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where does Davies go
Like winter turning to spring, the Whitecaps are now in the second phase of their pre season, moving their base, again, to Portland. This is the fourth year in a row that the Caps have rounded off their pre season prep in the Rose City.
Thursday, they take on the expansion Minnesota United. Sunday, it Real Salt Lake. And next Wednesday, they play the host Timbers.
Then it just a week until the season opener, the first leg of their CONCACAF Champions League quarter final series with the New York Red Bulls. That at Red Bull Arena in New Jersey.
Their Welsh trip was about up to speed sooner, given the season starts two weeks earlier than most of their competition, Caps manager Carl Robinson said this week before the team left wintry Vancouver for rainy Portland.
don think you see two teams 100 per cent full fit, he said of the series with NYRB. that the way the dates are in CONCACAF. with all that in mind, three things to consider about the Caps with two weeks to go until that Big Apple trip:
More than anything, this is the question pressing on every fan mind. The overarching sentiment is the money. No manager, presented with a player whose best asset is finding the net, is going to say thanks without a moment reflection.
So. of course. he leaving the door open. But the fact also remains there doesn appear to be a big signing Hermes belt replica france on the horizon, though the gaffer also said, I just can tell you when. that mean June? Robinson didn say, but he did suggest whatever move he hoping to make is contingent on other teams, and agents, and a long list of other aggravations.
For now, this means Erik Hurtado in the role he filled for much of last year: hard work and hustle as a quick, sort of target man. Late summer was a nightmare for finishing for Hurtado, but he had a sack load of chances. Given a second chance at those, would he end up with a couple of goals? Maybe. Possibly.
In the three exhibition friendlies the Caps played in Wales, Kekuta Manneh saw plenty of time as a second striker. Playing up top is something we seen from time to time since he first joined the Caps in 2013. The bone break in his right foot suffered in July was a big contributor to the Caps collapse in form in the second half. He scored five times in 17 games at that point, on course to set a career high in goals (he scored sevenin 2015). A healthy Manneh surely means a lot to this offence. Is it that simple?
The other man in the mix is Giles Barnes. He showed well in spurts, but didn score till the season final weekend. He never been an elite scorer, but he does have a nose for the net.
Is Alphonso Davies an almost finished product or is he going to just get better and better and better?
He just 16. He already shown he can play against men. Can he push past above average into elite?
Be wary of the early maturing player. Sure, Wayne Rooney was a vital contributor to Everton at about the same age.
There the third track, in between those two, where Davies carries on as he been, a fun player, with fun moments, but not an out and out superstar.
What clear is Robinson is ready to give the teen plenty of looks this year.
saw a terrific talent last year and I think he ready to contribute this year. (His development) has been very good, very strong. You can see what his attributes are about. He a very, very fit boy, the coach told the MLS website last week.
Will Sheanon Williams bring the stability the club had at right back in Steven Beitashour?
After the double misfire at right back in 2016 with Fraser Aird and Jordan Smith, Robinson acknowledged this week what he thinks his new right back needs to be.
The coach directly cited Steven Beitashour hermes men belt replica as the man Williams is replacing. He wants a reliable defender at right back.
liken him (Williams) to a Jordan Harvey type right back, Robinson said. a fighter, he one that you needin your corner. epaper, Digital Access, Subscriber Rewards), please input your Print Newspaper subscription phone number and postal code.
{ addressPostalCode }
By clicking "Create Account", I hearby grant permission to Postmedia to use my account Hermes belt replica paris information to create my account.
I also accept and agree to be bound by Postmedia's Terms and Conditions with respect to my use of the Site and I have read and understand Postmedia's Privacy Statement. epaper, Digital Access, Subscriber Rewards), please input your Print hermes brown belt imitation Newspaper subscription phone number and postal code.
Like winter turning to spring, the Whitecaps are now in the second phase of their pre season, moving their base, again, to Portland. This is the fourth year in a row that the Caps have rounded off their pre season prep in the Rose City.
Thursday, they take on the expansion Minnesota United. Sunday, it Real Salt Lake. And next Wednesday, they play the host Timbers.
Then it just a week until the season opener, the first leg of their CONCACAF Champions League quarter final series with the New York Red Bulls. That at Red Bull Arena in New Jersey.
Their Welsh trip was about up to speed sooner, given the season starts two weeks earlier than most of their competition, Caps manager Carl Robinson said this week before the team left wintry Vancouver for rainy Portland.
don think you see two teams 100 per cent full fit, he said of the series with NYRB. that the way the dates are in CONCACAF. with all that in mind, three things to consider about the Caps with two weeks to go until that Big Apple trip:
More than anything, this is the question pressing on every fan mind. The overarching sentiment is the money. No manager, presented with a player whose best asset is finding the net, is going to say thanks without a moment reflection.
So. of course. he leaving the door open. But the fact also remains there doesn appear to be a big signing Hermes belt replica france on the horizon, though the gaffer also said, I just can tell you when. that mean June? Robinson didn say, but he did suggest whatever move he hoping to make is contingent on other teams, and agents, and a long list of other aggravations.
For now, this means Erik Hurtado in the role he filled for much of last year: hard work and hustle as a quick, sort of target man. Late summer was a nightmare for finishing for Hurtado, but he had a sack load of chances. Given a second chance at those, would he end up with a couple of goals? Maybe. Possibly.
In the three exhibition friendlies the Caps played in Wales, Kekuta Manneh saw plenty of time as a second striker. Playing up top is something we seen from time to time since he first joined the Caps in 2013. The bone break in his right foot suffered in July was a big contributor to the Caps collapse in form in the second half. He scored five times in 17 games at that point, on course to set a career high in goals (he scored sevenin 2015). A healthy Manneh surely means a lot to this offence. Is it that simple?
The other man in the mix is Giles Barnes. He showed well in spurts, but didn score till the season final weekend. He never been an elite scorer, but he does have a nose for the net.
Is Alphonso Davies an almost finished product or is he going to just get better and better and better?
He just 16. He already shown he can play against men. Can he push past above average into elite?
Be wary of the early maturing player. Sure, Wayne Rooney was a vital contributor to Everton at about the same age.
There the third track, in between those two, where Davies carries on as he been, a fun player, with fun moments, but not an out and out superstar.
What clear is Robinson is ready to give the teen plenty of looks this year.
saw a terrific talent last year and I think he ready to contribute this year. (His development) has been very good, very strong. You can see what his attributes are about. He a very, very fit boy, the coach told the MLS website last week.
Will Sheanon Williams bring the stability the club had at right back in Steven Beitashour?
After the double misfire at right back in 2016 with Fraser Aird and Jordan Smith, Robinson acknowledged this week what he thinks his new right back needs to be.
The coach directly cited Steven Beitashour hermes men belt replica as the man Williams is replacing. He wants a reliable defender at right back.
liken him (Williams) to a Jordan Harvey type right back, Robinson said. a fighter, he one that you needin your corner. epaper, Digital Access, Subscriber Rewards), please input your Print Newspaper subscription phone number and postal code.
{ addressPostalCode }
By clicking "Create Account", I hearby grant permission to Postmedia to use my account Hermes belt replica paris information to create my account.
I also accept and agree to be bound by Postmedia's Terms and Conditions with respect to my use of the Site and I have read and understand Postmedia's Privacy Statement. epaper, Digital Access, Subscriber Rewards), please input your Print hermes brown belt imitation Newspaper subscription phone number and postal code.
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Who will win Paris
Not the longest race on the calendar, nor is it a race that contains the most common obstacle in cycling, hills. The profile is as flat as a pool table and the biggest climb the winner will do is to the top Hermes replica belt paris of the podium in the Roubaix velodrome.
Instead, the challenge of the race arises from navigating the big chunks of rock which are roughly configured into a set up resembling a road. Some bigger riders simply slog their way over the cobbles, keeping their weight forward as they maintain an inexorable momentum towards Roubaix. Others seemingly float over the obstacles, adjusting to each section of the road. The unlucky ones seem to hit every leading edge, find every rut and look like they're working the jackhammer fake hermes black belt at a construction site.
This year the race will be run over 257 kilometres in dry conditions. Whilst a wet edition would ensure mud and carnage, a dry one spells the problem of the suffocating dust being kicked by riders and team cars. The wind may be a little disappointing to those looking for an especially hard edition of Roubaix, only a light southerly is fake hermes mens belt predicted at present which will be a tailwind for most of the day. That's better news than a headwind though and the race route turns at points so that the wind will change to a crosswind that has the potential to cause major splits in a tired peloton.
It is a different type of rider wins here, one with almost endless reserves of stamina that can go with the ninth acceleration of the day over the hardest cobbled sectors and still have enough in the tank to drop the rest before the finish. It need not be a favourite, or even a rider that has won much before. Consider past winners Mat Hayman (2016), Johan Van Summeren (2011) and Stuart O'Grady (2007). Hayman has only had three professional wins in his entire career, the same was true of Johan van Summeren (AG2R La Mondiale) and Stuart O'Grady was well past the stage where he was one of the best sprinters around, he was thoroughly a domestique at that stage of his career.
It is a race where the men lumped with the hard work in the peloton day in and day out get their one shot in the year to win. Their dour styles help them stick in over the rough cobbles of the farm roads of Northern France, they bump the prima donnas of the sport out of their way as they get a rare sniff of victory. So who fits the bill as a workhorse that can take down the big names?
Mat Hayman (Orica Scott) will be on very few people's favourites list despite winning last year, certainly the other teams won't let him go in the break this time. Nonetheless, he showed that he could be as strong as anyone at the end of 250 kilometres and the Aussie veteran isn't going there to make up the numbers. After famously doing all of his preparation on the home trainer last season, Hayman has had a more conventional racing approach this time and is one of the most experienced riders at the race. At very least his responsibility will be to combine with fellow Australian Luke Durbridge, Magnus Cort Nielsen and Jens Keukeliere in what is a dangerous Orica Scott line up. Flamboyant world champion PeterSagan(Bora Hansgrohe) is of course a favourite in any race he enters, but his hard fall in the Tour of Flanders seemed to shake him up and he was a bit more timid than normal at the mid week Scheldeprijs. It is also one of the few races where Sagan doesn't have a great history. His best finish is sixth, his only top ten placing and he's come off a long, tiring block of racing to get to this point. If the Slovak is ever vulnerable, this is the race where he might be exploited.
Greg van Avermaet(BMC) is clearly in career best form at the moment. After completed an unprecedented triple at E3, Omloop and Gent Wevelgem, the Belgian was an extremely strong second at the Tour of Flanders. Picking himself up quickly from the crash that ensured that there would be no catching runaway winner Philippe Gilbert, van Avermaet then had to do the lion's share of the pace making to try and catch the leader. That he had enough to beat Niki Terpstra (QuickStep Floors), who had been sitting on for 11 kilometres, in the sprint for second shows the other level that van Avermaet is currently occupying. His team will be a lot better suited to Paris Roubaix than Flanders and there should be less chance of a repeat of last weekend.
QuickStep Floors come into the race with their normal smorgasbord of options for the win. Heading the list is Tom Boonen, who will be aiming for a record fifth win at the 'Hell of the North'. It would cap off what has been a stellar career for the hard man from Belgium and certainly a 'Tommeke' win will please a lot of fans. He's in the form to do it as well, he's been present at the front in recent racing and no one is better than him at negotiating the pave in Roubaix.
