nikesasasassa's blog
Size matters
am for an art that is political erotic mystical, that does something else than sit on its ass in a museum. Claes Oldenburg, 1961
In the early 1960s, when pop art detonated in New York City, it blasted the dreary earnestness right out of the art world (at least for a few seconds). When it first hit, pop was the rock and roll of art (and rock was still an angry toddler). Like rock, it reset the culture clock, rewrote the rules, recast the performers awop bop a loo bop awop bam boom! And after the fluorescent dust settled and the glimmering, giggling debris imitation vintage alhambra earrings stopped bouncing around, out of the ground zero crater crawled pop art own Fab Four: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and, last but most, Claes Oldenburg.
Oldenburg, who turns 70 on Jan. 29, has spent much of his life bending, inflating, melting and enlarging the ordinary objects of 20th century American reality. Over the last four decades, Oldenburg has made it his business to soften the hard, harden the soft and transmute the modest into the monumental. He has created shirts and ties and dresses and ice cream cones and pies, and even the contents of an entire store, out of plaster soaked cloth and wire. He constructed a catcher mitt, 12 feet tall, out of metal and wood, and built a four and a half story clothespin out of Cor Ten steel. In the last two decades, focusing almost exclusively on giant monuments, he has created a 38 foot tall flashlight, a 10 story baseball bat, a 60 foot long umbrella, a three story high faucet with a 440 foot water spewing red hose, a 40 foot tall book of matches and a partially buried bicycle that would fill most of a football field, among numerous other projects located from Tokyo to Texas.
main reason for the colossal objects is the obvious one, to expand and intensify the presence of the vessel the object, Oldenburg has said. I am more a still life painter using the city as a tablecloth. At another time he remarked, my work is naturally non meaningful, the meaning found in it will remain doubtful and inconsistent which is the way it should be. All that I care about is that, like any startling piece of nature, it should be capable of stimulating meaning. works. His eccentric props make the so called real world seem like an absurd stage for the real life being played out in Oldenburg Land. In the case of his 1994 piece for example, the artist installed four 17 foot tall badminton birdies on the sweeping lawn surrounding the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Mo. At first glance, the effect is not so much that you looking at Brobdingnagian birdies, but that a tiny Beaux Arts building has been rudely plopped in the middle of the badminton court, and that any moment a hand will remove the toy structure so the game can continue.
The still prolific Oldenburg has also managed to eroticize the most unlikely of subjects. His Switches (1964), a 4 foot square drooping double light switch constructed of orange vinyl filled with Dacron and canvas, resembles nothing so much as Marilyn Monroe oozing out of an evening gown a light switch that looks fully capable of singing Birthday, Mr. President. Likewise, his (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks (1969), a 25 foot tall phallic shaped cosmetic mounted on what looks like a battle vehicle, evokes both male and female sexuality, while unmistakably referencing the Vietnam War, which was still raging when the piece was installed at Yale University.
things do look like human beings, he has said, visage like, body like. What I see is not the thing itself, but myself in its form. Yes, Oldenburg was morphing before morphing was cool. He possesses an uncanny associative vision, an ability to see in one thing the image of another; to imagine how one form might become the next a natural instinct for topology. Thus a faucet is turned into a cathedral, a fireplug into a skyscraper; a colossal drainpipe is the source of a waterfall; an immense spoon serves as a bridge; a human nose becomes a gigantic tunnel; Swedish Kndckebrvd crackers are bitten off to make buildings of different heights; an elephant head is also an outboard motor and a Swiss army knife is transformed into a medieval Venetian rowing galley, with silver oars protruding from its great red body.
Enormous clothespins are funny, of course. But Oldenburg has done more than give us a laugh. As Robert Hughes wrote in Visions, aspects of pop that lasted best are the very ones its bright hardheadedness was supposed to have expelled namely, mystery and metaphor. Here, the outstanding figure was Claes Oldenburg. And still is.
I do is completely original, Oldenburg explained in 1966. made it up when I was a little kid. He wasn joking. Born in Stockholm, the oldest son of a Swedish diplomat, Oldenburg grew up in New York and then in Chicago, where his father was the Swedish consul and later consul general. But Oldenburg and his younger brother spent much of the time in Neubern, a country of their own invention, which the older boy documented with a newspaper, maps and scrapbooks. do invest religious emotion in our objects, Oldenburg would say years later. at how beautifully objects are depicted in ads in Sunday newspapers it all very emotional. Objects are body images, after all, created by humans, filled with human emotion, objects of worship. Yet the First Church of Oldenburg didn invent America religious attachment to things; it merely recognized it and brought the objects to life.
In 1959, Oldenburg had his first exhibition: a group of drawings depicting a painter and friend of his named Pat Muschinski. Later that year, his first one man show featured wood and newspaper constructions. By May 1960 he was already producing oversize three dimensional objects for a collection of pieces known as Street, based, he said, on I could find on the way home. Also at that time, Oldenburg began integrating performance into his exhibitions and, influenced by the early Happenings created by Alan Kaprow, produced his own Happening the first of many at New York Judson Gallery in Street environment he had van cleef pearl earrings imitation built there. He was supporting himself as a dishwasher.
His first major recognition came with the 1961 installation Store, a large collection of goods one might find in a neighborhood market (if the neighborhood was inside Oldenburg brain). Among the shoppers at the East Second Street storefront that housed Store was the Museum of Modern Art. From 1962 on, his work was closely identified with the burgeoning pop art movement, and as the progressed he became an international figure. In 1995 the vast retrospective exhibition Oldenburg: An Anthology, was co organized by the National Gallery of Art and the Guggenheim Museum in association with the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Kunst und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland of Bonn and the Hayward Gallery of London. A suitably large, lavish book from which some of the material in this article is drawn complemented the show.
Anyone who has ever been a child is familiar with the child mind predilection for animating the inanimate for amusement, but also to remedy loneliness. Who among us, as a youngster in solitude, has not wished that the table, chairs and telephone might get up and waltz around the dining room? (And who to say they haven The admirable thing about Oldenburg is the degree to which he has held onto, and capitalized on, that gift. He has a genius for profound playfulness filtered through an adult appreciation for the anarchic nature of play; a subversive refusal to be serious in the conventionally accepted manner. The irony is that by gently insisting on his view of things, Oldenburg, who now regularly collaborates with his wife, Coosje van Bruggen, has brought the rest of the world around governments, corporations and museums now take him very seriously and commission him to produce his grand follies.
Among the virtues of Oldenburg work is the implication that there is nothing childish about the speculations of childhood. As adults, we discount those beliefs because we can remember being convinced of them, or how clearly and surely we grasped them. But what if, just maybe, everything is the opposite of what we think? What if all the important stuff isn as important as the unimportant stuff? What if big is little and little is big? If hard is actually soft, might six, in fact, turn out to be nine? Do chairs talk and tables walk? In this glib era, good answers are easy to come by, but artful questions what Oldenburg brings to the landscape are rarer than canvas clarinets.
In the course of shaping parts of the urban world to his own specifications, Oldenburg has, more than any of his pop art colleagues, mined his own interior as much as he excavated the iconography of American industrial culture. But he is not just playing with paradoxes. He is one of our finest social satirists, using vehicles that command our attention in the most affable manner. By embalming and memorializing the objects of the industrial age he is, among other things, celebrating the dwindling dinosaurs of the mechanical epoch and, by extension, the gods who made them in their own image (us). electronics, he has said, things get smaller and smaller, and more and more refined, they lose their particular existence as objects. As mankind products increasingly tend to resemble one another (is it a computer, a bread making machine or a heater?), Oldenburg seems to have appointed himself undertaker to the machine age: one point I said I was creating a cemetery of industrial objects. Meaning is slippery and subjective at best, while reality, as Lily Tomlin pointed out, is a collective hunch. What we can be sure of is that Oldenburg work skews our perceptions, and jostles our noggin sauce, by being obtrusive, forceful and jarring at the same time that van cleef gold earrings imitation it exudes good humor like the large, fur covered Good Humor bars (leopard, tiger, cow and polka dot) that he produced in 1963. He keeps us awake with the most novel of devices.
Unlike most of pop art (or any art, for that matter), there is something timeless and substantial beneath the wry, glossy surfaces of Oldenburg works; something singular and right. Maybe it what Hughes calls mystery and metaphor. Or perhaps it some kind of modern alchemy: the ability to take the dull and somber and make it shine with warmth and humor. Whatever it is, it rare stuff and we desperate for it. (There is an unmistakable hope inducing quality to Oldenburg mammoth acts of wackiness how can one be melancholy in the presence of a 45 foot tall pair of binoculars?) Besides, in times like these, good art that smart, true and funny, without being coldly ironical, is not only a blessing, it the neatest trick of the century. Which is why Claes Oldenburg matters now just as much as he did when pop was young. government will build a monument a medal the size of a tire on a Peterbilt truck would do nicely to pop art preeminent public servant and five star general, Claes Oldenburg. He is certainly a national treasure, and unquestionably a hoot and a half. And right now, as society supposed paragons of logic and practicality have stopped making any sense at all, Oldenburg take on things makes more sense than ever.
am for an art that is political erotic mystical, that does something else than sit on its ass in a museum. Claes Oldenburg, 1961
In the early 1960s, when pop art detonated in New York City, it blasted the dreary earnestness right out of the art world (at least for a few seconds). When it first hit, pop was the rock and roll of art (and rock was still an angry toddler). Like rock, it reset the culture clock, rewrote the rules, recast the performers awop bop a loo bop awop bam boom! And after the fluorescent dust settled and the glimmering, giggling debris imitation vintage alhambra earrings stopped bouncing around, out of the ground zero crater crawled pop art own Fab Four: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and, last but most, Claes Oldenburg.
