WikiBit Will Soon Enter Crypto Exchanges WikiBit, a new dynamic force for the digital currency industry, will enter the crypto exchanges in the spring of 2021. At the end of 2020, a prize pool of 100 million WikiBit tokens has been prepared for users worldwide.To get more news about WikiBit App, you can visit wikifx.com official website. Users could get 100 WikiBit tokens for reward upon submitting their ETH address on the website (www.wikibit.cc). Besides, they can share their links and invite friends to participate. A valid referral will bring a reward of 50 WikiBit tokens. Each user can invite 20 people at most, a ceiling to which an additional reward of 500 WikiBit tokens will be given out to the users ETH address in a lump sum.WikiBit believes that users will get profits from these 100 million tokens, which should have a tremendous value after entering the cryptocurrency exchange in the spring of 2021. Still, WikiBit solemnly promises that it will repurchase the tokens globally at a value no less than 100WikiBit=1USD if they could not present their market value. In other words, there is no loss for users regardless of whether WikiBit will be listed. On the contrary, each of them will get their corresponding rewards. To fill in the ETH address is all for the wealth now! WikiBit is a digital asset that has been decentralized with the focus on blockchain technology and a basis of Ethereum. There is a total of 100 million tokens in circulation. By combining big data, multi-dimensional risk assessment and blockchain technology, the project connects various credit “data islands”. It also designs a framework that assists future credit systems by sharing multi-source data. The vision of WikiBit is to create a social environment of more mutual trust, freedom, order, and justice.

Blockchain Facts: What Is It, How It Works, and How It Can Be Used What Is a Blockchain? A blockchain is a distributed database or ledger that is shared among the nodes of a computer network. As a database, a blockchain stores information electronically in digital format. Blockchains are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems, such as Bitcoin, for maintaining a secure and decentralized record of transactions. The innovation with a blockchain is that it guarantees the fidelity and security of a record of data and generates trust without the need for a trusted third party.To get more news about blockchain knowledge, you can visit wikifx.com official website. One key difference between a typical database and a blockchain is how the data is structured. A blockchain collects information together in groups, known as blocks, that hold sets of information. Blocks have certain storage capacities and, when filled, are closed and linked to the previously filled block, forming a chain of data known as the blockchain. All new information that follows that freshly added block is compiled into a newly formed block that will then also be added to the chain once filled. A database usually structures its data into tables, whereas a blockchain, as its name implies, structures its data into chunks (blocks) that are strung together. This data structure inherently makes an irreversible timeline of data when implemented in a decentralized nature. When a block is filled, it is set in stone and becomes a part of this timeline. Each block in the chain is given an exact timestamp when it is added to the chain. How Does a Blockchain Work? The goal of blockchain is to allow digital information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited. In this way, a blockchain is the foundation for immutable ledgers, or records of transactions that cannot be altered, deleted, or destroyed. This is why blockchains are also known as a distributed ledger technology (DLT). First proposed as a research project in 1991, the blockchain concept predated its first widespread application in use: Bitcoin, in 2009. In the years since, the use of blockchains has exploded via the creation of various cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and smart contracts. Blockchain Decentralization Imagine that a company owns a server farm with 10,000 computers used to maintain a database holding all of its client’s account information. This company owns a warehouse building that contains all of these computers under one roof and has full control of each of these computers and all of the information contained within them. This, however, provides a single point of failure. What happens if the electricity at that location goes out? What if its Internet connection is severed? What if it burns to the ground? What if a bad actor erases everything with a single keystroke? In any case, the data is lost or corrupted. What a blockchain does is to allow the data held in that database to be spread out among several network nodes at various locations. This not only creates redundancy but also maintains the fidelity of the data stored therein—if somebody tries to alter a record at one instance of the database, the other nodes would not be altered and thus would prevent a bad actor from doing so. If one user tampers with Bitcoin’s record of transactions, all other nodes would cross-reference each other and easily pinpoint the node with the incorrect information. This system helps to establish an exact and transparent order of events. This way, no single node within the network can alter information held within it. Because of this, the information and history (such as of transactions of a cryptocurrency) are irreversible. Such a record could be a list of transactions (such as with a cryptocurrency), but it also is possible for a blockchain to hold a variety of other information like legal contracts, state identifications, or a company’s product inventory. Transparency Because of the decentralized nature of Bitcoin’s blockchain, all transactions can be transparently viewed by either having a personal node or using blockchain explorers that allow anyone to see transactions occurring live. Each node has its own copy of the chain that gets updated as fresh blocks are confirmed and added. This means that if you wanted to, you could track Bitcoin wherever it goes. For example, exchanges have been hacked in the past, where those who kept Bitcoin on the exchange lost everything. While the hacker may be entirely anonymous, the Bitcoins that they extracted are easily traceable. If the Bitcoins stolen in some of these hacks were to be moved or spent somewhere, it would be known. Of course, the records stored in the Bitcoin blockchain (as well as most others) are encrypted. This means that only the owner of a record can decrypt it to reveal their identity (using a public-private key pair). As a result, users of blockchains can remain anonymous while preserving transparency.