His 'support' cast includes 2014 winner Niki Terpstra, former second place finisher Zdenek Stybar, Dwars dor Vlaanderen winner Yves Lampaert and Matteo Trentin. Each would lead almost any other team, but they will use their numbers to their advantage here, as they did successfully at Flanders. Look for the team in blue to consistently be at the front when the whips are cracking and trying to exploit their numbers to force others onto the back foot.
Whilst many paint Boonen's story as the fairytale win to see him walk off into the sunset, the real uplifting winner would be John Degenkolb (Trek Segafredo). A horrific accident at a 2016 training camp in Spain saw him and a large portion of his team taken out by a head on collision with a car, with Degenkolb suffering multiple injuries and almost losing a finger in the process. He was a shadow of himself when he returned on the bike much later in the year but he has rebuilt his form and now looks at the top of his game again.
His 2015 win was memorable for its strength, he powered solo across a gap hermes men belt replica to a dangerous attack and then looked assured as he countered all the moves before convincingly winning the sprint in the Roubaix velodrome. The harder the race is, the better the big German stands a chance of winning and he'll back himself in a sprint against anyone else likely to make the finish.
The Katusha pair of Alexander Kristoff and Tony Martin will be the jokers in the race. Nobody doubts Kristoff's ability in these tough races, but the fact remains that he has a poor history at Paris Roubaix despite seeming well suited. Martin announced at the start of the season that he would be targeting the cobbled races this year but not much has eventuated from that focus yet. He definitely has the motor but is yet to showcase the technique or stamina over the really long races to challenge for the win.
Oliver Naesen (AG2R La Mondiale) is the last name to raise as a potential winner. The second year World Tour pro has come on leaps and bounds in his short career, taking it to the established favourites. He's arguably the revelation of the season to this point. His performances in recent races in particular has been superb, he has only been outside the top ten twice in his six cobbled races this year and at Flanders he was just as strong as Sagan and van Avermaet. 13th last year at Paris Roubaix is just an appetiser what the talented Belgian rider will achieve at this race, though he will need to arrive solo as his sprint is nothing to write home about.
The fact is, the field of potential winners is so large that, for the sake of brevity, there's quite a few names worthy of mention that didn't make the cut here. The beauty of Paris Roubaix is that there will always be surprises. For anyone who marvelled over Hayman's heroics last year, you'll know that Paris Roubaix is just that little bit more special than most races and a new chapter will enter the history books this Sunday.
Not the longest race on the calendar, nor is it a race that contains the most common obstacle in cycling, hills. The profile is as flat as a pool table and the biggest climb the winner will do is to the top Hermes replica belt paris of the podium in the Roubaix velodrome.
Instead, the challenge of the race arises from navigating the big chunks of rock which are roughly configured into a set up resembling a road. Some bigger riders simply slog their way over the cobbles, keeping their weight forward as they maintain an inexorable momentum towards Roubaix. Others seemingly float over the obstacles, adjusting to each section of the road. The unlucky ones seem to hit every leading edge, find every rut and look like they're working the jackhammer fake hermes black belt at a construction site.
This year the race will be run over 257 kilometres in dry conditions. Whilst a wet edition would ensure mud and carnage, a dry one spells the problem of the suffocating dust being kicked by riders and team cars. The wind may be a little disappointing to those looking for an especially hard edition of Roubaix, only a light southerly is fake hermes mens belt predicted at present which will be a tailwind for most of the day. That's better news than a headwind though and the race route turns at points so that the wind will change to a crosswind that has the potential to cause major splits in a tired peloton.
It is a different type of rider wins here, one with almost endless reserves of stamina that can go with the ninth acceleration of the day over the hardest cobbled sectors and still have enough in the tank to drop the rest before the finish. It need not be a favourite, or even a rider that has won much before. Consider past winners Mat Hayman (2016), Johan Van Summeren (2011) and Stuart O'Grady (2007). Hayman has only had three professional wins in his entire career, the same was true of Johan van Summeren (AG2R La Mondiale) and Stuart O'Grady was well past the stage where he was one of the best sprinters around, he was thoroughly a domestique at that stage of his career.
It is a race where the men lumped with the hard work in the peloton day in and day out get their one shot in the year to win. Their dour styles help them stick in over the rough cobbles of the farm roads of Northern France, they bump the prima donnas of the sport out of their way as they get a rare sniff of victory. So who fits the bill as a workhorse that can take down the big names?
Mat Hayman (Orica Scott) will be on very few people's favourites list despite winning last year, certainly the other teams won't let him go in the break this time. Nonetheless, he showed that he could be as strong as anyone at the end of 250 kilometres and the Aussie veteran isn't going there to make up the numbers. After famously doing all of his preparation on the home trainer last season, Hayman has had a more conventional racing approach this time and is one of the most experienced riders at the race. At very least his responsibility will be to combine with fellow Australian Luke Durbridge, Magnus Cort Nielsen and Jens Keukeliere in what is a dangerous Orica Scott line up. Flamboyant world champion PeterSagan(Bora Hansgrohe) is of course a favourite in any race he enters, but his hard fall in the Tour of Flanders seemed to shake him up and he was a bit more timid than normal at the mid week Scheldeprijs. It is also one of the few races where Sagan doesn't have a great history. His best finish is sixth, his only top ten placing and he's come off a long, tiring block of racing to get to this point. If the Slovak is ever vulnerable, this is the race where he might be exploited.
Greg van Avermaet(BMC) is clearly in career best form at the moment. After completed an unprecedented triple at E3, Omloop and Gent Wevelgem, the Belgian was an extremely strong second at the Tour of Flanders. Picking himself up quickly from the crash that ensured that there would be no catching runaway winner Philippe Gilbert, van Avermaet then had to do the lion's share of the pace making to try and catch the leader. That he had enough to beat Niki Terpstra (QuickStep Floors), who had been sitting on for 11 kilometres, in the sprint for second shows the other level that van Avermaet is currently occupying. His team will be a lot better suited to Paris Roubaix than Flanders and there should be less chance of a repeat of last weekend.
QuickStep Floors come into the race with their normal smorgasbord of options for the win. Heading the list is Tom Boonen, who will be aiming for a record fifth win at the 'Hell of the North'. It would cap off what has been a stellar career for the hard man from Belgium and certainly a 'Tommeke' win will please a lot of fans. He's in the form to do it as well, he's been present at the front in recent racing and no one is better than him at negotiating the pave in Roubaix.
His 'support' cast includes 2014 winner Niki Terpstra, former second place finisher Zdenek Stybar, Dwars dor Vlaanderen winner Yves Lampaert and Matteo Trentin. Each would lead almost any other team, but they will use their numbers to their advantage here, as they did successfully at Flanders. Look for the team in blue to consistently be at the front when the whips are cracking and trying to exploit their numbers to force others onto the back foot.
Whilst many paint Boonen's story as the fairytale win to see him walk off into the sunset, the real uplifting winner would be John Degenkolb (Trek Segafredo). A horrific accident at a 2016 training camp in Spain saw him and a large portion of his team taken out by a head on collision with a car, with Degenkolb suffering multiple injuries and almost losing a finger in the process. He was a shadow of himself when he returned on the bike much later in the year but he has rebuilt his form and now looks at the top of his game again.
His 2015 win was memorable for its strength, he powered solo across a gap hermes men belt replica to a dangerous attack and then looked assured as he countered all the moves before convincingly winning the sprint in the Roubaix velodrome. The harder the race is, the better the big German stands a chance of winning and he'll back himself in a sprint against anyone else likely to make the finish.
The Katusha pair of Alexander Kristoff and Tony Martin will be the jokers in the race. Nobody doubts Kristoff's ability in these tough races, but the fact remains that he has a poor history at Paris Roubaix despite seeming well suited. Martin announced at the start of the season that he would be targeting the cobbled races this year but not much has eventuated from that focus yet. He definitely has the motor but is yet to showcase the technique or stamina over the really long races to challenge for the win.
Oliver Naesen (AG2R La Mondiale) is the last name to raise as a potential winner. The second year World Tour pro has come on leaps and bounds in his short career, taking it to the established favourites. He's arguably the revelation of the season to this point. His performances in recent races in particular has been superb, he has only been outside the top ten twice in his six cobbled races this year and at Flanders he was just as strong as Sagan and van Avermaet. 13th last year at Paris Roubaix is just an appetiser what the talented Belgian rider will achieve at this race, though he will need to arrive solo as his sprint is nothing to write home about.
The fact is, the field of potential winners is so large that, for the sake of brevity, there's quite a few names worthy of mention that didn't make the cut here. The beauty of Paris Roubaix is that there will always be surprises. For anyone who marvelled over Hayman's heroics last year, you'll know that Paris Roubaix is just that little bit more special than most races and a new chapter will enter the history books this Sunday.
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Wild Australian Bushrangers
Bushrangers!'Bail Up' Escape from Cockatoo Island
During the 1820s, the number of bushrangers roaming around New South Wales, was so great that the government passed an act called the Bushranger Act, which gave police and soldiers almost unlimited powers to capture, search and ultimately hang, those convicted of 'bushranging' crimes. Economically, times were tough and this combined with the use of harsh punishment methods, was probably responsible for the outpouring of public sympathy and the rise of the mythical, romantic, bushranger folk hero. Some bushrangers, were violent, nasty and dangerous however and others were from marginalised groups, or were political rebels. Here are just a few:
John Caesar, was Australia's first bushranger. He was a convict from the First Fleet and a huge, dark, giant of a man of west Indian descent, who had initially fled to England, to avoid becoming a plantation slave . He was then transported from England, for stealing 240 shillings and sent to New South Wales for 7 years. In 1789, he escaped into the bush with a musket and began stealing food. A year later he was speared by Aboriginals and he moved back closer to the settlement. He was then captured and sent to the infamous, Norfolk Island and fathered a daughter there with Ann Power. Not long after leaving Norfolk Island for Port Jackson, he ran off into the bush again. Governor Hunter, put a price on his head of five gallons of rum, which would go to the man who captured him. A settler named John Wimbow shot him dead near liberty Plains (Strathfield).
Jack Donahoe
Also known as, The Wild Colonial Boy, after the famous folk ballad written about him, Jack Donahoe (1806 30), was born in Dublin and transported to New South Wales in 1823 for the 'intent to commit a felony'. Donahoe was a 'flaxen' haired, 'blue' eyed, Irish rebel who is admired for his defiance and bravery. On arrival in New South Wales, he had been assigned to a chain gang, but absconded with two other Irish men and began robbing bullock drays on the Windsor Road. The three men were caught and twice sentenced to death. The two other men hung, but Donahoe managed to escape and got together a gang and went on a crime spree, bailing up travelers on roads from Bathurst to Yass. Donahoe, became famous for constantly eluding the police and for brazenly riding into Sydney Town to have a ginger beer. He was caught however, when one of his gang turned informer. Donahoe, was gunned down at Bringelly, near Campbelltown, as he urged the police on using 'insulting and indecent epithets'.
(Sir) Thomas Mitchell drew a post mortem drawing of Donahoe' head and shoulders, which is now in the Mitchell Library. Also within weeks of his death a tradesman began making clay pipes which resembled Donahoe's head, complete with bullet hole.