Oldenburg, who turns 70 on Jan. 29, has spent much of his life bending, inflating, melting and enlarging the ordinary objects of 20th century American reality. Over the last four decades, Oldenburg has made it his business to soften the hard, harden the soft and transmute the modest into the monumental. He has created shirts and ties and dresses and ice cream cones and pies, and even the contents of an entire store, out of plaster soaked cloth and wire. He constructed a catcher mitt, 12 feet tall, out of metal and wood, and built a four and a half story clothespin out of Cor Ten steel. In the last two decades, focusing almost exclusively on giant monuments, he has created a 38 foot tall flashlight, a 10 story baseball bat, a 60 foot long umbrella, a three story high faucet with a 440 foot water spewing red hose, a 40 foot tall book of matches and a partially buried bicycle that would fill most of a football field, among numerous other projects located from Tokyo to Texas.
main reason for the colossal objects is the obvious one, to expand and intensify the presence of the vessel the object, Oldenburg has said. I am more a still life painter using the city as a tablecloth. At another time he remarked, my work is naturally non meaningful, the meaning found in it will remain doubtful and inconsistent which is the way it should be. All that I care about is that, like any startling piece of nature, it should be capable of stimulating meaning. works. His eccentric props make the so called real world seem like an absurd stage for the real life being played out in Oldenburg Land. In the case of his 1994 piece for example, the artist installed four 17 foot tall badminton birdies on the sweeping lawn surrounding the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Mo. At first glance, the effect is not so much that you looking at Brobdingnagian birdies, but that a tiny Beaux Arts building has been rudely plopped in the middle of the badminton court, and that any moment a hand will remove the toy structure so the game can continue.
The still prolific Oldenburg has also managed to eroticize the most unlikely of subjects. His Switches (1964), a 4 foot square drooping double light switch constructed of orange vinyl filled with Dacron and canvas, resembles nothing so much as Marilyn Monroe oozing out of an evening gown a light switch that looks fully capable of singing Birthday, Mr. President. Likewise, his (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks (1969), a 25 foot tall phallic shaped cosmetic mounted on what looks like a battle vehicle, evokes both male and female sexuality, while unmistakably referencing the Vietnam War, which was still raging when the piece was installed at Yale University.
things do look like human beings, he has said, visage like, body like. What I see is not the thing itself, but myself in its form. Yes, Oldenburg was morphing before morphing was cool. He possesses an uncanny associative vision, an ability to see in one thing the image of another; to imagine how one form might become the next a natural instinct for topology. Thus a faucet is turned into a cathedral, a fireplug into a skyscraper; a colossal drainpipe is the source of a waterfall; an immense spoon serves as a bridge; a human nose becomes a gigantic tunnel; Swedish Kndckebrvd crackers are bitten off to make buildings of different heights; an elephant head is also an outboard motor and a Swiss army knife is transformed into a medieval Venetian rowing galley, with silver oars protruding from its great red body.
Enormous clothespins are funny, of course. But Oldenburg has done more than give us a laugh. As Robert Hughes wrote in Visions, aspects of pop that lasted best are the very ones its bright hardheadedness was supposed to have expelled namely, mystery and metaphor. Here, the outstanding figure was Claes Oldenburg. And still is.
I do is completely original, Oldenburg explained in 1966. made it up when I was a little kid. He wasn joking. Born in Stockholm, the oldest son of a Swedish diplomat, Oldenburg grew up in New York and then in Chicago, where his father was the Swedish consul and later consul general. But Oldenburg and his younger brother spent much of the time in Neubern, a country of their own invention, which the older boy documented with a newspaper, maps and scrapbooks. do invest religious emotion in our objects, Oldenburg would say years later. at how beautifully objects are depicted in ads in Sunday newspapers it all very emotional. Objects are body images, after all, created by humans, filled with human emotion, objects of worship. Yet the First Church of Oldenburg didn invent America religious attachment to things; it merely recognized it and brought the objects to life.
In 1959, Oldenburg had his first exhibition: a group of drawings depicting a painter and friend of his named Pat Muschinski. Later that year, his first one man show featured wood and newspaper constructions. By May 1960 he was already producing oversize three dimensional objects for a collection of pieces known as Street, based, he said, on I could find on the way home. Also at that time, Oldenburg began integrating performance into his exhibitions and, influenced by the early Happenings created by Alan Kaprow, produced his own Happening the first of many at New York Judson Gallery in Street environment he had van cleef pearl earrings imitation built there. He was supporting himself as a dishwasher.
His first major recognition came with the 1961 installation Store, a large collection of goods one might find in a neighborhood market (if the neighborhood was inside Oldenburg brain). Among the shoppers at the East Second Street storefront that housed Store was the Museum of Modern Art. From 1962 on, his work was closely identified with the burgeoning pop art movement, and as the progressed he became an international figure. In 1995 the vast retrospective exhibition Oldenburg: An Anthology, was co organized by the National Gallery of Art and the Guggenheim Museum in association with the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Kunst und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland of Bonn and the Hayward Gallery of London. A suitably large, lavish book from which some of the material in this article is drawn complemented the show.
Anyone who has ever been a child is familiar with the child mind predilection for animating the inanimate for amusement, but also to remedy loneliness. Who among us, as a youngster in solitude, has not wished that the table, chairs and telephone might get up and waltz around the dining room? (And who to say they haven The admirable thing about Oldenburg is the degree to which he has held onto, and capitalized on, that gift. He has a genius for profound playfulness filtered through an adult appreciation for the anarchic nature of play; a subversive refusal to be serious in the conventionally accepted manner. The irony is that by gently insisting on his view of things, Oldenburg, who now regularly collaborates with his wife, Coosje van Bruggen, has brought the rest of the world around governments, corporations and museums now take him very seriously and commission him to produce his grand follies.
Among the virtues of Oldenburg work is the implication that there is nothing childish about the speculations of childhood. As adults, we discount those beliefs because we can remember being convinced of them, or how clearly and surely we grasped them. But what if, just maybe, everything is the opposite of what we think? What if all the important stuff isn as important as the unimportant stuff? What if big is little and little is big? If hard is actually soft, might six, in fact, turn out to be nine? Do chairs talk and tables walk? In this glib era, good answers are easy to come by, but artful questions what Oldenburg brings to the landscape are rarer than canvas clarinets.
In the course of shaping parts of the urban world to his own specifications, Oldenburg has, more than any of his pop art colleagues, mined his own interior as much as he excavated the iconography of American industrial culture. But he is not just playing with paradoxes. He is one of our finest social satirists, using vehicles that command our attention in the most affable manner. By embalming and memorializing the objects of the industrial age he is, among other things, celebrating the dwindling dinosaurs of the mechanical epoch and, by extension, the gods who made them in their own image (us). electronics, he has said, things get smaller and smaller, and more and more refined, they lose their particular existence as objects. As mankind products increasingly tend to resemble one another (is it a computer, a bread making machine or a heater?), Oldenburg seems to have appointed himself undertaker to the machine age: one point I said I was creating a cemetery of industrial objects. Meaning is slippery and subjective at best, while reality, as Lily Tomlin pointed out, is a collective hunch. What we can be sure of is that Oldenburg work skews our perceptions, and jostles our noggin sauce, by being obtrusive, forceful and jarring at the same time that van cleef gold earrings imitation it exudes good humor like the large, fur covered Good Humor bars (leopard, tiger, cow and polka dot) that he produced in 1963. He keeps us awake with the most novel of devices.
Unlike most of pop art (or any art, for that matter), there is something timeless and substantial beneath the wry, glossy surfaces of Oldenburg works; something singular and right. Maybe it what Hughes calls mystery and metaphor. Or perhaps it some kind of modern alchemy: the ability to take the dull and somber and make it shine with warmth and humor. Whatever it is, it rare stuff and we desperate for it. (There is an unmistakable hope inducing quality to Oldenburg mammoth acts of wackiness how can one be melancholy in the presence of a 45 foot tall pair of binoculars?) Besides, in times like these, good art that smart, true and funny, without being coldly ironical, is not only a blessing, it the neatest trick of the century. Which is why Claes Oldenburg matters now just as much as he did when pop was young. government will build a monument a medal the size of a tire on a Peterbilt truck would do nicely to pop art preeminent public servant and five star general, Claes Oldenburg. He is certainly a national treasure, and unquestionably a hoot and a half. And right now, as society supposed paragons of logic and practicality have stopped making any sense at all, Oldenburg take on things makes more sense than ever.
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Scientists map Arabica coffee genome
Researchers have mapped the genome for Arabica coffee in an effort to unlock its delicious secrets and protect it against disease and climate change in the future. Ben Gruber reports.
"When we started looking at coffee we started to realize that it is kind of like an orphan crop. Very little has been done in introducing advance genetic technology to improve coffee."
But now the secrets behind what makes an espresso so tasty are starting to be revealed.
Scientists in California have mapped the genome for Arabica coffee, the species that accounts for 70 percent of global consumption.
"DNA is the book of life. So if we can understand the genes that are involved in relation to different traits, related to production, related to quality, related van cleef earrings imitation to adaptation, that adds value to our knowledge."
Knowledge that will help protect coffee plants against climate change and disease.
Genetic secrets could also allow farms like Jay Ruskey's in Southern California to thrive outside the tropical zone where most coffee production is currently located.
SOUNDBITE (English) JAY RUSKEY, FARMER AND OWNER OF GOOD LAND ORGANICS, SAYING:
"I think coffee has the potential to be a growing industry in California and I think if all things work correctly, we could make southern California a specialty coffee capital of the world."
To do this Ruskey needs to know how best to breed his plants, allowing them to adapt to a different climate. All this information exists in the coffee plant's genetic make up.
SOUNDBITE (English) JAY RUSKEY, FARMER AND OWNER OF GOOD LAND ORGANICS, SAYING:
"The advantage of being in California is that we can actually provide it (coffee plant) with exactly the water and even nutrition requirements with irrigation. We can provide it when it wants it and how much it wants it. And we can do it in a dry climate so we can avoid diseases that are traditional in the moist humid coffee climates."
Deciphering coffee's genetics is even more important for traditional farms in the tropics where pests imitation van cleef & arpels alhambra earrings and disease are a serious threat.
"You can control pests and disease with chemicals, but the most sustainable and positive was to do it would be by breeding, by breeding disease resistant into the crop and preventing those problems."
And to breed properly, farmers need as much information about their crops as possible.
The scientists say the more we learn about van cleef onyx earrings imitation coffee's genes the better our chances of protecting it against a changing climate making sure we all have that perfect cup of coffee for many years to come.