What Is Cryptocurrency? A Guide for Beginners What is cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrency (or “crypto”) is a class of digital assets that are used for various purposes. For example, Bitcoin was developed primarily to be a form of payment that isn't controlled or distributed by a central government; Ethereum lets developers build automated applications in what has become known as Decentralized Finance; and Tether is a stablecoin whose value is pegged to the U.S. dollar. To get more news about crypto token, you can visit wikifx.com official website. Cryptocurrencies get their name from the cryptographic techniques that enable people to buy, sell or trade them securely without the need for a third-party, such as a government or financial institutions, to validate a transaction. Why do people invest in cryptocurrencies? People invest in cryptocurrencies because they believe if demand for a particular cryptocurrency rises, so too will its value. Let's take a simplified example with Bitcoin. Theoretically, if businesses and consumers both found Bitcoin to be a better buying experience than using the U.S. dollar, the consumer might convert more of their money from dollars to Bitcoin, while the business would welcome more Bitcoin payments. If this happened on a huge scale, demand for Bitcoin would go up, and in turn, its price in dollars would increase. So, if you'd purchased one Bitcoin before that increase in demand, you could theoretically sell that one Bitcoin for more U.S. dollars than you bought it for, making a profit. The same principles apply to Ethereum. Ether is the cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain (learn more about blockchains here), which is where developers can build financial apps without the need for a third-party financial institution. Developers must use Ether to build and run applications on Ethereum, so theoretically, the more that is built on the Ethereum blockchain, the higher the demand for Ether. However, it's important to note that to some, cryptocurrencies aren't investments at all. Bitcoin enthusiasts, for example, hail it as a much-improved monetary system over our current one and would prefer we spend and accept it as everyday payment. How does cryptocurrency work? Cryptocurrencies are supported by a technology known as blockchain, which maintains a tamper-resistant record of transactions and keeps track of who owns what. The use of blockchains addressed a problem faced by previous efforts to create purely digital currencies: preventing people from making copies of their holdings and attempting to spend it twice Individual units of cryptocurrencies can be referred to as coins or tokens, depending on how they are used. Some are intended to be units of exchange for goods and services, others are stores of value, and some can be used to participate in specific software programs such as games and financial products. How are cryptocurrencies created? One common way cryptocurrencies are created is through a process known as mining, which is used by Bitcoin. Bitcoin mining can be an energy-intensive process in which computers solve complex puzzles in order to verify the authenticity of transactions on the network. As a reward, the owners of those computers can receive newly created cryptocurrency. Other cryptocurrencies use different methods to create and distribute tokens, and many have a significantly lighter environmental impact. Why are there so many kinds of cryptocurrency? It’s important to remember that Bitcoin is different from cryptocurrency in general. While Bitcoin is the first and most valuable cryptocurrency, the market is large. And while some cryptocurrencies have total market valuations in the hundreds of billions of dollars, others are obscure and essentially worthless. If you’re thinking about getting into cryptocurrency, it can be helpful to start with one that is commonly traded and relatively well-established in the market.