Jack Donohoe
wanted Dead or AliveMatthew Brady
Credit: Archives Office of Tasmania
Matthew Brady, (1799 1826) was transported on the Juliana for the crime of stealing a basket and Hermes birkin bags fake some butter, bacon, sugar and rice. He was sent to van Diemen's land (Tasmania) and replica birkin handbags became a constant absconder. As punishment, he received around 350 lashes in four years. He was then sentenced to Macquarie Harbour, but escaped with 13 other desperate convicts, in a whale boat in 1824. For two years, the gang roamed the bush, aided by settlers, who were former convicts. A Reward was offered by Governor Arthur, replica hermes handbags outlet to anyone who could deliver Brady to the law. Brady responded with a cheeky note fastened to the door of an Inn:
"It has caused Matthew Brady much concern that such a person known as Sir George Arthur is at large. Twenty Gallons of Rum will be given to any persons that will deliver this person to me."
The reward for Brady was raised to 300 guineas and Brady was captured.
Brady was known as the "Gentleman Bushranger", as he only used violence in fashion cheap hermes handbags self defence and never harmed a women. His cell in Hobart, as he waited to stand trail was filled with flowers and cakes sent by female sympathisers and the crowd that watched him hang on May 26, cried and cheered him on. A lookout is named after him, in Tasmania, called Brady's lookout, with views over the Tamar River
Captain ThunderboltFred Ward, who is known as 'Captain Thunderbolt', was born in Windsor, in New South Wales, in 1836 and was the son of a convict. He was working as a drover and horse breaker when sentenced to Cockatoo Island for horse stealing. He was then, conditionally released from the island and was working as a horse breaker in Mudgee, but then returned to Cockatoo Island for various offences. Ward, escaped from the island and went to live with his half Aboriginal wife and their children on the Culgoa River near Bourke. He then, adopted the name 'Captain Thunderbolt' and began an almost 7 year crime spree. During this time, Ward was shot in the knee during a gunfight, when spotted by troopers (this helped the identification of his body later). Another time a constable held a pistol to his head and said 'you are my prisoner'. Thunderbolt laughed and galloped off into the bush. He met his end however in Uralla, New South Wales during a gunfight with a trooper.
Bushrangers!'Bail Up' Escape from Cockatoo Island
During the 1820s, the number of bushrangers roaming around New South Wales, was so great that the government passed an act called the Bushranger Act, which gave police and soldiers almost unlimited powers to capture, search and ultimately hang, those convicted of 'bushranging' crimes. Economically, times were tough and this combined with the use of harsh punishment methods, was probably responsible for the outpouring of public sympathy and the rise of the mythical, romantic, bushranger folk hero. Some bushrangers, were violent, nasty and dangerous however and others were from marginalised groups, or were political rebels. Here are just a few:
John Caesar, was Australia's first bushranger. He was a convict from the First Fleet and a huge, dark, giant of a man of west Indian descent, who had initially fled to England, to avoid becoming a plantation slave . He was then transported from England, for stealing 240 shillings and sent to New South Wales for 7 years. In 1789, he escaped into the bush with a musket and began stealing food. A year later he was speared by Aboriginals and he moved back closer to the settlement. He was then captured and sent to the infamous, Norfolk Island and fathered a daughter there with Ann Power. Not long after leaving Norfolk Island for Port Jackson, he ran off into the bush again. Governor Hunter, put a price on his head of five gallons of rum, which would go to the man who captured him. A settler named John Wimbow shot him dead near liberty Plains (Strathfield).
Jack Donahoe
Also known as, The Wild Colonial Boy, after the famous folk ballad written about him, Jack Donahoe (1806 30), was born in Dublin and transported to New South Wales in 1823 for the 'intent to commit a felony'. Donahoe was a 'flaxen' haired, 'blue' eyed, Irish rebel who is admired for his defiance and bravery. On arrival in New South Wales, he had been assigned to a chain gang, but absconded with two other Irish men and began robbing bullock drays on the Windsor Road. The three men were caught and twice sentenced to death. The two other men hung, but Donahoe managed to escape and got together a gang and went on a crime spree, bailing up travelers on roads from Bathurst to Yass. Donahoe, became famous for constantly eluding the police and for brazenly riding into Sydney Town to have a ginger beer. He was caught however, when one of his gang turned informer. Donahoe, was gunned down at Bringelly, near Campbelltown, as he urged the police on using 'insulting and indecent epithets'.
(Sir) Thomas Mitchell drew a post mortem drawing of Donahoe' head and shoulders, which is now in the Mitchell Library. Also within weeks of his death a tradesman began making clay pipes which resembled Donahoe's head, complete with bullet hole.
Jack Donohoe
wanted Dead or AliveMatthew Brady
Credit: Archives Office of Tasmania
Matthew Brady, (1799 1826) was transported on the Juliana for the crime of stealing a basket and Hermes birkin bags fake some butter, bacon, sugar and rice. He was sent to van Diemen's land (Tasmania) and replica birkin handbags became a constant absconder. As punishment, he received around 350 lashes in four years. He was then sentenced to Macquarie Harbour, but escaped with 13 other desperate convicts, in a whale boat in 1824. For two years, the gang roamed the bush, aided by settlers, who were former convicts. A Reward was offered by Governor Arthur, replica hermes handbags outlet to anyone who could deliver Brady to the law. Brady responded with a cheeky note fastened to the door of an Inn:
"It has caused Matthew Brady much concern that such a person known as Sir George Arthur is at large. Twenty Gallons of Rum will be given to any persons that will deliver this person to me."
The reward for Brady was raised to 300 guineas and Brady was captured.
Brady was known as the "Gentleman Bushranger", as he only used violence in fashion cheap hermes handbags self defence and never harmed a women. His cell in Hobart, as he waited to stand trail was filled with flowers and cakes sent by female sympathisers and the crowd that watched him hang on May 26, cried and cheered him on. A lookout is named after him, in Tasmania, called Brady's lookout, with views over the Tamar River
Captain ThunderboltFred Ward, who is known as 'Captain Thunderbolt', was born in Windsor, in New South Wales, in 1836 and was the son of a convict. He was working as a drover and horse breaker when sentenced to Cockatoo Island for horse stealing. He was then, conditionally released from the island and was working as a horse breaker in Mudgee, but then returned to Cockatoo Island for various offences. Ward, escaped from the island and went to live with his half Aboriginal wife and their children on the Culgoa River near Bourke. He then, adopted the name 'Captain Thunderbolt' and began an almost 7 year crime spree. During this time, Ward was shot in the knee during a gunfight, when spotted by troopers (this helped the identification of his body later). Another time a constable held a pistol to his head and said 'you are my prisoner'. Thunderbolt laughed and galloped off into the bush. He met his end however in Uralla, New South Wales during a gunfight with a trooper.
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What we know and don't know
But it's unclear how Gray, who was arrested on a weapons charge April 12, suffered a severe spinal cord injury that led to his death seven days later.
Here are the big questions surrounding this controversial case:
What we know: Gray was arrested on a weapons charge in a high crime area of Baltimore known for drugs. He "gave up without the use of force," Baltimore Deputy Police Commissioner Jerry Rodriguez said last week.
An officer apparently took his Taser out and was prepared to use it on Gray, but he never deployed it, Rodriguez said. And none of the six officers involved in the arrest described using force against the 25 year old.
"And when Mr. Gray was taken out of that van, he could not talk, and he could not breathe," according to Rodriguez.
Police have said Gray was not buckled in with a seat belt during the ride to a booking center.
What we don't know: It's unknown what caused the spinal cord injury that led to his death a week after the arrest, and it's also unknown what, if anything, happened inside the van.
What can be seen on the released video
What we know: Segments of cell replica hermes handbags outlet phone video shot from two different positions appear to begin after Gray has been arrested and show officers dragging Hermes birkin bags fake Gray, who is fashion cheap hermes handbags handcuffed, to a van. He can be heard screaming.
"He was dragged a bit," said Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings Blake, "but then you see him using his legs to get into the van, so he was able bodied when he was in the van. And we know that when he was finally taken out of the van, he was unresponsive."
One woman who recorded a video of the arrest said she knew Gray.
"When I ran up the street and seen him, the first thing I asked him was he OK because I heard him screaming," the woman replica birkin handbags said. "He didn't never say yes or no, he just said 'I can't breathe' and just was yelling."
Rawlings Blake and Deputy Police Commissioner Kevin Davis have said the arresting officers should have asked for medical attention immediately after Gray asked for it.
But it's unclear how Gray, who was arrested on a weapons charge April 12, suffered a severe spinal cord injury that led to his death seven days later.
Here are the big questions surrounding this controversial case:
What we know: Gray was arrested on a weapons charge in a high crime area of Baltimore known for drugs. He "gave up without the use of force," Baltimore Deputy Police Commissioner Jerry Rodriguez said last week.
An officer apparently took his Taser out and was prepared to use it on Gray, but he never deployed it, Rodriguez said. And none of the six officers involved in the arrest described using force against the 25 year old.
"And when Mr. Gray was taken out of that van, he could not talk, and he could not breathe," according to Rodriguez.
Police have said Gray was not buckled in with a seat belt during the ride to a booking center.
What we don't know: It's unknown what caused the spinal cord injury that led to his death a week after the arrest, and it's also unknown what, if anything, happened inside the van.
What can be seen on the released video
What we know: Segments of cell replica hermes handbags outlet phone video shot from two different positions appear to begin after Gray has been arrested and show officers dragging Hermes birkin bags fake Gray, who is fashion cheap hermes handbags handcuffed, to a van. He can be heard screaming.
"He was dragged a bit," said Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings Blake, "but then you see him using his legs to get into the van, so he was able bodied when he was in the van. And we know that when he was finally taken out of the van, he was unresponsive."
One woman who recorded a video of the arrest said she knew Gray.
"When I ran up the street and seen him, the first thing I asked him was he OK because I heard him screaming," the woman replica birkin handbags said. "He didn't never say yes or no, he just said 'I can't breathe' and just was yelling."
Rawlings Blake and Deputy Police Commissioner Kevin Davis have said the arresting officers should have asked for medical attention immediately after Gray asked for it.
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William Devin Howell kept body of woman in his murder mobile van for weeks and slept with it
Cellmate claims serial killer admitted slaughtering seven and slept holding corpse fake hermes brown belt whosale he called 'baby' for weeks in his 'murder mobile' van
William Devin Howell, 45, a drifter with a lengthy criminal record, charged with six additional killings and is already serving time for manslaughterThe bodies of all seven victims were found at separate intervals beginning in 2007 in a wooded area behind a strip mall in New Britain, ConnecticutVictims disappeared in 2003 when Howell was working odd jobs in stateHave been identified as: JoyvalineMartinez, 24, of East Hartford; Diane replica Hermes belts france Cusack, 53, of New Britain; Mary Jane Menard, 40, of New Britain; Melanie Ruth Camilini, 29, of Seymour; Marilyn Gonzalez, 26, of Waterbury; Danny Lee Whistnant, 44, of New Britain; and Nilsa Arizmendi, 33, of WethersfieldHe sexually assaulted some of the women and sex tapes were found in vanIf convicted, Howell would become one of state's most prolific serial killersBy
A drifter accused of being a serial killer told fellow inmates he killed seven people in Connecticut in 2003, including a woman whose body he kept for two weeks in a van he called the 'murder mobile'.