Researchers have mapped the genome for Arabica coffee in an effort to unlock its delicious secrets and protect it against disease and climate change in the future. Ben Gruber reports.
"When we started looking at coffee we started to realize that it is kind of like an orphan crop. Very little has been done in introducing advance genetic technology to improve coffee."
But now the secrets behind what makes an espresso so tasty are starting to be revealed.
Scientists in California have mapped the genome for Arabica coffee, the species that accounts for 70 percent of global consumption.
"DNA is the book of life. So if we can understand the genes that are involved in relation to different traits, related to production, related to quality, related van cleef earrings imitation to adaptation, that adds value to our knowledge."
Knowledge that will help protect coffee plants against climate change and disease.
Genetic secrets could also allow farms like Jay Ruskey's in Southern California to thrive outside the tropical zone where most coffee production is currently located.
SOUNDBITE (English) JAY RUSKEY, FARMER AND OWNER OF GOOD LAND ORGANICS, SAYING:
"I think coffee has the potential to be a growing industry in California and I think if all things work correctly, we could make southern California a specialty coffee capital of the world."
To do this Ruskey needs to know how best to breed his plants, allowing them to adapt to a different climate. All this information exists in the coffee plant's genetic make up.
SOUNDBITE (English) JAY RUSKEY, FARMER AND OWNER OF GOOD LAND ORGANICS, SAYING:
"The advantage of being in California is that we can actually provide it (coffee plant) with exactly the water and even nutrition requirements with irrigation. We can provide it when it wants it and how much it wants it. And we can do it in a dry climate so we can avoid diseases that are traditional in the moist humid coffee climates."
Deciphering coffee's genetics is even more important for traditional farms in the tropics where pests imitation van cleef & arpels alhambra earrings and disease are a serious threat.
"You can control pests and disease with chemicals, but the most sustainable and positive was to do it would be by breeding, by breeding disease resistant into the crop and preventing those problems."
And to breed properly, farmers need as much information about their crops as possible.
The scientists say the more we learn about van cleef onyx earrings imitation coffee's genes the better our chances of protecting it against a changing climate making sure we all have that perfect cup of coffee for many years to come.
Tevez and famous bust
David Beckham's boot to the face, Pep Guardiola's run in with Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Carlos Tevez's strop: As Diego Costa makes up with Chelsea boss Antonio Conte, here are 10 other famous footballing bust ups
Diego Costa and Antonio Conte have resolved their differences at ChelseaCosta was left out of the Blues' squad to face Leicester in the Premier LeagueHe is not the only footballer to have had a disagreement with his managerSome of the biggest names in the game have had their own run insDavid Beckham, Roy Keane, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Carlos Tevez all feature in Sportsmail's run down of the most memorably bust ups van cleef and arpel clover necklace fake of recent yearsBy
It is still remarkable to recall how Manchester City's maiden Premier League title featured Tevez spending six months off, mainly playing golf in Argentina.
A spectacular frisson with Roberto Mancini sparked when Tevez declined to warm up for a Champions League tie at Bayern Munich and the City manager decried the player as 'finished' at the club.
Rather than play in the reserves, Tevez flew home and stayed for half a year, losing out on an estimated 9m in wages and fines. AC Milan could not finance a January deal and Tevez was eventually brought back into the fold after apologising, despite also claiming Mancini had treated him 'like a dog'.
Against all imagination Tevez returned fit and scored a hat trick against Norwich, celebrating by taking van cleef and arpel necklace copy a golf swing into thin air. He started the final day game against Queens Park Rangers, although had been substituted by the time of Sergio Aguero's dramatic goal.
David Beckham, February 2003
The Case of the Airborne Boot could be a Sherlock Holmes mystery but it did not take long to establish the culprit when Beckham took the bold step of showing his scar to the world.
Driving into training the Manchester United star wore an Alice band to highlight the cut above his eye, and it was soon revealed that Sir Alex Ferguson's anger was the cause. Ferguson had been incensed at Beckham's performance in the FA Cup defeat by Arsenal and in the dressing room kicked a boot that struck his player with unerring precision.
Ferguson believed Beckham had dropped his levels as a result of interest from La Liga and told the board he should be sold. Beckham went to Real Madrid that summer for 24.5million.
Pierre Van Hooijdonk, August 1998
Perhaps unfairly given his career goalscoring ratio, Van Hooijdonk is synonymous with striking. Having stayed with Nottingham Forest through relegation in 1997, his form helped the side gain instant promotion back.
But returning from the World Cup with Holland, he found Forest had not strengthened as promised and asked to leave. Forest, led by Dave Bassett, refused and Van Hooijdonk downed tools, training with NAC Breda to keep fit.
Eventually he returned in November with Forest in deep trouble. He scored six goals, but team mates markedly refused to celebrate with him. Forest went down in last place.
Van Hooijdonk was sold to Vitesse Arnhem that summer for 3.5m having outlasted Bassett, who was sacked in January. He later said he could have handled the situation differently.
Roy Keane, November 2005
Another United great, another Fergie fall out, another unseemly departure. Friction that had been brewing between Keane and his manager as United suffered a deep lull in form was brought to a head when the club captain issued sharp criticism of team mates for the 4 1 loss to Middlesbrough on in house MUTV.
Ferguson judged the punditry 'unbelievable, he slaughtered everyone' and had the tape pulled. Keane said none of the players had an issue with his honesty. But he departed relatively soon after, with the announcement ending his 12 and a half years at Old Trafford coming abruptly. Keane went onto Celtic.
He has said: 'Even now people still say: "The video had to be destroyed". Like it was a nuclear weapon or something.'
Dimitar Berbatov, September 2008
A dramatic deadline day switch from Tottenham to United for a record 30.75m had van cleef and arpels necklace alhambra fake in fact been preceded by Berbatov declining to play for his club to force through a move.
Juande Ramos dropped his main striker for games against Sunderland and Chelsea and Spurs made a Premier League complaint of tapping up. Eventually chairman Daniel Levy relented but only in exchange for a huge fee, a trademark example of his negotiating ability.
Levy later said Berbatov's behaviour had a 'detrimental affect on the dressing room'. The Bulgarian went on to win that season's Premier League and played in the Champions League final.
Kieron Dyer, August 2004
In what the former England international calls the 'greatest regret of his career', Dyer had a row with Sir Bobby Robson over his position while at Newcastle.
Dyer refused to play at right wing for a game against Middlesbrough, preferring to operate centrally, so Robson dropped him to the bench. When he came on he then declined the captain's armband as Alan Shearer went off.
Dyer was jeered every time he touched the ball during England's friendly win over Ukraine at St James' Park four days later, prompting an apology.
David Beckham's boot to the face, Pep Guardiola's run in with Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Carlos Tevez's strop: As Diego Costa makes up with Chelsea boss Antonio Conte, here are 10 other famous footballing bust ups
Diego Costa and Antonio Conte have resolved their differences at ChelseaCosta was left out of the Blues' squad to face Leicester in the Premier LeagueHe is not the only footballer to have had a disagreement with his managerSome of the biggest names in the game have had their own run insDavid Beckham, Roy Keane, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Carlos Tevez all feature in Sportsmail's run down of the most memorably bust ups van cleef and arpel clover necklace fake of recent yearsBy
It is still remarkable to recall how Manchester City's maiden Premier League title featured Tevez spending six months off, mainly playing golf in Argentina.
A spectacular frisson with Roberto Mancini sparked when Tevez declined to warm up for a Champions League tie at Bayern Munich and the City manager decried the player as 'finished' at the club.
Rather than play in the reserves, Tevez flew home and stayed for half a year, losing out on an estimated 9m in wages and fines. AC Milan could not finance a January deal and Tevez was eventually brought back into the fold after apologising, despite also claiming Mancini had treated him 'like a dog'.
Against all imagination Tevez returned fit and scored a hat trick against Norwich, celebrating by taking van cleef and arpel necklace copy a golf swing into thin air. He started the final day game against Queens Park Rangers, although had been substituted by the time of Sergio Aguero's dramatic goal.
David Beckham, February 2003
The Case of the Airborne Boot could be a Sherlock Holmes mystery but it did not take long to establish the culprit when Beckham took the bold step of showing his scar to the world.
Driving into training the Manchester United star wore an Alice band to highlight the cut above his eye, and it was soon revealed that Sir Alex Ferguson's anger was the cause. Ferguson had been incensed at Beckham's performance in the FA Cup defeat by Arsenal and in the dressing room kicked a boot that struck his player with unerring precision.
Ferguson believed Beckham had dropped his levels as a result of interest from La Liga and told the board he should be sold. Beckham went to Real Madrid that summer for 24.5million.
Pierre Van Hooijdonk, August 1998
Perhaps unfairly given his career goalscoring ratio, Van Hooijdonk is synonymous with striking. Having stayed with Nottingham Forest through relegation in 1997, his form helped the side gain instant promotion back.
But returning from the World Cup with Holland, he found Forest had not strengthened as promised and asked to leave. Forest, led by Dave Bassett, refused and Van Hooijdonk downed tools, training with NAC Breda to keep fit.
Eventually he returned in November with Forest in deep trouble. He scored six goals, but team mates markedly refused to celebrate with him. Forest went down in last place.
Van Hooijdonk was sold to Vitesse Arnhem that summer for 3.5m having outlasted Bassett, who was sacked in January. He later said he could have handled the situation differently.
Roy Keane, November 2005
Another United great, another Fergie fall out, another unseemly departure. Friction that had been brewing between Keane and his manager as United suffered a deep lull in form was brought to a head when the club captain issued sharp criticism of team mates for the 4 1 loss to Middlesbrough on in house MUTV.
Ferguson judged the punditry 'unbelievable, he slaughtered everyone' and had the tape pulled. Keane said none of the players had an issue with his honesty. But he departed relatively soon after, with the announcement ending his 12 and a half years at Old Trafford coming abruptly. Keane went onto Celtic.
He has said: 'Even now people still say: "The video had to be destroyed". Like it was a nuclear weapon or something.'
Dimitar Berbatov, September 2008
A dramatic deadline day switch from Tottenham to United for a record 30.75m had van cleef and arpels necklace alhambra fake in fact been preceded by Berbatov declining to play for his club to force through a move.
