environmentally friendly than its terrestrial counterpart.
"There are no mountains that need to be removed to get to the ore body," she says. "There's a potential to have a lot less waste . No people need to be displaced. Shouldn't we as a society consider such an option?"
But mining a mile below the sea's surface, where pressure is 160 times greater than on land and where temperatures swing from below freezing to hundreds of degrees above boiling, is trickier and more expensive than mining on terra firma.
Nautilus says it will employ three remote controlled construction tools that resemble giant underwater lawn mowers to cut the hard mineral ore from the seafloor and pump it a mile up to a surface vessel.
That vessel would be equipped with machinery that removes excess water and rock and returns it to the mining site via pipeline, an effort aimed at avoiding contaminating surface waters with residual mineral particles. The company would then ship the rock to a concentrator facility to remove the mineral from the ore. Geological Survey proved their existence in the Gal rift with cameras and a manned dive in the submersible Alvin.
The animal rich landscape and huge temperature shifts came as a surprise.
"When the first people went down there, and saw these things, they had no idea," says Mike Coffin, a geophysicist and executive director of the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania in Australia. "The submersible had windows that could melt at temperatures lower than what was coming out of the vent."
And, in contrast to the desert like landscape that the scientists expected, it van cleef flower ring fake turns out that hydrothermal vents are home to lots of life: snails the size of tennis balls, seven foot long (two meter long) tubeworms, purple octopi, and all white crabs and skates.
It turns out that, far from the sun's life giving light, the same minerals now eyed by the mining industry support lively communities.
Now some researchers fear that deep sea mining could jeopardize those communities by altering their habitats before the systems have been fully explored and explained.
"We're still just grappling with this reality of commercialization of the deep sea," says Cindy Van Dover, director of Duke University's Marine Lab. "And scrambling to figure out what we need to know."
Van Dover was aboard the first manned biological exploration of the hydrothermal vents in 1982 and was the only woman to pilot the submersible Alvin. Despite the strides van cleef & arpels engagement ring replica that have been made in understanding the deep sea, she says, it's still a young science.
When it comes to the impacts of mining on any deep sea life, "there's a particular type of research that needs to be done," she says. "We haven't yet studied the ecosystem services and functions of the deep sea to understand what we'd lose.
"We don't yet know what we need to know," Van Dover says.
Conservationists also say they want to know more about the vent ecosystems and how they will be mined.
"The whole world is new to the concept of deep sea mining," says Helen Rosenbaum, coordinator of the Deep Sea Mining Campaign, a small activist group in Australia that campaigns against mining the Solwara 1 site.
"This is going to be the world's first exploitation of these kinds of deep resources. The impacts are not known, and we need to apply precautionary principles," she says. "If we knew what the impacts were going to be, we could engage in a broad based debate."
Rosenbaum says some communities in Papua New Guinea are raising concerns about the sustainability of local livelihoods in the face of mining and say they aren't receiving the information they need.
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