William Devin Howell, 45, told a cellmate 'there was a monster inside of him that just came out' and called himself a 'sick ripper',according to an arrest warrant released in New Britain on Friday.
He said if he wasn't caught, he was going to go cross country and kill others, it said.
Scroll down for video
The document was released after Howell was arraigned in New Britain Superior Court on multiple murder charges related to six of the killings.
A judge set bail at $10million, but Howell already was serving a 15 year prison sentence for manslaughter for killing one of the seven victims.
Howell told a cellmate the first person he killed was a woman he raped in his van, the warrant said.
Howell told the fellow inmate he kept the woman's body wrapped up in hermes belt price replica his van because it was too cold outside to bury her, the warrant said.
He also said he cut off the tips of her fingers, dismantled her bottom jaw and disposed of the body parts in Virginia, it said.
He told his cellmate he slept next to the woman's body in the van, calling her his 'baby', according to the warrant
Marilyn Gonzalez (left) of Waterbury, Connecticut, andDanny Lee Whistnan (right) were also victims of Howell
All seven victims disappeared in 2003, when Howell was mowing lawns and working other odd jobs in central Connecticut.
They were identified as: Joyvaline Martinez, 24, of East Hartford; Diane Cusack, 53, of New Britain; Mary Jane Menard, 40, of New Britain; Melanie Ruth Camilini, 29, of Seymour; Marilyn Gonzalez, 26, of Waterbury; Danny Lee Whistnant, 44, of New Britain; and Nilsa Arizmendi, 33, of Wethersfield.
Police said in the arrest warrant that Howell sexually assaulted three of the women he killed.
Many relatives of the victims attended the proceeding, and several cried after Howell was brought into the courtroom in an orange prison jumpsuit, shackled on his arms and legs.
Howell did not speak or enter any pleas and the case was continued to October 28.
His lawyer urged the public to remember Howell imitation hermes mens belt is innocent until proved guilty.
Martinez's sister, Sandra Martinez, said: 'Today we had to face a monster.
'I didn't think this day would ever come, but thanks to all the hard work that was put into it they were able to catch him, and I hope he never gets out of jail and he rots,' she told WFSB TV.
The bodies of all seven victims were found in a wooded area behind a strip mall in New Britain.
'Let's remember each of these victims and their families,' police Chief James Wardwell said after the court hearing.
'Each victim was loved and cherished.
'They were people from our communities and in no way deserved the violence that ended their lives.'
The wooded area where the bodies were found is about 12 miles southwest of Hartford in Connecticut
If convicted of the killings, Howell would be one of the most prolific serial killers in Connecticut history.
Cellmate claims serial killer admitted slaughtering seven and slept holding corpse fake hermes brown belt whosale he called 'baby' for weeks in his 'murder mobile' van
William Devin Howell, 45, a drifter with a lengthy criminal record, charged with six additional killings and is already serving time for manslaughterThe bodies of all seven victims were found at separate intervals beginning in 2007 in a wooded area behind a strip mall in New Britain, ConnecticutVictims disappeared in 2003 when Howell was working odd jobs in stateHave been identified as: JoyvalineMartinez, 24, of East Hartford; Diane replica Hermes belts france Cusack, 53, of New Britain; Mary Jane Menard, 40, of New Britain; Melanie Ruth Camilini, 29, of Seymour; Marilyn Gonzalez, 26, of Waterbury; Danny Lee Whistnant, 44, of New Britain; and Nilsa Arizmendi, 33, of WethersfieldHe sexually assaulted some of the women and sex tapes were found in vanIf convicted, Howell would become one of state's most prolific serial killersBy
A drifter accused of being a serial killer told fellow inmates he killed seven people in Connecticut in 2003, including a woman whose body he kept for two weeks in a van he called the 'murder mobile'.
William Devin Howell, 45, told a cellmate 'there was a monster inside of him that just came out' and called himself a 'sick ripper',according to an arrest warrant released in New Britain on Friday.
He said if he wasn't caught, he was going to go cross country and kill others, it said.
Scroll down for video
The document was released after Howell was arraigned in New Britain Superior Court on multiple murder charges related to six of the killings.
A judge set bail at $10million, but Howell already was serving a 15 year prison sentence for manslaughter for killing one of the seven victims.
Howell told a cellmate the first person he killed was a woman he raped in his van, the warrant said.
Howell told the fellow inmate he kept the woman's body wrapped up in hermes belt price replica his van because it was too cold outside to bury her, the warrant said.
He also said he cut off the tips of her fingers, dismantled her bottom jaw and disposed of the body parts in Virginia, it said.
He told his cellmate he slept next to the woman's body in the van, calling her his 'baby', according to the warrant
Marilyn Gonzalez (left) of Waterbury, Connecticut, andDanny Lee Whistnan (right) were also victims of Howell
All seven victims disappeared in 2003, when Howell was mowing lawns and working other odd jobs in central Connecticut.
They were identified as: Joyvaline Martinez, 24, of East Hartford; Diane Cusack, 53, of New Britain; Mary Jane Menard, 40, of New Britain; Melanie Ruth Camilini, 29, of Seymour; Marilyn Gonzalez, 26, of Waterbury; Danny Lee Whistnant, 44, of New Britain; and Nilsa Arizmendi, 33, of Wethersfield.
Police said in the arrest warrant that Howell sexually assaulted three of the women he killed.
Many relatives of the victims attended the proceeding, and several cried after Howell was brought into the courtroom in an orange prison jumpsuit, shackled on his arms and legs.
Howell did not speak or enter any pleas and the case was continued to October 28.
His lawyer urged the public to remember Howell imitation hermes mens belt is innocent until proved guilty.
Martinez's sister, Sandra Martinez, said: 'Today we had to face a monster.
'I didn't think this day would ever come, but thanks to all the hard work that was put into it they were able to catch him, and I hope he never gets out of jail and he rots,' she told WFSB TV.
The bodies of all seven victims were found in a wooded area behind a strip mall in New Britain.
'Let's remember each of these victims and their families,' police Chief James Wardwell said after the court hearing.
'Each victim was loved and cherished.
'They were people from our communities and in no way deserved the violence that ended their lives.'
The wooded area where the bodies were found is about 12 miles southwest of Hartford in Connecticut
If convicted of the killings, Howell would be one of the most prolific serial killers in Connecticut history.
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Will new Caddy feature New York style
The Sleuth can't help wondering what Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit in 1701, would think about the Cadillac brand's plan to move its headquarters out of the city in 2015 and establish a base camp in New York City. Apparently Johan De Nysschen, who recently became Cadillac's head honcho, thinks the division will achieve a more global perspective if it's located in the city that never sleeps (specifically, Manhattan's trendy Soho district) that will help it move more metal. It's from there that Cadillac will announce a number of new models, including a redesigned SRX tall wagon, the ultra luxury CT6 sedan and a replacement for the ELR coupe that uses the same plug in electric powertrain as the Chevrolet Volt. Your Trenchcoated Spymaster also hears that De Nysschen is planning a new Cadillac roadster based on the Ciel concept car that debuted in 2011.
Next Tucson will look more like the Santa Fe: Hyundai knows a good thing when it sells one and the Korea based automaker is selling plenty of its Santa Fe sport utility vehicles. Hoping to trade on the vehicle's popularity, The Sleuth understands that the 2016 Hyundai Tucson will look a lot like the Santa Fe when it shows up in mid 2015. From what The Sleuth has been told, the Tucson will become a bit larger than the current version and will feature a squared off Santa Fe like nose. Overall, it seems, the compact tall wagon will adopt a more conservative shape, which is where Hyundai's design "language" appears to he heading, Hermes belt replica france if the new 2015 Genesis and Sonata sedans are any indication.
Panamera's progress: The Sleuth has picked up some intel concerning Porsche's new luxury Panamera hatchback sedan that's due out in a couple of years. As he suspected, the car's controversial body shape fake hermes mens belt will undergo significant beautification that should add to its appeal. The Panamera will replica Hermes belts france also use Porsche's new front engine architecture that, along with more aluminum and composite materials, will help it drop at least 100 kilograms over the current structure. The platform will also be used by Bentley (it and Porsche are part of Volkswagen) when it builds the next generation Continental coupe. There will be new gas engine choices for the more svelte Panamera in addition to a returning hybrid edition.
Engine start stop systems might save a bit of gas, but they come at a cost: The technology that shuts off a car's engine at stoplights or in stop and go traffic and then immediately fires it back up again when the brake pedal is released, is cropping up on many new cars these days as a way to save gas. But according to what The Sneakster is hearing, stop start is not popular with buyers who don't like the shudders that can be felt throughout their vehicles each time the system does its thing. In addition, there are reports that the frequent off on cycling is shortening the life of the lead acid batteries. Automakers are apparently aware of the latter problem and are considering the introduction of energy storing ultracapacitors that would ease the draw on the batteries. As for the rough restarts, perhaps a mandatory switch that turns start stop systems off is in order. However, the Spy Guy hears that VW's brass has once again set its sights on a replacement luxury model. Apparently, the success of Hyundai Equus and Kia K900 upscale sedans has led to plans to revive the Phaeton if that's what it will be called sometime in the next three years, but after the next generation VW Passat sedan and Touareg tall wagon have been launched. Under consideration is a range of new engines, including a turbocharged V 6 plus V 8 and 12 cylinder powerplants.
Warren Buffett's majority stake purchase of the Van Tuyl Group: The man nicknamed the "Oracle of Omaha" for his savvy investment strategies now controls North America's largest privately owned auto dealership group, with 78 stores in its roster. Collectively, Van imitation hermes mens belt Tuyl sells nearly a quarter of a million cars a year and generates close to $8 billion US in revenues. Buffet will rename his purchase Berkshire Hathaway Automotive (BH is the name of his holding company). Conclusion? If Buffett is buying up dealerships, he expects demand for new vehicles to remain strong for some time to come.
No Porsche plans for a sub Boxster roadster: Apparently the speculation about Porsche building a lighter, lower cost roadster (it was even supposed to be called the 718, after a 1960s Porsche racing car) was just that. Company CEO Detlev von Patten ruled out that Porsche had any interest in, or plans for, producing such a vehicle. He further stated that if fans of the brand are seeking an affordable Porsche, they should consider purchasing a pre owned Boxster through one of the company's dealers. Ouch.
The Sleuth can't help wondering what Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit in 1701, would think about the Cadillac brand's plan to move its headquarters out of the city in 2015 and establish a base camp in New York City. Apparently Johan De Nysschen, who recently became Cadillac's head honcho, thinks the division will achieve a more global perspective if it's located in the city that never sleeps (specifically, Manhattan's trendy Soho district) that will help it move more metal. It's from there that Cadillac will announce a number of new models, including a redesigned SRX tall wagon, the ultra luxury CT6 sedan and a replacement for the ELR coupe that uses the same plug in electric powertrain as the Chevrolet Volt. Your Trenchcoated Spymaster also hears that De Nysschen is planning a new Cadillac roadster based on the Ciel concept car that debuted in 2011.
Next Tucson will look more like the Santa Fe: Hyundai knows a good thing when it sells one and the Korea based automaker is selling plenty of its Santa Fe sport utility vehicles. Hoping to trade on the vehicle's popularity, The Sleuth understands that the 2016 Hyundai Tucson will look a lot like the Santa Fe when it shows up in mid 2015. From what The Sleuth has been told, the Tucson will become a bit larger than the current version and will feature a squared off Santa Fe like nose. Overall, it seems, the compact tall wagon will adopt a more conservative shape, which is where Hyundai's design "language" appears to he heading, Hermes belt replica france if the new 2015 Genesis and Sonata sedans are any indication.