Juande Ramos dropped his main striker for games against Sunderland and Chelsea and Spurs made a Premier League complaint of tapping up. Eventually chairman Daniel Levy relented but only in exchange for a huge fee, a trademark example of his negotiating ability.
Levy later said Berbatov's behaviour had a 'detrimental affect on the dressing room'. The Bulgarian went on to win that season's Premier League and played in the Champions League final.
Kieron Dyer, August 2004
In what the former England international calls the 'greatest regret of his career', Dyer had a row with Sir Bobby Robson over his position while at Newcastle.
Dyer refused to play at right wing for a game against Middlesbrough, preferring to operate centrally, so Robson dropped him to the bench. When he came on he then declined the captain's armband as Alan Shearer went off.
Dyer was jeered every time he touched the ball during England's friendly win over Ukraine at St James' Park four days later, prompting an apology.
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Suspect killed after attack on Dallas police headquarters
The hours long drama began soon after midnight when the suspect riddled police headquarters with bullets and left behind at least two devices in duffle bags that later exploded, police said. The attack shattered windows and left van cleef and arpel clover necklace replica bullet holes in the building's walls and in squad cars parked outside.The assailant, driving what police said appeared to be an armored van, then rammed a patrol car and led police on a high speed chase to a fast food restaurant in Hutchins, about 10 miles (16 km) south of the city, where he was later killed.The assailant was believed to have acted alone, motivated by personal grievances, and he had no known connection to any terrorist groups, Dallas Police Chief David Brown said.No one except the suspect was injured or killed in the assault, although a barrage of gunfire narrowly missed some officers and staff, the chief said."I believe we're blessed that our officers survived this ordeal," Brown told reporters. "We literally dodged a bullet."Dallas resident Ben Sotheby, 56, watched the scene of the earlier gunfire from behind the barricades as police patrolled the area near headquarters."It wasn't real smart to shoot up the place where all the cops are at. You'll get yourself killed that way," he said.After the van was cornered in the restaurant parking lot, sporadic negotiations between police and the suspect ensued but the talks soon came to a standstill, prompting a move to disable the van knock off van cleef flower necklace by piercing its engine block with rifle fire. Police snipers then shot the suspect through the windshield of the van.Hours later, live television images showed police conducting a controlled explosion targeting the van. Officers then approached the vehicle, and an announcement the suspect was dead came a few minutes later.Brown said the man police negotiators had spoken with inside the van had identified himself as James Boulware. A check of public records shows that Boulware has faced several criminal charges including assault on family members.As the incident unfolded, two devices exploded outside the police headquarters. The first was a pipe bomb that went off when a police robot attempted to move it. A second device, placed under a police vehicle, was detonated by a bomb squad.There was no van arpels and cleef necklace replica indication that the attack was connected in any way to a recent series of anti police demonstrations triggered by deadly confrontations between officers and unarmed black men.(Reporting by Curtis Skinner in San Francisco and Brendan O'Brien in Milwaukee; Additional reporting by Lisa Lambert in Wasington and Brendan O'Brien in Milwaukee; Writing by Frank McGurty and Jon Herskovitz; Editing by Robin Pomeroy and Tom Brown)
The hours long drama began soon after midnight when the suspect riddled police headquarters with bullets and left behind at least two devices in duffle bags that later exploded, police said. The attack shattered windows and left van cleef and arpel clover necklace replica bullet holes in the building's walls and in squad cars parked outside.The assailant, driving what police said appeared to be an armored van, then rammed a patrol car and led police on a high speed chase to a fast food restaurant in Hutchins, about 10 miles (16 km) south of the city, where he was later killed.The assailant was believed to have acted alone, motivated by personal grievances, and he had no known connection to any terrorist groups, Dallas Police Chief David Brown said.No one except the suspect was injured or killed in the assault, although a barrage of gunfire narrowly missed some officers and staff, the chief said."I believe we're blessed that our officers survived this ordeal," Brown told reporters. "We literally dodged a bullet."Dallas resident Ben Sotheby, 56, watched the scene of the earlier gunfire from behind the barricades as police patrolled the area near headquarters."It wasn't real smart to shoot up the place where all the cops are at. You'll get yourself killed that way," he said.After the van was cornered in the restaurant parking lot, sporadic negotiations between police and the suspect ensued but the talks soon came to a standstill, prompting a move to disable the van knock off van cleef flower necklace by piercing its engine block with rifle fire. Police snipers then shot the suspect through the windshield of the van.Hours later, live television images showed police conducting a controlled explosion targeting the van. Officers then approached the vehicle, and an announcement the suspect was dead came a few minutes later.Brown said the man police negotiators had spoken with inside the van had identified himself as James Boulware. A check of public records shows that Boulware has faced several criminal charges including assault on family members.As the incident unfolded, two devices exploded outside the police headquarters. The first was a pipe bomb that went off when a police robot attempted to move it. A second device, placed under a police vehicle, was detonated by a bomb squad.There was no van arpels and cleef necklace replica indication that the attack was connected in any way to a recent series of anti police demonstrations triggered by deadly confrontations between officers and unarmed black men.(Reporting by Curtis Skinner in San Francisco and Brendan O'Brien in Milwaukee; Additional reporting by Lisa Lambert in Wasington and Brendan O'Brien in Milwaukee; Writing by Frank McGurty and Jon Herskovitz; Editing by Robin Pomeroy and Tom Brown)
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Say WHO For President
I suppose it should concern me that I'm starting to laugh at the GOP Primary campaign I must be getting slap happy. Was it really all four of the remaining candidates that just yesterday rattled their sabers in support of going to war with Iran? Is it possible that such hysteria makes these candidates seem 'stronger' to their voters? These guys sure knock off van cleef mother of pearl necklace tried to hold Obama's feet to the fire over solving America's problems in a single term and now their platform is 'Let's leave everything Domestic in the snake pit and focus on spending more blood and gold in the Middle East'. Why not just re elect Dubya?
I guess I'm a bit hysterical myself I think I'm laughing very nervously at the fact that no one else is laughing. The Republican party, the Tea party, the Evangelical fundamentalists could they be any more ridiculous? Their arrogant ignorance, their faith based delusions and misogyny, their twisted logics and their dogmatic rejection of scientific objectivity, and their incredibly obstinate stupidity they carry all these as proud pennants of party membership.
And the rest of us see them get away with it because their flubs and hyperbole make good copy for the hungry info tainment industry. But they are never baldly rebuked for acting like children throwing temper tantrums or for virtually closing their eyes in refusal of the common sense right in front of them. Many of today's ultra conservatives would have been beaten to death by angry mobs if they publicly spouted their venom in a town square of the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. We still respected the idea of humanity in America, back when we could use it as a club to criticize Communist police states during the Cold War.
Now that we have no certain enemy, no Hitler, no Stalin, no Mao we are beginning to attack each other vintage alhambra necklace fake we have won all the contests that threatened our sovereignty and now we are fighting the war over the definition of the United States of America. And I fear we will discover that our country's past purpose was to champion human rights against the whole world. So our lack of direction since the coming of the new millennium has us confused and phobic and it is exacerbated by the resentment of the rest of the world. And that resentment, if closely scrutinized, will often have cause due to the high handedness that inevitably comes from being able to cow the entire globe.
There are lots of bad changes we've lost any semblance of a frontier. This makes disagreements over land and resources much more bitter and intense. We are trying to grow our economy at the same rate we increase the population, but the pressure build up is inevitable and not just here the pressure is even greater for the other nations' citizens, who once could look to America as an escape from their country's internecine establishment.
Our past advantages: the boundless frontier, the greater development of early industrialism, our tabula rasa type culture that we really just made up as we went all gone. Settling in for a more stagnant future will be much harder than the past acceptance of the challenges of a New World but, like it or not, we must eventually become the Slightly Newer Of The Two Old Worlds.
This is one reason for the importance of developing our presence in space like telescopes, we can do a lot more outside of Earth's gravity well than we can ever accomplish by lying here and waiting for whatever pollution, radiation, meteorites, volcanos, ice age, civilization's collapse you name it. Whatever fate lies in store for planet Earth, it might be nice for us, as a species, to start work on a 'back door' just a thought.
Plus, even if our mighty USA goes, someday, the way of all things, in space there will be a new culture of pioneers, a group of people who glory in growth, achievement, and discovery (said the hard core space cadet).
What I'm trying to say knock off van cleef turquoise necklace (without any need for talk of Outer Space) is that no one wants America to change at least, none of us wants to lose the aspects of America that we've grown to love more than life, even if we can't agree on exactly what those aspects are. But our country changes beneath our feet it takes a step forward here, a step back there, and a couple of steps to the side, rinse, repeat. Our economy changes with time, our politics can change with the economy, our values are affected by our politics we recently got so mad, as a country, we rushed into a War by mistake! We see disasters, natural and man made, and we hear of outrageous crimes perpetrated against the entire country by this industry or that, or even by a single con artist.
I won't even mention religion. I'm only pointing out that America's newest challenge is itself can it use pluralism, individual freedom, and capitalism to create a new Eden? Or must we watch it all on TV, as America inevitably changes without any input from us, its majority of citizens? As Jose Hemanez used to say, "O, I hope not" I just can't stop laughing.
I suppose it should concern me that I'm starting to laugh at the GOP Primary campaign I must be getting slap happy. Was it really all four of the remaining candidates that just yesterday rattled their sabers in support of going to war with Iran? Is it possible that such hysteria makes these candidates seem 'stronger' to their voters? These guys sure knock off van cleef mother of pearl necklace tried to hold Obama's feet to the fire over solving America's problems in a single term and now their platform is 'Let's leave everything Domestic in the snake pit and focus on spending more blood and gold in the Middle East'. Why not just re elect Dubya?
I guess I'm a bit hysterical myself I think I'm laughing very nervously at the fact that no one else is laughing. The Republican party, the Tea party, the Evangelical fundamentalists could they be any more ridiculous? Their arrogant ignorance, their faith based delusions and misogyny, their twisted logics and their dogmatic rejection of scientific objectivity, and their incredibly obstinate stupidity they carry all these as proud pennants of party membership.