Best cryptocurrency exchanges and trading apps in April 2023 While cryptocurrency has surged in popularity in recent years, only a minority of Americans have actually traded it. Among the most popular cryptos are Bitcoin, Ethereum and Cardano, each of which has seen a lot of action as prices rise and fall. The appeal for traders? The potential to make significant money on the volatility of these highly speculative assets.To get more news about best crypto exchange, you can visit wikifx.com official website. Increasingly, traders have more and more ways to access cryptocurrencies. New exchanges and trading platforms have started in response to the wide interest in crypto. In fact, you may already have an app on your phone that lets you trade. For example, if you have the PayPal or Venmo apps, you can buy and sell at least a few different cryptocurrency coins. But other apps and exchanges give you access to a wider selection of cryptocurrency — there are literally thousands — or they offer other benefits such as lower cost. The platforms below include specialized crypto exchanges, online brokers, and cash and payment apps. We’ve included pricing as well as how many coins you’re able to trade, so you can get a sense of the scope of each app or exchange. If you’re interested in trading the largest cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, exclusively, it may not make sense to go with an app that offers you dozens of other coins. On the other hand, if you’re looking to trade whatever is hot at the moment, consider an app or exchange with more variety. Bittrex Bittrex is an attractive option for crypto traders thanks to its straightforward low-cost commissions, particularly for those trading high volumes. If you’re trading less than $50,000 every 30 days, you’ll pay between 0.25 and 0.30 percent in commissions, but the fees fall quickly from there if you’re trading big bucks. Plus, Bittrex doesn’t charge for USD deposits or ACH withdrawals. Hard-core crypto enthusiasts will also appreciate Bittrex’s offering of about 100 cryptocurrencies to trade. You’ll find all the most popular coins including Bitcoin, Ethereum and Dogecoin, as well as the more obscure listings. Binance.US, which is the American arm of the larger Binance organization, is one of the best crypto exchanges because of its low trading costs. Bitcoin and Ethereum traders can access commission-free trades, while other coins are priced on a sliding scale for high-volume traders. Plus, if you use Binance’s in-house coin, BNB, to pay trading fees, you’ll get a discount of 25 percent. You’ll also be able to trade more than 130 different cryptocurrencies at Binance, so you shouldn’t have any trouble finding what you’re looking for, especially if you just want to trade the most popular coins. Cost: Free for Bitcoin and Ethereum, but fees for less-common coins start at 0.45 percent and decline for high-volume traders. A 25 percent discount is available if you pay trading fees with BNB. The broker eToro is all crypto, all the time (at least for American traders, though others can trade stocks). At eToro, you’ll have access to about 80 cryptocurrencies, including quite a few, such as Tezos, Uniswap and Polygon, that you won’t normally find on the traditional brokerage apps. The app doesn’t charge a direct commission but rather a flat spread markup of 1 percent, regardless of which coin you purchase or how much. Coinbase is a specialized cryptocurrency exchange that allows you to trade a bunch of digital currencies, 230 at the latest count. That range will likely scratch your crypto itch, since it includes most of the top coins, including Bitcoin, of course. But what will you pay for using the basic service? Unfortunately, Coinbase has become cagier about what you’ll pay to trade, recently obscuring the fee structure on its website. When it was visible, the fee structure was complex, to say the least. You’d pay a spread markup of about 0.5 percent and a transaction fee that depended on the size of the transaction and the funding source. For Coinbase Advanced Trade, you’ll pay fees that start at 0.6 percent for 30-day volume under $10,000 and decline to as low as 0.15 percent for up to $100,000 in volume and then head even lower.