Panamera's progress: The Sleuth has picked up some intel concerning Porsche's new luxury Panamera hatchback sedan that's due out in a couple of years. As he suspected, the car's controversial body shape fake hermes mens belt will undergo significant beautification that should add to its appeal. The Panamera will replica Hermes belts france also use Porsche's new front engine architecture that, along with more aluminum and composite materials, will help it drop at least 100 kilograms over the current structure. The platform will also be used by Bentley (it and Porsche are part of Volkswagen) when it builds the next generation Continental coupe. There will be new gas engine choices for the more svelte Panamera in addition to a returning hybrid edition.
Engine start stop systems might save a bit of gas, but they come at a cost: The technology that shuts off a car's engine at stoplights or in stop and go traffic and then immediately fires it back up again when the brake pedal is released, is cropping up on many new cars these days as a way to save gas. But according to what The Sneakster is hearing, stop start is not popular with buyers who don't like the shudders that can be felt throughout their vehicles each time the system does its thing. In addition, there are reports that the frequent off on cycling is shortening the life of the lead acid batteries. Automakers are apparently aware of the latter problem and are considering the introduction of energy storing ultracapacitors that would ease the draw on the batteries. As for the rough restarts, perhaps a mandatory switch that turns start stop systems off is in order. However, the Spy Guy hears that VW's brass has once again set its sights on a replacement luxury model. Apparently, the success of Hyundai Equus and Kia K900 upscale sedans has led to plans to revive the Phaeton if that's what it will be called sometime in the next three years, but after the next generation VW Passat sedan and Touareg tall wagon have been launched. Under consideration is a range of new engines, including a turbocharged V 6 plus V 8 and 12 cylinder powerplants.
Warren Buffett's majority stake purchase of the Van Tuyl Group: The man nicknamed the "Oracle of Omaha" for his savvy investment strategies now controls North America's largest privately owned auto dealership group, with 78 stores in its roster. Collectively, Van imitation hermes mens belt Tuyl sells nearly a quarter of a million cars a year and generates close to $8 billion US in revenues. Buffet will rename his purchase Berkshire Hathaway Automotive (BH is the name of his holding company). Conclusion? If Buffett is buying up dealerships, he expects demand for new vehicles to remain strong for some time to come.
No Porsche plans for a sub Boxster roadster: Apparently the speculation about Porsche building a lighter, lower cost roadster (it was even supposed to be called the 718, after a 1960s Porsche racing car) was just that. Company CEO Detlev von Patten ruled out that Porsche had any interest in, or plans for, producing such a vehicle. He further stated that if fans of the brand are seeking an affordable Porsche, they should consider purchasing a pre owned Boxster through one of the company's dealers. Ouch.
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Virgil van Dijk 'happy' at Southampton but remains ambitious
Virgil van Dijk says he is happy at Southampton but harbours ambitions like every other professional player in football.
The Netherlands international has been linked with Manchester City and Chelsea during next month's transfer window.
However, the 25 year old remains coy over his immediate plans, telling The Times: "Southampton is a very good club for me, it is an amazing place fashion cheap hermes handbags to be and I am happy to be part of the success.
"Every player in the world has ambitions. I have ambitions like everyone else. I want to get the maximum out of myself as a player.
Saints boss Claude Puel is keen to keep Van Dijk at the club
"I can improve in every aspect and that takes time. That takes games. That takes playing at the highest level and with the national team.
"Everyone says that, at 25, the best replica birkin handbags years are still to come but I am enjoying every bit of it imitiaton hermes bag now."
It has been reported that Manchester City would pay around for Van Dijk's although his manager at Southampton, Claude Puel, poured cold water on the suggestion that Saints need to cash in on him right now.
Puel stressed: "I think, for Virgil, the price will be the same in two or three years.
"He can stay for two or three years with us. He's fake hermes bag an important player for the team.
"Also, along with Jose Fonte and Steven Davis, he is a captain of the team. He has a good personality, strong character, quality, and of course he will stay with us."
Virgil van Dijk says he is happy at Southampton but harbours ambitions like every other professional player in football.
The Netherlands international has been linked with Manchester City and Chelsea during next month's transfer window.
However, the 25 year old remains coy over his immediate plans, telling The Times: "Southampton is a very good club for me, it is an amazing place fashion cheap hermes handbags to be and I am happy to be part of the success.
"Every player in the world has ambitions. I have ambitions like everyone else. I want to get the maximum out of myself as a player.
Saints boss Claude Puel is keen to keep Van Dijk at the club
"I can improve in every aspect and that takes time. That takes games. That takes playing at the highest level and with the national team.
"Everyone says that, at 25, the best replica birkin handbags years are still to come but I am enjoying every bit of it imitiaton hermes bag now."
It has been reported that Manchester City would pay around for Van Dijk's although his manager at Southampton, Claude Puel, poured cold water on the suggestion that Saints need to cash in on him right now.
Puel stressed: "I think, for Virgil, the price will be the same in two or three years.
"He can stay for two or three years with us. He's fake hermes bag an important player for the team.
"Also, along with Jose Fonte and Steven Davis, he is a captain of the team. He has a good personality, strong character, quality, and of course he will stay with us."
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Weird Buildings Photos
It took almost three years to transform the basement into the ship and it cost Sforza $500,000 for the project, he told Barcroft TV. "Fortunately, I was able to purchase a piece of the original set, which I pulled apart to find out the exact paint and materials that were used," Sforza told Barcroft. It took almost three years to transform the basement into the ship and it cost Sforza $500,000 for the project, he told Barcroft TV. I was able to purchase a piece of the original set, which I pulled apart to find out the exact paint and materials that were used, Sforza told Barcroft.'Best Tall Building in Europe'De Rotterdam in the Netherlands has been awarded Best Tall Building in Europe by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). The building, by OMA architecture firm, has been nominated by CTBUH for Best Tall Building Worldwide for the November competition in Chicago. OMA's CCTV Headquarters in Beijing was awarded 2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide.
Ossip van Duivenbode
A Treehouse Man Cave in DallasAn exterior view of the treehouse built by Pete Nelson for Bobby and Marty replica birkin handbags Page in Malakoff, Texas, March 14, 2014. The home was featured in Animal Planet "Treehouse Masters." Page, who has three daughters with his wife, Marty, told The Dallas Morning News, been surrounded by women my whole life, and needed a man cave."
Vernon Bryant/The Dallas Morning News
A Treehouse Man Cave in DallasA view inside a treehouse built by Pete Nelson for Bobby and Marty Page in Malakoff, Texas, March 14, 2014.
Vernon Bryant/The Dallas Morning News
'Star Trek' Mansion For SaleThis 34,548 sq. ft. mansion in Boca Raton, Florida, is the most expensive ever listed in the city Hermes birkin bags fake at $35 million. The eight bedroom home features a giant arcade room and a replica of "Star Trek's" Starship Enterprise bridge.
Courtesy Andy Frame/Douglas Elliman Real Estate
'Star Trek' Mansion For SaleThe expansive estate has a state of the art home theater, which is a replica of the bridge of the Star Trek Enterprise, complete with original series sound effects for the doors replica hermes handbags outlet and hundreds of thousands of "stars" built into the ceiling. The mansion belongs to Marc Bell, the former CEO of networking site FriendFinder. Also on the property are a "Call of Duty" video game room and an outdoor basketball court.
Courtesy Andy Frame/Douglas Elliman Real Estate
'Railway Resort' On SaleA "railway resort" with a model train museum and "personal world class railway" in Sherwood, Ore., 17 miles southwest of Portland, is listed for $3.5 million. The property has 19.67 acres of land, with a three level Cape Cod style home that spans 4,908 sq. ft.'Railway Resort' On SaleThe home has four bedrooms and 3.5 bathrooms. The property also has a barn, a large shop, and a fenced pasture. The listing states: fake hermes bag "The estimated cost to recreate this extravagant estate and monumental railroad haven in today's market comes in at upwards of $7,000,000. This is the first time this legendary estate has been offered to the market."Under Cave Cathedrals On SaleUnique rock formations were carved out of sandstone in two large underground Cathedrals under the desert in Northern New Mexico. "The more intimate one features smooth walls and sensual sweeping lines," the listing states. "The much larger one is called the Tree of Human Loving is a massive, intricately carved tree located in the Garden of Eden. Either half for $550,000."Spaceship Arcade HomeThis space ship arcade for playing video games is in a whimsical seven bedroom home on sale in Weston, Mass., outside Boston, for $17 million. An entertainer's dream, the home also has a pool and pool house, in home half basketball court, media room with seating for 16, billiards and ping pong room, and a wine cellar. HomeNot only does this seven bedroom, 8.5 bathroom home in Weston, Mass., have an space ship arcade for playing video games, the property has 7.52 acres of groomed emerald lawns within minutes from downtown Boston, and 19,000 sq. ft. of living space.'The Taj' Home in Calif. Looks Like Taj MahalLike the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, this 5 bed in La Jolla, Calif., is listed for $2.8 million. Designed by Herbert Palmer and called "Casa de Las Joyas" (House of Jewels): "Treasured as 'The Taj, ' by locals," it has "three graceful domes, pillars and archways reminiscent of eastern architecture and complemented by pebbles and stones carefully collected at local beaches."Street Cars Create HomeThis detached tree house in Santa Cruz, Calif., is part of a property that uses two historic street cars as main home. According to , the property includes its "own treehouse, a pond, clucking chickens, fruit trees galore, gardens, sauna, fire ring, cob oven."Mansion with Moat on Market for $10.9 MillionAlways wanted a moat around your home? The Chateau Artisan in Miami, Florida sits on 14 acres is on the market for $10.9 million according to . the home features a private lake, koi pond and boat house.
It took almost three years to transform the basement into the ship and it cost Sforza $500,000 for the project, he told Barcroft TV. "Fortunately, I was able to purchase a piece of the original set, which I pulled apart to find out the exact paint and materials that were used," Sforza told Barcroft. It took almost three years to transform the basement into the ship and it cost Sforza $500,000 for the project, he told Barcroft TV. I was able to purchase a piece of the original set, which I pulled apart to find out the exact paint and materials that were used, Sforza told Barcroft.'Best Tall Building in Europe'De Rotterdam in the Netherlands has been awarded Best Tall Building in Europe by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). The building, by OMA architecture firm, has been nominated by CTBUH for Best Tall Building Worldwide for the November competition in Chicago. OMA's CCTV Headquarters in Beijing was awarded 2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide.
Ossip van Duivenbode
A Treehouse Man Cave in DallasAn exterior view of the treehouse built by Pete Nelson for Bobby and Marty replica birkin handbags Page in Malakoff, Texas, March 14, 2014. The home was featured in Animal Planet "Treehouse Masters." Page, who has three daughters with his wife, Marty, told The Dallas Morning News, been surrounded by women my whole life, and needed a man cave."
Vernon Bryant/The Dallas Morning News
A Treehouse Man Cave in DallasA view inside a treehouse built by Pete Nelson for Bobby and Marty Page in Malakoff, Texas, March 14, 2014.