And the rest of us see them get away with it because their flubs and hyperbole make good copy for the hungry info tainment industry. But they are never baldly rebuked for acting like children throwing temper tantrums or for virtually closing their eyes in refusal of the common sense right in front of them. Many of today's ultra conservatives would have been beaten to death by angry mobs if they publicly spouted their venom in a town square of the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. We still respected the idea of humanity in America, back when we could use it as a club to criticize Communist police states during the Cold War.
Now that we have no certain enemy, no Hitler, no Stalin, no Mao we are beginning to attack each other vintage alhambra necklace fake we have won all the contests that threatened our sovereignty and now we are fighting the war over the definition of the United States of America. And I fear we will discover that our country's past purpose was to champion human rights against the whole world. So our lack of direction since the coming of the new millennium has us confused and phobic and it is exacerbated by the resentment of the rest of the world. And that resentment, if closely scrutinized, will often have cause due to the high handedness that inevitably comes from being able to cow the entire globe.
There are lots of bad changes we've lost any semblance of a frontier. This makes disagreements over land and resources much more bitter and intense. We are trying to grow our economy at the same rate we increase the population, but the pressure build up is inevitable and not just here the pressure is even greater for the other nations' citizens, who once could look to America as an escape from their country's internecine establishment.
Our past advantages: the boundless frontier, the greater development of early industrialism, our tabula rasa type culture that we really just made up as we went all gone. Settling in for a more stagnant future will be much harder than the past acceptance of the challenges of a New World but, like it or not, we must eventually become the Slightly Newer Of The Two Old Worlds.
This is one reason for the importance of developing our presence in space like telescopes, we can do a lot more outside of Earth's gravity well than we can ever accomplish by lying here and waiting for whatever pollution, radiation, meteorites, volcanos, ice age, civilization's collapse you name it. Whatever fate lies in store for planet Earth, it might be nice for us, as a species, to start work on a 'back door' just a thought.
Plus, even if our mighty USA goes, someday, the way of all things, in space there will be a new culture of pioneers, a group of people who glory in growth, achievement, and discovery (said the hard core space cadet).
What I'm trying to say knock off van cleef turquoise necklace (without any need for talk of Outer Space) is that no one wants America to change at least, none of us wants to lose the aspects of America that we've grown to love more than life, even if we can't agree on exactly what those aspects are. But our country changes beneath our feet it takes a step forward here, a step back there, and a couple of steps to the side, rinse, repeat. Our economy changes with time, our politics can change with the economy, our values are affected by our politics we recently got so mad, as a country, we rushed into a War by mistake! We see disasters, natural and man made, and we hear of outrageous crimes perpetrated against the entire country by this industry or that, or even by a single con artist.
I won't even mention religion. I'm only pointing out that America's newest challenge is itself can it use pluralism, individual freedom, and capitalism to create a new Eden? Or must we watch it all on TV, as America inevitably changes without any input from us, its majority of citizens? As Jose Hemanez used to say, "O, I hope not" I just can't stop laughing.
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Runway Fashion Show For Men With A Feminine Touch At Paris
Yves Saint Laurent's, Louis Vuitton, Dior Kris Van Asche, Gaspard Yurkievich and many more shows their men's collection to end Paris men's shows where men's fashion won a feminine touch. In an era obsessed with global warming and sustainable development, the 44 spring/summer 2009 collections displayed at the four day men's fashion shows ending Sunday featured light airy see through linens, silks and soft feathery cottons. van cleef mother of pearl necklace copy Bright colours, more often the domain of women's wear, also figured strong. As Gay Pride marches took place across Europe, pink was popular in Paris.
1. YSL
At YSL, designer Stefano Pilati used quotations from Plato to explain why he combined female detailing with a masculine silhouette. "The original human nature was not like the present . the sexes were not two as they are now." Pilati underscored the union of genders with a van cleef & arpels alhambra necklace fake line for men made in fabrics normally worn by women crepe de chine, organza, shantung and silk voile, all fabrics which float rather than fall.
2. Louis Vuitton
Louis Vuitton, a house with a predominantly masculine view of the world, chose pink for shorts, pants and waistcoat, and even shoes. A huge pink sail served as the backdrop for an otherwise frankly male take on fashion from Emmanuel Ungaro designer Franck Boclet, who said fuschia was simply one of the house's signature colours. "I wanted a gay fresh style," Boclet said of what he told AFP was "a Paris 60s look" of hip hugging tight thighed pants, chequered suits, and the odd item in day glo orange, bright blue or purple.
3. Dior
At Dior, one of the most breathlessly awaited shows, Belgian designer Kris Van Asche broke with the brand's iconic black, splashing deep gold, cobalt blue, fuschia and day glo orange, shown on a gravel runway running between a line of tall trees. His masculine touch saw the return of the leg hugging straight pants first designed by his style setting predecessor Hedi Slimane, as well as harsh laser slashing in shirts and jackets, and minimalist small collars and tiny lapels.
4. Kris Van Asche
For his own epynomous collection, Kris Van Asche too went for feminine detailing, with suits made in the light cottons normally used for shirts. Some of the smaller more outlandish designers went further in blurring gender codes in fashion.
Gaspard Yurkievich, a favourite with the trendy Paris knock off vintage alhambra necklace set, said he aimed "to reintegrate feminine elements in the male wardrobe." The result was a bouffant tunic worn over trousers and short jackets with lots of trim that resembled that womens wear classic, the little Chanel suit.
Yves Saint Laurent's, Louis Vuitton, Dior Kris Van Asche, Gaspard Yurkievich and many more shows their men's collection to end Paris men's shows where men's fashion won a feminine touch. In an era obsessed with global warming and sustainable development, the 44 spring/summer 2009 collections displayed at the four day men's fashion shows ending Sunday featured light airy see through linens, silks and soft feathery cottons. van cleef mother of pearl necklace copy Bright colours, more often the domain of women's wear, also figured strong. As Gay Pride marches took place across Europe, pink was popular in Paris.
1. YSL
At YSL, designer Stefano Pilati used quotations from Plato to explain why he combined female detailing with a masculine silhouette. "The original human nature was not like the present . the sexes were not two as they are now." Pilati underscored the union of genders with a van cleef & arpels alhambra necklace fake line for men made in fabrics normally worn by women crepe de chine, organza, shantung and silk voile, all fabrics which float rather than fall.
2. Louis Vuitton
Louis Vuitton, a house with a predominantly masculine view of the world, chose pink for shorts, pants and waistcoat, and even shoes. A huge pink sail served as the backdrop for an otherwise frankly male take on fashion from Emmanuel Ungaro designer Franck Boclet, who said fuschia was simply one of the house's signature colours. "I wanted a gay fresh style," Boclet said of what he told AFP was "a Paris 60s look" of hip hugging tight thighed pants, chequered suits, and the odd item in day glo orange, bright blue or purple.
3. Dior
At Dior, one of the most breathlessly awaited shows, Belgian designer Kris Van Asche broke with the brand's iconic black, splashing deep gold, cobalt blue, fuschia and day glo orange, shown on a gravel runway running between a line of tall trees. His masculine touch saw the return of the leg hugging straight pants first designed by his style setting predecessor Hedi Slimane, as well as harsh laser slashing in shirts and jackets, and minimalist small collars and tiny lapels.
4. Kris Van Asche
For his own epynomous collection, Kris Van Asche too went for feminine detailing, with suits made in the light cottons normally used for shirts. Some of the smaller more outlandish designers went further in blurring gender codes in fashion.
Gaspard Yurkievich, a favourite with the trendy Paris knock off vintage alhambra necklace set, said he aimed "to reintegrate feminine elements in the male wardrobe." The result was a bouffant tunic worn over trousers and short jackets with lots of trim that resembled that womens wear classic, the little Chanel suit.
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related macular degeneration
Smoking and age related macular degeneration: a review of association
J Thornton1, R Edwards1, P Mitchell2, R A Harrison3, I Buchan1 and S P Kelly4
1Evidence for Population Health Unit, Division of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK2University of Sydney Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia3Bolton Primary Care Trust, St Peter's House, Bolton, UK4Bolton Eye Unit. Bolton Hospitals NHS Trust, Bolton, UKCorrespondence: SP Kelly, Bolton Hospitals NHS Trust, Minerva Road, Bolton BL4 0JR, UK. Tel: +44 1204 390694; Fax: +44 1204 390554.
Top of pageAbstractPurpose Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe and irreversible vision loss in the Western world. As there is no effective treatment for all types of AMD, identifying modifiable risk factors is of great importance. This review evaluates the epidemiological evidence associating smoking with AMD.
Methods Systematic review of published epidemiological studies evaluated against established criteria for evidence of a causal relationship.
Results In total, 17 studies (cross sectional studies, prospective cohort studies, and case studies) were included in the review. A total of 13 studies found a statistically significant association between smoking and AMD with increased risk of AMD of two to three fold in current smokers compared with never smokers. Five studies found no association between smoking and AMD. There was also evidence of dose response, a temporal relationship and reversibility of effect.
Conclusion The literature review confirmed a strong association between current smoking and AMD, which fulfilled established causality criteria. Cigarette smoking is likely to have toxic effects on the retina. This paper evaluates the evidence for a causal association between smoking and AMD.
Top of pageMethodsSearching and review of studiesMEDLINE (1966 to July 2003) and EMBASE (1980 to July 2003) were searched using combinations of the key words of 'smoking', 'macular degeneration', and 'age related maculopathy'. Bibliographies were checked for further relevant studies.
Studies were included if they were epidemiological studies (case cohort or cross sectional studies) published in English, assessed the relationship between tobacco smoking and AMD or ARM, and included an estimate of the degree of association (odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR)). The outcome measure was the presence of ARM or AMD fake van cleef bracelet as defined by the investigators of each study. The evidence was reviewed against a framework for assessing the evidence for causality derived from Hill10 and subsequently modified by Susser11 (see box).