How Can A Newbie Start Learning About Blockchain? Blockchain indeed is one of the most revolutionary changes that has emerged in the recent past. Some believe that it is going to be a key driver of change for many industries. This has opened the gateway to opportunities for many businesses to start developing Blockchain-based applications, and at the same time, it also paves the way for new job opportunities. Knowing Blockchain technology and its application in various domains will keep you ahead of the crowd. It will positively affect your resume and fetch you a better job and a handsome salary.To get more news about learn blockchain, you can visit wikifx.com official website. The next question is how a beginner should begin learning about this technology. Although you may find many companies promoting these courses, finding the one which can provide you with hands-on experience in addition to theoretical practice is a daunting task. Blockchain Council is a renowned platform for learning. It offers courses for both beginners and professionals. Learn Blockchain concepts and have an in-depth knowledge of Blockchain technology and its platforms. Now, How to learn Blockchain technology? This article will guide you through the path of becoming a Blockchain professional. Definition of Blockchain A Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed digital ledger that records transactions in a secure and transparent manner. It consists of a network of computers, known as nodes, that work together to validate and record transactions on the Blockchain. Each node has a copy of the ledger, and any changes made to the ledger are verified and recorded across all nodes in the network. A Blockchain can store any type of information, not just financial transactions. How it works? Here is a step-by-step explanation of how a Blockchain transaction works: Step 1: Initiation of a Transaction A transaction is initiated when one user wants to send digital assets or cryptocurrencies to another user. This transaction includes the details of the sender, the recipient, the amount, and any other relevant information. Step 2: Verification of the Transaction Once the transaction is initiated, it is broadcast to the nodes on the Blockchain network. Each node verifies the transaction by checking whether the sender has sufficient funds to complete the transaction and whether the transaction meets the necessary criteria. Step 3: Validation of the Transaction Once the transaction is verified, it is validated by the nodes on the network. This validation process involves solving a complex mathematical problem, known as proof of work, or proof of stake, depending on the Blockchain technology being used. This process ensures that the transaction is legitimate and that the sender has the authority to make the transfer. Step 4: Recording of the Transaction Once the transaction is validated, it is recorded on the Blockchain. The transaction is added to a block, which is then added to a chain of blocks in a chronological order, forming an unalterable and transparent record of all transactions on the Blockchain. Step 5: Confirmation of the Transaction After the transaction is recorded, it needs to be confirmed by the nodes on the Blockchain network. This confirmation process involves checking the authenticity and accuracy of the transaction details and ensuring that it complies with the rules and regulations of the Blockchain network. Step 6: Distribution of the Transaction Once the transaction is confirmed, it is distributed across the entire network of nodes, which adds it to their copy of the ledger. This ensures that all nodes have an up-to-date and accurate copy of the ledger. Step 7: Completion of the Transaction Finally, the transaction is completed, and the digital assets or cryptocurrencies are transferred from the sender to the recipient. This transaction is now recorded on the Blockchain, forming an immutable and transparent record that can be verified by anyone on the network.

Every Crypto Project Must Reckon With the SEC's Howey Test Nearly five years ago, SEC official Bill Himan stood on stage at a Yahoo Finance crypto summit in San Francisco and delivered a prepared speech that concluded that Ethereum (ETH) is not a security. A footnote on the SEC's website clarified that the speech "expresses the author’s views and does not necessarily reflect those of the Commission," but it was nonetheless taken exactly that way.To get more news about crypto projects, you can visit wikifx.com official website. Hinman's speech came just one week after then-SEC chair Jay Clayton said that the SEC does not view Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies as securities, as opposed to tokens, Clayton said, "where I give you my money, and you go off and make a venture, and in return for giving you my money I say 'you can get a return'—that is a security." But Gary Gensler, the current SEC chair and scourge of crypto builders, has made clear that he does not share Hinman's view. He views "everything other than Bitcoin" as a security. Last fall, just one day after Ethereum completed its merge to become a proof-of-stake network, Gensler said that the native tokens of networks that use staking also look like securities, since "the investing public is anticipating profits based on the efforts of others." And Gensler is using as his north star the same test that Hinman and Clayton used: a 77-year-old lawsuit involving a Florida citrus grove. The "Howey Test" has become an infamous bogeyman for everyone in crypto, and while the industry would like it to go away, it is clear that isn't going to happen any time soon. Hinman and Clayton are both long gone from the SEC and have moved on to advise crypto firms (naturally). But Howey remains, and Gensler has cited it to make the case that all of crypto falls