Vernon Bryant/The Dallas Morning News
'Star Trek' Mansion For SaleThis 34,548 sq. ft. mansion in Boca Raton, Florida, is the most expensive ever listed in the city Hermes birkin bags fake at $35 million. The eight bedroom home features a giant arcade room and a replica of "Star Trek's" Starship Enterprise bridge.
Courtesy Andy Frame/Douglas Elliman Real Estate
'Star Trek' Mansion For SaleThe expansive estate has a state of the art home theater, which is a replica of the bridge of the Star Trek Enterprise, complete with original series sound effects for the doors replica hermes handbags outlet and hundreds of thousands of "stars" built into the ceiling. The mansion belongs to Marc Bell, the former CEO of networking site FriendFinder. Also on the property are a "Call of Duty" video game room and an outdoor basketball court.
Courtesy Andy Frame/Douglas Elliman Real Estate
'Railway Resort' On SaleA "railway resort" with a model train museum and "personal world class railway" in Sherwood, Ore., 17 miles southwest of Portland, is listed for $3.5 million. The property has 19.67 acres of land, with a three level Cape Cod style home that spans 4,908 sq. ft.'Railway Resort' On SaleThe home has four bedrooms and 3.5 bathrooms. The property also has a barn, a large shop, and a fenced pasture. The listing states: fake hermes bag "The estimated cost to recreate this extravagant estate and monumental railroad haven in today's market comes in at upwards of $7,000,000. This is the first time this legendary estate has been offered to the market."Under Cave Cathedrals On SaleUnique rock formations were carved out of sandstone in two large underground Cathedrals under the desert in Northern New Mexico. "The more intimate one features smooth walls and sensual sweeping lines," the listing states. "The much larger one is called the Tree of Human Loving is a massive, intricately carved tree located in the Garden of Eden. Either half for $550,000."Spaceship Arcade HomeThis space ship arcade for playing video games is in a whimsical seven bedroom home on sale in Weston, Mass., outside Boston, for $17 million. An entertainer's dream, the home also has a pool and pool house, in home half basketball court, media room with seating for 16, billiards and ping pong room, and a wine cellar. HomeNot only does this seven bedroom, 8.5 bathroom home in Weston, Mass., have an space ship arcade for playing video games, the property has 7.52 acres of groomed emerald lawns within minutes from downtown Boston, and 19,000 sq. ft. of living space.'The Taj' Home in Calif. Looks Like Taj MahalLike the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, this 5 bed in La Jolla, Calif., is listed for $2.8 million. Designed by Herbert Palmer and called "Casa de Las Joyas" (House of Jewels): "Treasured as 'The Taj, ' by locals," it has "three graceful domes, pillars and archways reminiscent of eastern architecture and complemented by pebbles and stones carefully collected at local beaches."Street Cars Create HomeThis detached tree house in Santa Cruz, Calif., is part of a property that uses two historic street cars as main home. According to , the property includes its "own treehouse, a pond, clucking chickens, fruit trees galore, gardens, sauna, fire ring, cob oven."Mansion with Moat on Market for $10.9 MillionAlways wanted a moat around your home? The Chateau Artisan in Miami, Florida sits on 14 acres is on the market for $10.9 million according to . the home features a private lake, koi pond and boat house.
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Why Should You Have a 4x4 for Your Aussie Road Trips
Aside from being a region that possesses some of the world's most stunning scenery, Australia has a reputation for offering a variety of popular four wheel drive touring routes. The many roads and off road routes wind their way through country that includes mud and water crossings, rocks and steep climbs best travelled and most easily traversed in a 4x4.
Australia is grand in scope and what it has to offer those who want to see it, but more of Australia can be seen whilst travelling in a 4x4 vehicle than by any other means of transport. The modern 4WD vehicle has the best capabilities as the preferred off roader, referred to as bush ability. It is the four wheel drive mode that provides for maximum manoeuvrability in such low traction hermes belts Knockoff conditions as mud, dirt and gravel.
Four wheel drive is what allows a vehicle to be manually switched from two wheel street driving mode. The demanding terrain of the off road trails requires the 4WD advantages of higher load capacity, more storage space, passenger comfort and the greater engine capacity to tackle soft sand surfaces for the power needed to pull trailers or tow boats. There are more modern conveniences for driver and passengers than ever before plus greater economy with the latest generation of diesel engines now available.
It is the 4x4's ability to provide a safe journey that is comfortable while being practical that has contributed to the growing popularity of 4x4s and has made for increased interest and availability of 4x4 clubs. These tours utilise modern satellite navigation systems along with sophisticated mobile communications devices. The 4x4s available today are a far cry from the expensive and cumbersome transports that, while useful in their time, certainly did not represent the pure fun and enjoyment of today's vehicles.
Australia is a land of natural beauty. The unique flora and fauna that can only be found in her wilderness represents a vaste expanse once off limits to the majority of Australians and visitors from imitation hermes mens belt overseas. Taking the land under 4x4 control is an exhilarating experience that offers many choices of how to thoroughly enjoy exploring the great unknown. Planning trips is easy and essential.
There are hermes mens belt replica groups that plan to carve out a good segment of the year to make a Hermes replica belt paris sweeping journey of the land while others are happy to enjoy a holiday that can last up to ten days. There are many road trips to be enjoyed that provide stops along the way in various towns. Many of the tracks have been arranged as part of the management of forests for fire control. Tracks that may have been in good condition one year may not be so the following year. These journeys allow for the opportunity to get to know the locals while learning which tracks are most accessible.
There are routes that will take visitors to terrain that is covered with snow. As the seasons change and warmer weather melts the snow, spring brings flowers and grasses and more bush tracks opening that are so very popular among 4WD enthusiasts and campers who enjoy the rivers and fishing in the streams. The 4x4 road trip is ideal considering most of the roads are not sealed. Venturing into the deepest places for fun and adventure results in memories that will last a lifetime.
Aside from being a region that possesses some of the world's most stunning scenery, Australia has a reputation for offering a variety of popular four wheel drive touring routes. The many roads and off road routes wind their way through country that includes mud and water crossings, rocks and steep climbs best travelled and most easily traversed in a 4x4.
Australia is grand in scope and what it has to offer those who want to see it, but more of Australia can be seen whilst travelling in a 4x4 vehicle than by any other means of transport. The modern 4WD vehicle has the best capabilities as the preferred off roader, referred to as bush ability. It is the four wheel drive mode that provides for maximum manoeuvrability in such low traction hermes belts Knockoff conditions as mud, dirt and gravel.
Four wheel drive is what allows a vehicle to be manually switched from two wheel street driving mode. The demanding terrain of the off road trails requires the 4WD advantages of higher load capacity, more storage space, passenger comfort and the greater engine capacity to tackle soft sand surfaces for the power needed to pull trailers or tow boats. There are more modern conveniences for driver and passengers than ever before plus greater economy with the latest generation of diesel engines now available.
It is the 4x4's ability to provide a safe journey that is comfortable while being practical that has contributed to the growing popularity of 4x4s and has made for increased interest and availability of 4x4 clubs. These tours utilise modern satellite navigation systems along with sophisticated mobile communications devices. The 4x4s available today are a far cry from the expensive and cumbersome transports that, while useful in their time, certainly did not represent the pure fun and enjoyment of today's vehicles.
Australia is a land of natural beauty. The unique flora and fauna that can only be found in her wilderness represents a vaste expanse once off limits to the majority of Australians and visitors from imitation hermes mens belt overseas. Taking the land under 4x4 control is an exhilarating experience that offers many choices of how to thoroughly enjoy exploring the great unknown. Planning trips is easy and essential.
There are hermes mens belt replica groups that plan to carve out a good segment of the year to make a Hermes replica belt paris sweeping journey of the land while others are happy to enjoy a holiday that can last up to ten days. There are many road trips to be enjoyed that provide stops along the way in various towns. Many of the tracks have been arranged as part of the management of forests for fire control. Tracks that may have been in good condition one year may not be so the following year. These journeys allow for the opportunity to get to know the locals while learning which tracks are most accessible.
There are routes that will take visitors to terrain that is covered with snow. As the seasons change and warmer weather melts the snow, spring brings flowers and grasses and more bush tracks opening that are so very popular among 4WD enthusiasts and campers who enjoy the rivers and fishing in the streams. The 4x4 road trip is ideal considering most of the roads are not sealed. Venturing into the deepest places for fun and adventure results in memories that will last a lifetime.
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vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation
Patients who filled a prescription for a standard dose non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (novel oral anticoagulants, NOACs) were excluded. To control for baseline differences in the population, a propensity score for receipt of either of the four treatment alternatives was calculated to apply an inverse probability treatment weight.
InterventionInitiated anticoagulant treatment (dabigatran 110 mg, rivaroxaban 15 mg, apixaban 2.5 mg, and warfarin).
Main outcome measuresPatients were followed in the registries from onset of treatment for the primary effectiveness outcome of ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and for the principal safety outcome of any bleeding events.
ResultsAmong 55644 patients with atrial fibrillation who met inclusion criteria, the cohort was distributed according to treatment: apixaban n=4400; dabigatran n=8875; rivaroxaban n=3476; warfarin n=38893. The overall mean age was 73.9 (SD 12.7), ranging from a mean of 71.0 (warfarin) to 83.9 (apixaban). During one year of follow up, apixaban was associated with higher (weighted) event rate of ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism (4.8%), while dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin had event rates of 3.3%, 3.5%, and 3.7%, respectively. In the comparison between a non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant and warfarin in the inverse probability of treatment weighted analyses and investigation of the effectiveness outcome, the hazard ratios were 1.19 (95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.49) for apixaban, 0.89 (0.77 to 1.03) for dabigatran, and 0.89 (0.69 to 1.16) for rivaroxaban. For the principal safety outcome versus warfarin, the hazard ratios were 0.96 (0.73 to 1.27) for apixaban, 0.80 (0.70 to 0.92) for dabigatran, and 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) for rivaroxaban.
ConclusionIn this propensity weighted nationwide study of reduced dose non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant regimens, apixaban 2.5 mg twice a day was associated with a trend towards higher rates of ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism compared with warfarin, while rivaroxaban 15 mg once a day and dabigatran 110 mg twice a day showed a trend towards lower thromboembolic rates. The results were not significantly different. Rates of bleeding (the principal safety outcome) were significantly lower for dabigatran, but not significantly different for apixaban and rivaroxaban compared with warfarin.
IntroductionAtrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke and mortality. During the past five years, large randomised trials have established that non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (novel oral anticoagulants, NOACs) have a similar efficacy to warfarin but have a superior safety profile, largely driven by a substantial reduction in associated risk of intracranial haemorrhage.1 These findings have subsequently changed guidelines to either include NOACs as an option for stroke prophylaxis2 or to recommend these agents as first choice of drug.3 The findings of clinical trials have been confirmed in various observational cohort studies based on data from clinical practice.4567
While meticulous dose adjustments are not required for NOACs as they are for warfarin, a clinical evaluation of appropriate (constant) dose is still necessary. Various degrees of renal function entails recommendations to offer these drugs in a reduced dosing regimen, but different cut off values for age, body weight, or interacting drugs also require consideration for appropriate dose selection.8 Indeed, both age and chronic kidney disease in patients with atrial fibrillation intensifies the risk of stroke and increases the risk of bleeding during antithrombotic treatment.9 Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (such as those aged 80) and patients with impaired renal function were included in the landmark trials of NOACs, but these important subgroups comprised only a small proportion of the patient populations.