Top of pageResultsDesign of studiesIn total, 23 studies examined the link between smoking and AMD. Two studies were excluded from the review as they were not published in the English language.12, 13 One study was excluded because it was a case series.14 Three studies did not report an OR or RR.15, 16, 17 We attempted to calculate crude ORs for these studies using the available data. Pauleikhoff et al15 did not contain sufficient data to allow calculation of an OR. In the study by Hirvela et al,16 there were very large differences in smoking between men and women but there were insufficient data to calculate a sex specific OR. The fourth study was a very small (30 cases) individually matched case study. For the cross sectional and prospective cohort studies, subjects were recruited from the general population or through selected occupations such as watermen,18 physicians19 and nurses.20 For the case studies, cases were recruited through knock off van cleef & arpels bangle eye clinics, and hospital controls were recruited through eye clinics21, 22, 23, 24 or general medicine clinics.25
The age range for subjects in most studies was 40 years. The sex of subjects was not always reported, but approximately equal numbers of males and females were included in studies where data were available. In total, 10 studies evaluated neovascular AMD and six of these found a positive association;22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30 five studies evaluated atrophic AMD and four found a positive association.24, 30, 33, 34 In van cleef bracelets knock off addition, some studies found the association was different for men or women. These variations could have been caused by random fluctuation because of relatively small numbers after stratifying by lesion type.
The results were not completely consistent and five studies found no association or only a very weak link between smoking and AMD.18, 23, 35, 36, 37 Of these, West et al18 found a nonsignificant decreased risk of AMD in ever smokers in a small cross sectional study, and Blumenkranz et al35 found a small nonsignificant increase among current smokers in a small case study. More importantly, a generally well conducted large French case study found only a weak and nonsignificant association between previous and current smoking with AMD after adjustment for confounding factors.23 Finally, although the Beaver Dam Eye Study found a strong association between smoking and neovascular AMD at baseline,28 the association at the 5 and 10 year follow up examinations was weaker.36, 37
Findings from the three large well executed cross sectional studies from Europe, Australia, and the USA demonstrate a consistent association between smoking and AMD.28, 29, 30 The populations from these three key studies were combined giving a pooled population of 12 468 subjects.26 Apart from age, smoking was the only factor that retained a clear (three fold) association with AMD (Table 4). The association with current smoking was stronger for neovascular AMD compared with atrophic AMD.
Is there a temporal relationship? The prospective cohort study design is best for demonstrating that smoking preceded the development of AMD. The three key cross sectional studies (the Beaver Dam Eye Study, the Rotterdam Study, and the Blue Mountains Eye Study) were subsequently extended into longitudinal studies; two studies reported results from further analysis of smoking and the risk of AMD after 533, 36 and 10 years37 follow up. In the Blue Mountains Eye Study, the association between all ARM and atrophic AMD (but not neovascular AMD) was still present 5 years from baseline.33 A further pooled analysis of the 5 year results from these three studies found a continued three fold association of current smoking with development of AMD (Table 4).27 The Physicians' Health Study19 and the Nurses' Health Study20 also observed positive associations between smoking and AMD after 7 years of follow up.
Is there a dose effect? Eight studies investigated a dose by comparing different levels of smoking, classified using pack years (Table 5).19, 20, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37 All except the 10 year follow up of the Beaver Dam cohort study identified a dose effect. In the 5 year follow up results from the Beaver Dam study, the relative risk of early ARM increased as the amount smoked (measured in cigarette pack years) increased.36 However, there appeared to be a negative association between the incidence of late ARM and the amount smoked in the 10 year follow up.37 In female current smokers and ex smokers, an increasing number of cigarettes smoked was associated with an increased risk of developing AMD.20 In men, current smokers of 20 cigarettes per day.19 When the length and duration of smoking were combined as pack years, compared with never smokers, there was an increasing risk of AMD as the number of pack years increased from 0.25 to >40 (P for trend 19
Smoking and age related macular degeneration: a review of association
J Thornton1, R Edwards1, P Mitchell2, R A Harrison3, I Buchan1 and S P Kelly4
1Evidence for Population Health Unit, Division of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK2University of Sydney Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia3Bolton Primary Care Trust, St Peter's House, Bolton, UK4Bolton Eye Unit. Bolton Hospitals NHS Trust, Bolton, UKCorrespondence: SP Kelly, Bolton Hospitals NHS Trust, Minerva Road, Bolton BL4 0JR, UK. Tel: +44 1204 390694; Fax: +44 1204 390554.
Top of pageAbstractPurpose Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe and irreversible vision loss in the Western world. As there is no effective treatment for all types of AMD, identifying modifiable risk factors is of great importance. This review evaluates the epidemiological evidence associating smoking with AMD.
Methods Systematic review of published epidemiological studies evaluated against established criteria for evidence of a causal relationship.
Results In total, 17 studies (cross sectional studies, prospective cohort studies, and case studies) were included in the review. A total of 13 studies found a statistically significant association between smoking and AMD with increased risk of AMD of two to three fold in current smokers compared with never smokers. Five studies found no association between smoking and AMD. There was also evidence of dose response, a temporal relationship and reversibility of effect.
Conclusion The literature review confirmed a strong association between current smoking and AMD, which fulfilled established causality criteria. Cigarette smoking is likely to have toxic effects on the retina. This paper evaluates the evidence for a causal association between smoking and AMD.
Top of pageMethodsSearching and review of studiesMEDLINE (1966 to July 2003) and EMBASE (1980 to July 2003) were searched using combinations of the key words of 'smoking', 'macular degeneration', and 'age related maculopathy'. Bibliographies were checked for further relevant studies.
Studies were included if they were epidemiological studies (case cohort or cross sectional studies) published in English, assessed the relationship between tobacco smoking and AMD or ARM, and included an estimate of the degree of association (odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR)). The outcome measure was the presence of ARM or AMD fake van cleef bracelet as defined by the investigators of each study. The evidence was reviewed against a framework for assessing the evidence for causality derived from Hill10 and subsequently modified by Susser11 (see box).
Top of pageResultsDesign of studiesIn total, 23 studies examined the link between smoking and AMD. Two studies were excluded from the review as they were not published in the English language.12, 13 One study was excluded because it was a case series.14 Three studies did not report an OR or RR.15, 16, 17 We attempted to calculate crude ORs for these studies using the available data. Pauleikhoff et al15 did not contain sufficient data to allow calculation of an OR. In the study by Hirvela et al,16 there were very large differences in smoking between men and women but there were insufficient data to calculate a sex specific OR. The fourth study was a very small (30 cases) individually matched case study. For the cross sectional and prospective cohort studies, subjects were recruited from the general population or through selected occupations such as watermen,18 physicians19 and nurses.20 For the case studies, cases were recruited through knock off van cleef & arpels bangle eye clinics, and hospital controls were recruited through eye clinics21, 22, 23, 24 or general medicine clinics.25
The age range for subjects in most studies was 40 years. The sex of subjects was not always reported, but approximately equal numbers of males and females were included in studies where data were available. In total, 10 studies evaluated neovascular AMD and six of these found a positive association;22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30 five studies evaluated atrophic AMD and four found a positive association.24, 30, 33, 34 In van cleef bracelets knock off addition, some studies found the association was different for men or women. These variations could have been caused by random fluctuation because of relatively small numbers after stratifying by lesion type.
The results were not completely consistent and five studies found no association or only a very weak link between smoking and AMD.18, 23, 35, 36, 37 Of these, West et al18 found a nonsignificant decreased risk of AMD in ever smokers in a small cross sectional study, and Blumenkranz et al35 found a small nonsignificant increase among current smokers in a small case study. More importantly, a generally well conducted large French case study found only a weak and nonsignificant association between previous and current smoking with AMD after adjustment for confounding factors.23 Finally, although the Beaver Dam Eye Study found a strong association between smoking and neovascular AMD at baseline,28 the association at the 5 and 10 year follow up examinations was weaker.36, 37
Findings from the three large well executed cross sectional studies from Europe, Australia, and the USA demonstrate a consistent association between smoking and AMD.28, 29, 30 The populations from these three key studies were combined giving a pooled population of 12 468 subjects.26 Apart from age, smoking was the only factor that retained a clear (three fold) association with AMD (Table 4). The association with current smoking was stronger for neovascular AMD compared with atrophic AMD.
Is there a temporal relationship? The prospective cohort study design is best for demonstrating that smoking preceded the development of AMD. The three key cross sectional studies (the Beaver Dam Eye Study, the Rotterdam Study, and the Blue Mountains Eye Study) were subsequently extended into longitudinal studies; two studies reported results from further analysis of smoking and the risk of AMD after 533, 36 and 10 years37 follow up. In the Blue Mountains Eye Study, the association between all ARM and atrophic AMD (but not neovascular AMD) was still present 5 years from baseline.33 A further pooled analysis of the 5 year results from these three studies found a continued three fold association of current smoking with development of AMD (Table 4).27 The Physicians' Health Study19 and the Nurses' Health Study20 also observed positive associations between smoking and AMD after 7 years of follow up.
Is there a dose effect? Eight studies investigated a dose by comparing different levels of smoking, classified using pack years (Table 5).19, 20, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37 All except the 10 year follow up of the Beaver Dam cohort study identified a dose effect. In the 5 year follow up results from the Beaver Dam study, the relative risk of early ARM increased as the amount smoked (measured in cigarette pack years) increased.36 However, there appeared to be a negative association between the incidence of late ARM and the amount smoked in the 10 year follow up.37 In female current smokers and ex smokers, an increasing number of cigarettes smoked was associated with an increased risk of developing AMD.20 In men, current smokers of 20 cigarettes per day.19 When the length and duration of smoking were combined as pack years, compared with never smokers, there was an increasing risk of AMD as the number of pack years increased from 0.25 to >40 (P for trend 19
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Suspect In Philadelphia Hospital Shooting Had History Of Gun Arrests
Dr. Lee Silverman emptied his gun's chamber, striking patient Richard Plotts several times, Delaware County District Attorney Jack Whelan said. Plotts by then had shot the caseworker in the face and fired several shots at Silverman, including one that grazed his temple and another that struck his thumb, he said.Plotts had 39 unspent bullets on him when he was wrestled to the ground at Mercy van cleef and arpels bangle fake Fitzgerald Hospital in Darby, just southwest of Philadelphia, and police believe he had planned to use them.Pa. Hospital Sees Gun Fight Between Psychiatrist And Patient July 25, 2014"If the doctor did not have a firearm, (and) the doctor did not utilize the firearm, he'd be dead today, and I believe that other people in that facility would also be dead," Whelan said.Police in Upper Darby, where Plotts lived, were aware of at least three mental health commitments including once after he cut his wrists and once when he threatened suicide but said such stays can last just one to three days.Whelan said Plotts had spent time in a mental health facility, but he did not discuss any potential diagnosis.Plotts also had at least four gun arrests, along with assault and drug charges, according to police and court records. And he has been barred from at least one residential shelter because of his violent history, Upper Darby police Superintendent Michael Chitwood said."The caseworkers and the doctors and the catchment centers they know who violent individuals are, because they're frequent fliers," Chitwood said. bracelet van cleef replica "And the system is not geared toward keeping these people housed somewhere until they start van cleef and arpels bracelet knock off to be better. So you put whole communities at risk."Cathy Nickel, a neighbor at Plotts' last known address, an apartment complex in Upper Darby, saw a caseworker move him out of the building about a year ago. As he was taken away in a van, she said, he yelled, "You haven't heard the end of me!"Plotts was sedated but in stable condition after surgery Thursday for his gunshot wounds, police said. They expected to arraign him at his Philadelphia hospital bedside, charging him with murder in the death of caseworker Barbara Hunt and other crimes.Plotts doesn't have a listed home number, and it was unclear if he has relatives in the area.Hospital policy bars anyone except on duty law enforcement officers from carrying weapons on campus, said a Mercy Health System spokeswoman.The hospital said Friday it was thankful for the "brave and difficult action" taken by Silverman and his colleagues. It said he remains a full member of the medical staff and "we look forward to Dr. Silverman's return to serving patients at our hospital."Plotts had complained to Silverman previously about the gun policy.Whelan said he believes Silverman, not Hunt, was Plotts' target. He said that when the caseworker was shot, Silverman crouched down behind a desk to avoid being shot also."He was able to reach for his weapon, and realizing it was a life or death situation, was able to engage the defendant in the exchange of gunfire," Whelan said.The struggle spilled into the hallway, where another doctor and a caseworker jumped in to help Silverman and secure Plotts' weapon, Whelan said.Silverman told police he was at his desk, behind a computer screen, when Plotts pulled a gun from his waistband and killed Hunt.
Dr. Lee Silverman emptied his gun's chamber, striking patient Richard Plotts several times, Delaware County District Attorney Jack Whelan said. Plotts by then had shot the caseworker in the face and fired several shots at Silverman, including one that grazed his temple and another that struck his thumb, he said.Plotts had 39 unspent bullets on him when he was wrestled to the ground at Mercy van cleef and arpels bangle fake Fitzgerald Hospital in Darby, just southwest of Philadelphia, and police believe he had planned to use them.Pa. Hospital Sees Gun Fight Between Psychiatrist And Patient July 25, 2014"If the doctor did not have a firearm, (and) the doctor did not utilize the firearm, he'd be dead today, and I believe that other people in that facility would also be dead," Whelan said.Police in Upper Darby, where Plotts lived, were aware of at least three mental health commitments including once after he cut his wrists and once when he threatened suicide but said such stays can last just one to three days.Whelan said Plotts had spent time in a mental health facility, but he did not discuss any potential diagnosis.Plotts also had at least four gun arrests, along with assault and drug charges, according to police and court records. And he has been barred from at least one residential shelter because of his violent history, Upper Darby police Superintendent Michael Chitwood said."The caseworkers and the doctors and the catchment centers they know who violent individuals are, because they're frequent fliers," Chitwood said. bracelet van cleef replica "And the system is not geared toward keeping these people housed somewhere until they start van cleef and arpels bracelet knock off to be better. So you put whole communities at risk."Cathy Nickel, a neighbor at Plotts' last known address, an apartment complex in Upper Darby, saw a caseworker move him out of the building about a year ago. As he was taken away in a van, she said, he yelled, "You haven't heard the end of me!"Plotts was sedated but in stable condition after surgery Thursday for his gunshot wounds, police said. They expected to arraign him at his Philadelphia hospital bedside, charging him with murder in the death of caseworker Barbara Hunt and other crimes.Plotts doesn't have a listed home number, and it was unclear if he has relatives in the area.Hospital policy bars anyone except on duty law enforcement officers from carrying weapons on campus, said a Mercy Health System spokeswoman.The hospital said Friday it was thankful for the "brave and difficult action" taken by Silverman and his colleagues. It said he remains a full member of the medical staff and "we look forward to Dr. Silverman's return to serving patients at our hospital."Plotts had complained to Silverman previously about the gun policy.Whelan said he believes Silverman, not Hunt, was Plotts' target. He said that when the caseworker was shot, Silverman crouched down behind a desk to avoid being shot also."He was able to reach for his weapon, and realizing it was a life or death situation, was able to engage the defendant in the exchange of gunfire," Whelan said.The struggle spilled into the hallway, where another doctor and a caseworker jumped in to help Silverman and secure Plotts' weapon, Whelan said.Silverman told police he was at his desk, behind a computer screen, when Plotts pulled a gun from his waistband and killed Hunt.
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shining in the Champions League after troubled upbringing
Memphis Depay is Manchester United's new showman and shone in the Champions League. No 7 is a character but behind tattoos and camouflaged cars is an uplifting tale after troubled upbringing
Memphis Depay signed for Manchester United from PSV Eindhoven for 25million this summer and has impressedDutch forward scored two goals as United beat Club Bruges 3 1 in their Champions League play off first legHe owns a camouflage car, a home with van cleef pearl necklace imitation a boxing ring, and a tattoo across his chest that reads 'Dream Chaser'Depay's father walked out on the family when he was just four years old and he struggled with personal issuesSparta Rotterdam's coach sent Depay on holiday with his family while PSV employed a life coach for MemphisBut Depay is now one of the rising stars in the game and has been tipped for success at Manchester UnitedThe winger has been described as 'so physically strong' and is said to have the 'Ronaldo build'By
He owns a camouflage car that evokes comparisons with Mario Balotelli, an Eindhoven home that boasts a full size boxing ring and emblazoned across his chest in sprawling italics is a tattoo that reads 'Dream Chaser'.
Memphis Depay, Manchester United's new 25million forward from PSV Eindhoven and an individual who is already becoming one of the more colourful characters in the English game.
At Old Trafford, his first significant act was to request the iconic No 7 shirt. It is a showman's number for a showbiz individual.
Memphis looked pleased with himself as he posted a summer selfie with Karrueche Tran, singer Chris Brown's ex, during a holiday in Miami
He followed that up with a talismanic performance in the Champions League on Tuesday night. Two goals, should have had a hat trick and set up a crucial third in the play off with Club Bruges.
Hiding in the shadows is not how Depay's time in Manchester will be defined.
He arrived at Manchester Airport kitted out in 10,000 worth of Louis Vuitton accessories and van cleef and arpels necklace butterfly copy has also starred in a collaboration with Dutch rap group Rotterdam Airlines. The song is called 'Flexin' and he raps along in the back of the car as he sits merrily between two glamorous ladies.
In the summer, after his move was confirmed, he posted a picture on Instagram of him cosying up to Karrueche Tran, the ex girlfriend of singer Chris Brown, while holidaying in Miami.
On one Dutch chat show, he revealed a tattoo on the inside of his lip that read 'succesvol' [successful], although it was not permanent. Still, you get the idea.
Like previous United No 7s Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham, Depay is a marketing man's dream and a set piece specialist the seven free kicks he scored for PSV last season was more than any other player in Europe.
Such confidence, of course, can be interpreted in different ways.
'I saw that Depay played for the Dutch Under 19 side,' Southampton manager Ronald Koeman once said. 'He was walking around like he has won 10 European Cups. What is it all about?'
On one Dutch chat show, he revealed a tattoo on the inside of his lip that read 'succesvol' [successful], although it was not permanent
Koeman is not alone in that perception but first impressions can be deceiving with Depay, who many in Holland believe to be the country's greatest talent since Arjen Robben.
Having spent a week in Rotterdam and Eindhoven whereSportsmail met a number of coaches, professionals and friends of the player it seems that behind the super cars, tattoos and rap music lies a truly uplifting tale of a young footballer who has overcome a traumatic upbringing to become one of the most gifted talents of his generation.
Depay's story begins in the Dutch town of Moordrecht, around 20km outside of Rotterdam. He is the son of a Dutch mother, Cora, and a Ghanaian father, Dennis, who walked out on his child when he was only four years old.
Depay has barely heard from his father since and this is why he uses his first name Memphis on the back of his shirt.
He began playing football for local side VV Moordrecht, where he was spotted by Sparta Rotterdam. At Sparta, they soon realised that they would have to spend an inordinate amount of time on young Memphis.
He arrived into the U9 age group and his coaches Romeo Wouden and Cock van Dijk reflect, albeit affectionately, on a child that could be 'very difficult'.
This was the period where his mother met a new man and they moved in with him and his own children. It was there where Memphis endured his most upsetting period at the hands of his new extended family.
Depay (left wearing a hat as a child, and right with Sparta Rotterdam) uses Memphis on the back of his shirt as he barely knows his father
It was not an unfamiliar sight for the child to arrive into training with tears in his eyes and he could often appear distant from the group. By consensus, it was a 'truly terrible' time for him.
Certain details are too sensitive to reveal in these pages but Memphis was sufficiently affected for PSV to place life coach Joost Leenders with the player almost immediately after he was signed van cleef necklace butterfly imitation to the club at the age of 12. He is now 21 and that professional relationship ended only 18 months ago.
The home life improved when they moved in with maternal grandparents Kees and Jans but Memphis' issues endured.
At Sparta, coach Wouden quickly identified Memphis as a fragile personality in need of a role model. 'I tried to give him discipline,' he tells Sportsmail. 'In the beginning, we clashed. He wanted to show me that he would do whatever he liked. I showed him: "You're not gonna do that, my little friend."