Nevertheless, contemporary guidelines suggest a reduced dosing regimen for dabigatran (110 mg twice a day) if patients are aged 80 or have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 50 mL/min; rivaroxaban (15 mg once a day) if eGRF is 15 49 mL/min; apixaban (2.5 mg twice a day) if two of the three following criteria are present: age 80 or an eGRF 15 29 mL/min or body weight 60 kg; or edoxaban (30 mg once a day) if eGFR is 15 50 mL/min.10 While subgroup analyses including patients with varying degree of renal function showed comparable efficacy with warfarin,11 evidence on reduce dose regimens of non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants from "real world" clinical practice is scarce. In response to this lack of evidence about reduce dose regimens for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, fake hermes brown belt whosale we conducted a nationwide cohort study to examine effectiveness and safety compared with warfarin. To ascertain appropriateness of prescribing, we particularly focused on subgroups of elderly patients and those with impaired renal function, given their potential "indication for dose reduction" when NOACs are used.
MethodsThis was an observational cohort study of a nationwide population of unselected patients with atrial fibrillation who had not previously taken an oral anticoagulant. Patients were identified from nationwide registries in Denmark.
Data sourcesIn Denmark, individuals are assigned a unique identification number allowing linkage on an individual level between databases. Study data were obtained from three nationwide administrative databases: the Danish national prescription registry, which holds information on purchase date, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification code, and package size for every prescription claim since 1994; the Danish civil registration system, which holds information on sex, date of birth, and vital and emigration status; and the Danish national patient register, which includes admission/discharge date, and discharge ICD (international classification of diseases) diagnosis codes for hospital admissions since 1977.
Patient populationEligible patients were identified as those with a first time prescription claim for an NOAC defined as: apixaban (introduced 10 December 2012), dabigatran (introduced 1 August 2011), or rivaroxaban (introduced 1 February 2012), as well as individuals who started warfarin treatment (since 1 August 2011) up to 28 February 2016. Patients who had taken any oral anticoagulant within the previous year were excluded to establish a naive cohort. All NOACs were restricted to reduced doses approved for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (in Europe) as follows: apixaban 2.5 mg, dabigatran 110 mg, and rivaroxaban 15 mg. To focus on non valvular atrial fibrillation, we excluded patients with previous hospital diagnoses indicating valvular atrial fibrillation (mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves). We further excluded all those patients with an indication for oral anticoagulant treatment other than atrial fibrillation (history of pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, or recent hip/knee surgery). This allowed for an indirect identification of eligible patients with atrial fibrillation as all other reasons for initiation of an oral anticoagulation were ruled out. We therefore assumed that initiation of treatment indicated stroke prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation.
Patient involvementNo patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in developing plans for recruitment, design, or implementation of the study. No patients were asked to advise on interpretation or writing up of results. There are no plans to disseminate the results of the research to study participants or the relevant patient community.
Ascertainment of outcome measures and comorbidityWe used the Danish national patient register to follow included patients from onset of treatment until 30 April 2016 for the occurrence of a combined endpoint of "ischaemic hermes belt price replica stroke or systemic embolism" and ischaemic stroke separately. All cause mortality was included as a single endpoint because oral anticoagulants significantly reduce the risk of stroke and death compared with control or placebo,12 while NOACs significantly reduce all cause mortality compared with warfarin.13 Safety outcomes were recorded as haemorrhagic stroke and major and gastrointestinal bleeding and reported in a combined endpoint as "any bleeding" and specific for haemorrhagic stroke. Major bleeding was defined as bleeding with anaemia, haemothorax, haematuria, epistaxis, and bleeding in the eye (see table A in appendix 1). We used ICD 10 (international classification of diseases, 10th revision) to identify outcomes. The coding accuracy of the selected outcomes has previously been validated and found sufficiently accurate for epidemiological research.1415
For quantifying thromboembolic risk, we combined comorbidity information into the CHA2DS2 VASc score16; similarly, to assess the risk of bleeding we calculated the HAS BLED score (table B in appendix 2).17
Within each NOAC agent, there are differences in criteria for recommendation of a reduced dose; nevertheless, elderly people and those with renal impairment are subgroups of patients who require special attention regarding choice of NOAC and dose.18 Therefore, we analysed these subgroups as having a potential "indication for dose reduction." We identified those with adult polycystic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic tubulointestinal nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, non end stage chronic kidney disease, hypertensive nephropathy, and nephropathy of unknown aetiology and categorised them as having chronic kidney disease (table A in appendix 1). While we did not have access to individual eGFR or creatinine clearance directly at the time of treatment initiation, a reasonable clinical assumption is that the aforementioned diseases would affect the renal function to such an extent that it could confer a clinical recommendation to reduce the dose of any NOAC.
Statistical analysesCharacteristics of the study population were reported as percentages, means (standard deviation), or medians (interquartile range). Person years of follow up were calculated from the date of first prescription claim to the occurrence of first endpoint, death, emigration, or end of follow up, whichever came first. Incidence rates were calculated as number of events divided by person time. To determine the risk of outcomes among NOAC users compared with warfarin (reference) users, we calculated cause specific hazard ratios using Cox regression models. Failure curves were used to depict how risks of events evolved over time. Specifically, we used the Aalen Johansen estimator to calculate absolute risk of events taking into account the competing risk of death16 and the Kaplan Meier estimator hermes belts Knockoff for all cause mortality. To allow an unbiased comparison across different treatment regimens, we applied an inverse probability of treatment weighted approach. This is particularly suitable when there are several treatment alternatives in this case, dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and warfarin.1920 The weights were derived to obtain estimates representing population average treatment effects with optimal balance between the treatment populations21 by using generalised boosted models based on 10000 regression trees as done previously.4 The underlying propensity models included age (continuous); binary indicators for sex and hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, vascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction, recent prescription of aspirin, blockers, non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, statins, loop and non loop diuretics, amiodarone, dronedarone, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, and verapamil; and the CHA2DS2 VASc and HAS BLED scores included as continuous variables.
The examined treatment regimens should be contrasted on comparable populations and any patient must have positive probability for any treatment (positivity Hermes belts replica paris assumption), hence substantial overlap between the propensities for each treatment should be present. In agreement with best methodological practice, this was assessed by graphical inspection of the weight distributions (appendix 2).22 Additionally, we evaluated balance between treatment populations by standardised differences of all baseline covariates, using a threshold of 0.1 to indicate imbalance.23
Sensitivity analysesTo further explore the potential for bias from baseline differences and the propensity of receiving treatment with an NOAC, we performed sensitivity analyses using an ordinary crude and Cox multivariate adjusted analysis to compare the results obtained from the weighted analyses. We also performed a sensitivity analysis using standardised morbidity ratio24 weights to address the (hypothetical) casual situation of all patients receiving warfarin treatment rather than an NOAC.
To allow for a thorough prognostic evaluation and given the divergence of age across oral anticoagulant exposure groups, we supplemented the main analysis by a sensitivity analysis stratified on age category for instance, age 80. While not all of these patients would have renal deficiencies severe enough to acquire a diagnosis, advanced age significantly affects renal function2526; thus, assessment of comparative effectiveness and safety between NOAC and warfarin in these age groups is of clinical value given the age dependency on renal function (opting for reduce dose NOAC regimen). We also conducted a sensitivity analysis restricted to patients with a hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation to increase likelihood of treatment indication. Finally, as the introduction of each NOAC could have influenced patient selection, we repeated the main analysis confined to the time period where all three NOACs were available in Denmark that is, from 12 December 2012, when apixaban (latest market drug) was available in Denmark.
The analyses were performed with Stata version 14 (StataCorp) and R version 3.1.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). A two sided P
ResultsWe identified 88141 patients in the study period who were eligible for inclusion by either fillinga prescription for low dose regimen NOAC or warfarin (only 2.5 mg available in Denmark). After we excluded reasons for oral anticoagulant treatment other than atrial fibrillation (n=31852) and previous use of phenprocoumon within the past year for unknown reasons (n=645), we identified a study population (n=55644) of patients who had not been taking oral anticoagulants within the previous year and who were starting treatment with either reduced dose NOAC or warfarin (fig A in appendix 3).
The study population was distributed by type of oral anticoagulant: 69.9% received warfarin, 7.9% apixaban, 15.9% dabigatran, and 6.3% rivaroxaban. The population average time of follow up (with respect to all cause mortality) was 2.3 years, with the apixaban group having the shortest mean follow up of one year. The study population age varied markedly across exposure to each drug for example, the average age for apixaban users was 83.9, while for warfarin the average age was 71.0 (table 1). Patients treated with either apixaban or rivaroxaban had a higher prevalence of renal diseases (9.5% and 9.1%, respectively) than patients treated with dabigatran (3.9%) or warfarin (8.3%). In general, the patients treated with apixaban had more comorbidities such as heart failure, previous thromboembolism, diabetes, and presence of vascular diseases. Therefore, the estimated risk of stroke, as summarised by the mean CHA2DS2 VASc score, was highest in patients treated with apixaban (4.3), and slightly lower for dabigatran (3.8) and rivaroxaban (3.6), and lowest for warfarin treated patients (3.0). A similar pattern (but with less pronounced differences) for risk of bleeding, as summarised by the mean HASBLED score, was observed with an overall population average score of 2.4.
Table 1 Characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation who had not previously received oral anticoagulant by treatment groups. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
View this table:View popupView inline
With inverse probability of treatment weight to account for baseline differences, the standardised differences were less than 0.09 (compared with 1.01 before imposing estimated weights). Comparisons of individual propensity score distributions showed sufficient overlap, and suggest that application of the weights of inverse probability of treatment, resulted in a cohort in which the distribution of variables were comparable between treatment groups; hence comparisons between treatment groups were feasible (appendix 2).
Patients who filled a prescription for a standard dose non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (novel oral anticoagulants, NOACs) were excluded. To control for baseline differences in the population, a propensity score for receipt of either of the four treatment alternatives was calculated to apply an inverse probability treatment weight.
InterventionInitiated anticoagulant treatment (dabigatran 110 mg, rivaroxaban 15 mg, apixaban 2.5 mg, and warfarin).
Main outcome measuresPatients were followed in the registries from onset of treatment for the primary effectiveness outcome of ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and for the principal safety outcome of any bleeding events.
ResultsAmong 55644 patients with atrial fibrillation who met inclusion criteria, the cohort was distributed according to treatment: apixaban n=4400; dabigatran n=8875; rivaroxaban n=3476; warfarin n=38893. The overall mean age was 73.9 (SD 12.7), ranging from a mean of 71.0 (warfarin) to 83.9 (apixaban). During one year of follow up, apixaban was associated with higher (weighted) event rate of ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism (4.8%), while dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin had event rates of 3.3%, 3.5%, and 3.7%, respectively. In the comparison between a non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant and warfarin in the inverse probability of treatment weighted analyses and investigation of the effectiveness outcome, the hazard ratios were 1.19 (95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.49) for apixaban, 0.89 (0.77 to 1.03) for dabigatran, and 0.89 (0.69 to 1.16) for rivaroxaban. For the principal safety outcome versus warfarin, the hazard ratios were 0.96 (0.73 to 1.27) for apixaban, 0.80 (0.70 to 0.92) for dabigatran, and 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) for rivaroxaban.