Memphis Depay is Manchester United's new showman and shone in the Champions League. No 7 is a character but behind tattoos and camouflaged cars is an uplifting tale after troubled upbringing
Memphis Depay signed for Manchester United from PSV Eindhoven for 25million this summer and has impressedDutch forward scored two goals as United beat Club Bruges 3 1 in their Champions League play off first legHe owns a camouflage car, a home with van cleef pearl necklace imitation a boxing ring, and a tattoo across his chest that reads 'Dream Chaser'Depay's father walked out on the family when he was just four years old and he struggled with personal issuesSparta Rotterdam's coach sent Depay on holiday with his family while PSV employed a life coach for MemphisBut Depay is now one of the rising stars in the game and has been tipped for success at Manchester UnitedThe winger has been described as 'so physically strong' and is said to have the 'Ronaldo build'By
He owns a camouflage car that evokes comparisons with Mario Balotelli, an Eindhoven home that boasts a full size boxing ring and emblazoned across his chest in sprawling italics is a tattoo that reads 'Dream Chaser'.
Memphis Depay, Manchester United's new 25million forward from PSV Eindhoven and an individual who is already becoming one of the more colourful characters in the English game.
At Old Trafford, his first significant act was to request the iconic No 7 shirt. It is a showman's number for a showbiz individual.
Memphis looked pleased with himself as he posted a summer selfie with Karrueche Tran, singer Chris Brown's ex, during a holiday in Miami
He followed that up with a talismanic performance in the Champions League on Tuesday night. Two goals, should have had a hat trick and set up a crucial third in the play off with Club Bruges.
Hiding in the shadows is not how Depay's time in Manchester will be defined.
He arrived at Manchester Airport kitted out in 10,000 worth of Louis Vuitton accessories and van cleef and arpels necklace butterfly copy has also starred in a collaboration with Dutch rap group Rotterdam Airlines. The song is called 'Flexin' and he raps along in the back of the car as he sits merrily between two glamorous ladies.
In the summer, after his move was confirmed, he posted a picture on Instagram of him cosying up to Karrueche Tran, the ex girlfriend of singer Chris Brown, while holidaying in Miami.
On one Dutch chat show, he revealed a tattoo on the inside of his lip that read 'succesvol' [successful], although it was not permanent. Still, you get the idea.
Like previous United No 7s Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham, Depay is a marketing man's dream and a set piece specialist the seven free kicks he scored for PSV last season was more than any other player in Europe.
Such confidence, of course, can be interpreted in different ways.
'I saw that Depay played for the Dutch Under 19 side,' Southampton manager Ronald Koeman once said. 'He was walking around like he has won 10 European Cups. What is it all about?'
On one Dutch chat show, he revealed a tattoo on the inside of his lip that read 'succesvol' [successful], although it was not permanent
Koeman is not alone in that perception but first impressions can be deceiving with Depay, who many in Holland believe to be the country's greatest talent since Arjen Robben.
Having spent a week in Rotterdam and Eindhoven whereSportsmail met a number of coaches, professionals and friends of the player it seems that behind the super cars, tattoos and rap music lies a truly uplifting tale of a young footballer who has overcome a traumatic upbringing to become one of the most gifted talents of his generation.
Depay's story begins in the Dutch town of Moordrecht, around 20km outside of Rotterdam. He is the son of a Dutch mother, Cora, and a Ghanaian father, Dennis, who walked out on his child when he was only four years old.
Depay has barely heard from his father since and this is why he uses his first name Memphis on the back of his shirt.
He began playing football for local side VV Moordrecht, where he was spotted by Sparta Rotterdam. At Sparta, they soon realised that they would have to spend an inordinate amount of time on young Memphis.
He arrived into the U9 age group and his coaches Romeo Wouden and Cock van Dijk reflect, albeit affectionately, on a child that could be 'very difficult'.
This was the period where his mother met a new man and they moved in with him and his own children. It was there where Memphis endured his most upsetting period at the hands of his new extended family.
Depay (left wearing a hat as a child, and right with Sparta Rotterdam) uses Memphis on the back of his shirt as he barely knows his father
It was not an unfamiliar sight for the child to arrive into training with tears in his eyes and he could often appear distant from the group. By consensus, it was a 'truly terrible' time for him.
Certain details are too sensitive to reveal in these pages but Memphis was sufficiently affected for PSV to place life coach Joost Leenders with the player almost immediately after he was signed van cleef necklace butterfly imitation to the club at the age of 12. He is now 21 and that professional relationship ended only 18 months ago.
The home life improved when they moved in with maternal grandparents Kees and Jans but Memphis' issues endured.
At Sparta, coach Wouden quickly identified Memphis as a fragile personality in need of a role model. 'I tried to give him discipline,' he tells Sportsmail. 'In the beginning, we clashed. He wanted to show me that he would do whatever he liked. I showed him: "You're not gonna do that, my little friend."
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Secrets of Taming Your Inner Caveman or Cave
As you survey the path ahead, your vision locks with laser focus onto your van cleef alhambra mother of pearl necklace imitation target. Your body knows it's time for a fight and the adrenaline starts to cause the blood to flow into your arms and hands. You breathing becomes shallow and you can see your unsuspecting target. The time has come.
Suddenly, you sense that another hunter has focused his attention on the target too. YOUR target. This is going to get ugly. Not only do you have to act immediately before the opportunity passes, but you're going to have to compete van cleef and arpels heart necklace copy with another hunter.
With reflexes honed over thousands of years of evolution you act with the swiftness of a coiled rattlesnake, punching the accelerator of your mini van to the floor and zooming into the last parking space in this section of the Mall parking lot.
As you read the paragraphs above, could you feel the tension mounting? Could you feel the thrill of the hunt? The grim preparedness of impending mortal combat? If you were let down when you read the last sentence that revealed the story was about competing for a parking space van cleef and arpels long necklace fake don't be. Situations like this happen to people every day, and the internal response the release of the hormones that govern fight and flight are the same ones that happened to our distant ancestors for whom the fight/flight response was a matter of life and death.
Survival is coded into our DNA. It the primary job of the fight/flight response and it is what has ensured the survival of our species from predators, natural disasters, and the IRS. (Just kidding about the IRS.)
This need to survive has developed of the hundreds of thousands of years that the human race, in whatever form it took along its evolution, has existed. The development of this survival instinct has kept with the changes in our environment over time. That is, up until around 1844 the beginning of the industrial revolution.
From the time that Samuel Morse tapped out his first telegraph message on May 23, 1844 until the present, our environment has undergone more changes that it had done in the previous ten thousand years. Our internal circuitry that controls the fight/flight response the instinct that help ensure our survival has become utterly confused about what constitutes a real threat and what doesn the good old days when our ancestors had to defend against saber toothed tigers or against members of neighboring tribes, the stress hormones that give us the ability to fight ferociously or flee expediently get processed during the act of fighting or fleeing.
But what happens when those same hormones get secreted when our access to parking close to the mall entrance is threatened? They don get processed in the same way because, even though your subconscious mind when into crisis mode, your conscious mind knew that there was no real danger at hand.
This occurrence of going into fight/flight mode for no good reason happens to almost all of us, again and again, day in and day out over our whole lifetime. The effects on your health when you living in a constant state of high alert can have a devastating effect on your health and your ability to fight off real predators like colds, flu and other opportunistic dis eases.
In my next article I reveal the identity of the energy circuits that control the fight/flight response and point you to a video that shows you some ways that you can restore them to the balanced and healthy state they were intended to be in even when you have to fight the cave person from the neighboring tribe for that parking space right next to Best Buy.
As you survey the path ahead, your vision locks with laser focus onto your van cleef alhambra mother of pearl necklace imitation target. Your body knows it's time for a fight and the adrenaline starts to cause the blood to flow into your arms and hands. You breathing becomes shallow and you can see your unsuspecting target. The time has come.
Suddenly, you sense that another hunter has focused his attention on the target too. YOUR target. This is going to get ugly. Not only do you have to act immediately before the opportunity passes, but you're going to have to compete van cleef and arpels heart necklace copy with another hunter.
With reflexes honed over thousands of years of evolution you act with the swiftness of a coiled rattlesnake, punching the accelerator of your mini van to the floor and zooming into the last parking space in this section of the Mall parking lot.
As you read the paragraphs above, could you feel the tension mounting? Could you feel the thrill of the hunt? The grim preparedness of impending mortal combat? If you were let down when you read the last sentence that revealed the story was about competing for a parking space van cleef and arpels long necklace fake don't be. Situations like this happen to people every day, and the internal response the release of the hormones that govern fight and flight are the same ones that happened to our distant ancestors for whom the fight/flight response was a matter of life and death.
Survival is coded into our DNA. It the primary job of the fight/flight response and it is what has ensured the survival of our species from predators, natural disasters, and the IRS. (Just kidding about the IRS.)
This need to survive has developed of the hundreds of thousands of years that the human race, in whatever form it took along its evolution, has existed. The development of this survival instinct has kept with the changes in our environment over time. That is, up until around 1844 the beginning of the industrial revolution.
From the time that Samuel Morse tapped out his first telegraph message on May 23, 1844 until the present, our environment has undergone more changes that it had done in the previous ten thousand years. Our internal circuitry that controls the fight/flight response the instinct that help ensure our survival has become utterly confused about what constitutes a real threat and what doesn the good old days when our ancestors had to defend against saber toothed tigers or against members of neighboring tribes, the stress hormones that give us the ability to fight ferociously or flee expediently get processed during the act of fighting or fleeing.
But what happens when those same hormones get secreted when our access to parking close to the mall entrance is threatened? They don get processed in the same way because, even though your subconscious mind when into crisis mode, your conscious mind knew that there was no real danger at hand.
This occurrence of going into fight/flight mode for no good reason happens to almost all of us, again and again, day in and day out over our whole lifetime. The effects on your health when you living in a constant state of high alert can have a devastating effect on your health and your ability to fight off real predators like colds, flu and other opportunistic dis eases.
In my next article I reveal the identity of the energy circuits that control the fight/flight response and point you to a video that shows you some ways that you can restore them to the balanced and healthy state they were intended to be in even when you have to fight the cave person from the neighboring tribe for that parking space right next to Best Buy.
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