ConclusionIn this propensity weighted nationwide study of reduced dose non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant regimens, apixaban 2.5 mg twice a day was associated with a trend towards higher rates of ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism compared with warfarin, while rivaroxaban 15 mg once a day and dabigatran 110 mg twice a day showed a trend towards lower thromboembolic rates. The results were not significantly different. Rates of bleeding (the principal safety outcome) were significantly lower for dabigatran, but not significantly different for apixaban and rivaroxaban compared with warfarin.
IntroductionAtrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke and mortality. During the past five years, large randomised trials have established that non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (novel oral anticoagulants, NOACs) have a similar efficacy to warfarin but have a superior safety profile, largely driven by a substantial reduction in associated risk of intracranial haemorrhage.1 These findings have subsequently changed guidelines to either include NOACs as an option for stroke prophylaxis2 or to recommend these agents as first choice of drug.3 The findings of clinical trials have been confirmed in various observational cohort studies based on data from clinical practice.4567
While meticulous dose adjustments are not required for NOACs as they are for warfarin, a clinical evaluation of appropriate (constant) dose is still necessary. Various degrees of renal function entails recommendations to offer these drugs in a reduced dosing regimen, but different cut off values for age, body weight, or interacting drugs also require consideration for appropriate dose selection.8 Indeed, both age and chronic kidney disease in patients with atrial fibrillation intensifies the risk of stroke and increases the risk of bleeding during antithrombotic treatment.9 Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (such as those aged 80) and patients with impaired renal function were included in the landmark trials of NOACs, but these important subgroups comprised only a small proportion of the patient populations.
Nevertheless, contemporary guidelines suggest a reduced dosing regimen for dabigatran (110 mg twice a day) if patients are aged 80 or have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 50 mL/min; rivaroxaban (15 mg once a day) if eGRF is 15 49 mL/min; apixaban (2.5 mg twice a day) if two of the three following criteria are present: age 80 or an eGRF 15 29 mL/min or body weight 60 kg; or edoxaban (30 mg once a day) if eGFR is 15 50 mL/min.10 While subgroup analyses including patients with varying degree of renal function showed comparable efficacy with warfarin,11 evidence on reduce dose regimens of non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants from "real world" clinical practice is scarce. In response to this lack of evidence about reduce dose regimens for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, fake hermes brown belt whosale we conducted a nationwide cohort study to examine effectiveness and safety compared with warfarin. To ascertain appropriateness of prescribing, we particularly focused on subgroups of elderly patients and those with impaired renal function, given their potential "indication for dose reduction" when NOACs are used.
MethodsThis was an observational cohort study of a nationwide population of unselected patients with atrial fibrillation who had not previously taken an oral anticoagulant. Patients were identified from nationwide registries in Denmark.
Data sourcesIn Denmark, individuals are assigned a unique identification number allowing linkage on an individual level between databases. Study data were obtained from three nationwide administrative databases: the Danish national prescription registry, which holds information on purchase date, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification code, and package size for every prescription claim since 1994; the Danish civil registration system, which holds information on sex, date of birth, and vital and emigration status; and the Danish national patient register, which includes admission/discharge date, and discharge ICD (international classification of diseases) diagnosis codes for hospital admissions since 1977.
Patient populationEligible patients were identified as those with a first time prescription claim for an NOAC defined as: apixaban (introduced 10 December 2012), dabigatran (introduced 1 August 2011), or rivaroxaban (introduced 1 February 2012), as well as individuals who started warfarin treatment (since 1 August 2011) up to 28 February 2016. Patients who had taken any oral anticoagulant within the previous year were excluded to establish a naive cohort. All NOACs were restricted to reduced doses approved for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (in Europe) as follows: apixaban 2.5 mg, dabigatran 110 mg, and rivaroxaban 15 mg. To focus on non valvular atrial fibrillation, we excluded patients with previous hospital diagnoses indicating valvular atrial fibrillation (mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves). We further excluded all those patients with an indication for oral anticoagulant treatment other than atrial fibrillation (history of pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, or recent hip/knee surgery). This allowed for an indirect identification of eligible patients with atrial fibrillation as all other reasons for initiation of an oral anticoagulation were ruled out. We therefore assumed that initiation of treatment indicated stroke prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation.
Patient involvementNo patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in developing plans for recruitment, design, or implementation of the study. No patients were asked to advise on interpretation or writing up of results. There are no plans to disseminate the results of the research to study participants or the relevant patient community.
Ascertainment of outcome measures and comorbidityWe used the Danish national patient register to follow included patients from onset of treatment until 30 April 2016 for the occurrence of a combined endpoint of "ischaemic hermes belt price replica stroke or systemic embolism" and ischaemic stroke separately. All cause mortality was included as a single endpoint because oral anticoagulants significantly reduce the risk of stroke and death compared with control or placebo,12 while NOACs significantly reduce all cause mortality compared with warfarin.13 Safety outcomes were recorded as haemorrhagic stroke and major and gastrointestinal bleeding and reported in a combined endpoint as "any bleeding" and specific for haemorrhagic stroke. Major bleeding was defined as bleeding with anaemia, haemothorax, haematuria, epistaxis, and bleeding in the eye (see table A in appendix 1). We used ICD 10 (international classification of diseases, 10th revision) to identify outcomes. The coding accuracy of the selected outcomes has previously been validated and found sufficiently accurate for epidemiological research.1415
For quantifying thromboembolic risk, we combined comorbidity information into the CHA2DS2 VASc score16; similarly, to assess the risk of bleeding we calculated the HAS BLED score (table B in appendix 2).17
Within each NOAC agent, there are differences in criteria for recommendation of a reduced dose; nevertheless, elderly people and those with renal impairment are subgroups of patients who require special attention regarding choice of NOAC and dose.18 Therefore, we analysed these subgroups as having a potential "indication for dose reduction." We identified those with adult polycystic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic tubulointestinal nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, non end stage chronic kidney disease, hypertensive nephropathy, and nephropathy of unknown aetiology and categorised them as having chronic kidney disease (table A in appendix 1). While we did not have access to individual eGFR or creatinine clearance directly at the time of treatment initiation, a reasonable clinical assumption is that the aforementioned diseases would affect the renal function to such an extent that it could confer a clinical recommendation to reduce the dose of any NOAC.
Statistical analysesCharacteristics of the study population were reported as percentages, means (standard deviation), or medians (interquartile range). Person years of follow up were calculated from the date of first prescription claim to the occurrence of first endpoint, death, emigration, or end of follow up, whichever came first. Incidence rates were calculated as number of events divided by person time. To determine the risk of outcomes among NOAC users compared with warfarin (reference) users, we calculated cause specific hazard ratios using Cox regression models. Failure curves were used to depict how risks of events evolved over time. Specifically, we used the Aalen Johansen estimator to calculate absolute risk of events taking into account the competing risk of death16 and the Kaplan Meier estimator hermes belts Knockoff for all cause mortality. To allow an unbiased comparison across different treatment regimens, we applied an inverse probability of treatment weighted approach. This is particularly suitable when there are several treatment alternatives in this case, dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and warfarin.1920 The weights were derived to obtain estimates representing population average treatment effects with optimal balance between the treatment populations21 by using generalised boosted models based on 10000 regression trees as done previously.4 The underlying propensity models included age (continuous); binary indicators for sex and hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, vascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction, recent prescription of aspirin, blockers, non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, statins, loop and non loop diuretics, amiodarone, dronedarone, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, and verapamil; and the CHA2DS2 VASc and HAS BLED scores included as continuous variables.
The examined treatment regimens should be contrasted on comparable populations and any patient must have positive probability for any treatment (positivity Hermes belts replica paris assumption), hence substantial overlap between the propensities for each treatment should be present. In agreement with best methodological practice, this was assessed by graphical inspection of the weight distributions (appendix 2).22 Additionally, we evaluated balance between treatment populations by standardised differences of all baseline covariates, using a threshold of 0.1 to indicate imbalance.23
Sensitivity analysesTo further explore the potential for bias from baseline differences and the propensity of receiving treatment with an NOAC, we performed sensitivity analyses using an ordinary crude and Cox multivariate adjusted analysis to compare the results obtained from the weighted analyses. We also performed a sensitivity analysis using standardised morbidity ratio24 weights to address the (hypothetical) casual situation of all patients receiving warfarin treatment rather than an NOAC.
To allow for a thorough prognostic evaluation and given the divergence of age across oral anticoagulant exposure groups, we supplemented the main analysis by a sensitivity analysis stratified on age category for instance, age 80. While not all of these patients would have renal deficiencies severe enough to acquire a diagnosis, advanced age significantly affects renal function2526; thus, assessment of comparative effectiveness and safety between NOAC and warfarin in these age groups is of clinical value given the age dependency on renal function (opting for reduce dose NOAC regimen). We also conducted a sensitivity analysis restricted to patients with a hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation to increase likelihood of treatment indication. Finally, as the introduction of each NOAC could have influenced patient selection, we repeated the main analysis confined to the time period where all three NOACs were available in Denmark that is, from 12 December 2012, when apixaban (latest market drug) was available in Denmark.
The analyses were performed with Stata version 14 (StataCorp) and R version 3.1.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). A two sided P
ResultsWe identified 88141 patients in the study period who were eligible for inclusion by either fillinga prescription for low dose regimen NOAC or warfarin (only 2.5 mg available in Denmark). After we excluded reasons for oral anticoagulant treatment other than atrial fibrillation (n=31852) and previous use of phenprocoumon within the past year for unknown reasons (n=645), we identified a study population (n=55644) of patients who had not been taking oral anticoagulants within the previous year and who were starting treatment with either reduced dose NOAC or warfarin (fig A in appendix 3).
The study population was distributed by type of oral anticoagulant: 69.9% received warfarin, 7.9% apixaban, 15.9% dabigatran, and 6.3% rivaroxaban. The population average time of follow up (with respect to all cause mortality) was 2.3 years, with the apixaban group having the shortest mean follow up of one year. The study population age varied markedly across exposure to each drug for example, the average age for apixaban users was 83.9, while for warfarin the average age was 71.0 (table 1). Patients treated with either apixaban or rivaroxaban had a higher prevalence of renal diseases (9.5% and 9.1%, respectively) than patients treated with dabigatran (3.9%) or warfarin (8.3%). In general, the patients treated with apixaban had more comorbidities such as heart failure, previous thromboembolism, diabetes, and presence of vascular diseases. Therefore, the estimated risk of stroke, as summarised by the mean CHA2DS2 VASc score, was highest in patients treated with apixaban (4.3), and slightly lower for dabigatran (3.8) and rivaroxaban (3.6), and lowest for warfarin treated patients (3.0). A similar pattern (but with less pronounced differences) for risk of bleeding, as summarised by the mean HASBLED score, was observed with an overall population average score of 2.4.
Table 1 Characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation who had not previously received oral anticoagulant by treatment groups. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
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With inverse probability of treatment weight to account for baseline differences, the standardised differences were less than 0.09 (compared with 1.01 before imposing estimated weights). Comparisons of individual propensity score distributions showed sufficient overlap, and suggest that application of the weights of inverse probability of treatment, resulted in a cohort in which the distribution of variables were comparable between treatment groups; hence comparisons between treatment groups were feasible (appendix 2).