under SEC jurisdiction—even though just last month, his counterpart at the CFTC said ETH is a commodity. (Ironically, Hinman's speech in June 2018 was called "When Gary Met Howey," but he was referencing a 1985 case involving Gary Plastic Packaging that showed a non-security can become a security depending on how it's marketed; Hinman couldn't know that in a few years, a different Gary would wield Howey as a hammer against an entire trillion-dollar industry.) The thrust of Howey is that an asset becomes an investment contract when it is marketed or sold with the expectation of profit thanks to the work of the seller or a third party. The citrus grove itself was not a security, but shares in the citrus grove were. Hinman argued that putting aside the initial Ethereum fundraise in 2014 that brought in $18 million, the network had since become sufficiently decentralized to rule out current sales of ETH as securities offerings. Gensler does not appear to agree, but more importantly—and more damaging for most new crypto projects—is that all other token sales built on Ethereum do look pretty clearly like securities under the Howey definition. Speculators buy them in the hopes that the token will go up based on the perceived success of the project. But wait! What if the token is genuinely used in the project's ecosystem, and has real utility beyond price speculation? Doesn't matter, as Hinman said in 2018 way before Gensler showed up: "Simply labeling a digital asset a 'utility token' does not turn the asset into something that is not a security." In other words: call your token whatever you want, the SEC still thinks it's a security. People in crypto like to say that the SEC has not given "clear guidelines" for crypto projects, but the truth is that it has. Its guiding light is the Howey Test—the industry just doesn't like it. Gensler said in front of Congress just last week: No new rules are coming, because "the regulations actually already exist." Another problem people raise with Howey is that it's too damn old to be applied fairly anymore, but even Coinbase Chief Legal Officer Paul Grewal, a former California magistrate judge, said recently on our gm podcast that the issue with Howey is not its age: "I love legal precedents, even if they are decades old. So I have no problem with Howey or any other precedent simply because of its age." The problem with Howey is how it's being applied to new technology. "When it comes to the operation of a blockchain-based technology that underlies most digital assets, there is often, I think, a confusion about the role of the promoter, a confusion about what is driving any returns that might accrue to the holder of tokens, and a confusion about fundamentally how these assets work, and what real utility they bring to the networks,," Grewal said. "When it comes to networks that are based on a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, there's a very important role that these tokens play, which is to make sure that the networks are secure, that the transactions that are confirmed on the network are accurate.

Crypto Year Ender: Here’s A Look At Major Crypto Scams Of 2022 Delhi Police recently unearthed a cryptocurrency scam estimated at Rs 500 crore. The police are reportedly on the lookout for a group of cybercriminals accused of defrauding scores of people by promising them 200 per cent return on their investments. To get more news about crypto exchange scams, you can visit wikifx.com official website. But this was not the first crypto scam of 2022. Here we have listed some of the major scams that rocked the crypto world in 2022. A recent research by www.privacyaffairs.com claims that hackers stole cryptocurrency worth $4.3 billion between January and November 2022. This represents a growth of 37 per cent compared to 2021. That said, the number of individual transfers to cryptocurrency fraud over the previous four years have declined. Some two million people fell prey to 200,000 crypto scams globally between September 2020 and December 1, 2022, reveals a report by New York-based crypto trade surveillance firm Solidus Labs. The report, titled “The Rug Pull Report 2022”, notes that “rug pulls are one of the most common scams in crypto.” But until recently, regulators had no access to either forensic or compliance tools that could identify and address the threat. Here are the major crypto frauds of 2022 in a nutshell. Ronin Network — $625 million stolen In March 2022, a hacker stole user funds worth $625 million from the Ronin Network. The Ronin Network is a side chain (a subset of a larger Blockchain) used to support a Blockchain-based game called Axie Infinity. The hacker managed to steal private keys to generate fake withdrawals, transferring hundreds of millions from the network. The hack was not uncovered until a week later. Wormhole Bridge — $325 million stolen A hacker targeted a cross-chain bridge known as Wormhole in February 2022. The Wormhole protocol allows for the transfer of funds between multiple chains, including Ethereum (ETH). The hacker took advantage of weaknesses in the protocol’s validation system to fraudulently generate a large quantity of wrapped Ethereum (WETH), a token with a value tied to the Ethereum coin. The hacker then used the Wormhole to convert the WETH into ETH, making off with cryptocurrency valued around $325 million. Beanstalk Farms — $182 million stolen Beanstalk Farms is a Stablecoin protocol based on Ethereum. Stablecoins are crypto tokens that are designed to remain at a stable value, instead of fluctuating up and down. The protocol used a native governance token called STALK. If someone wanted to transfer assets out of Beanstalk Farms, they would need approval from a majority of STALK holders. In April 2022, a hacker used a flash loan (an extremely short-term crypto loan) to buy a majority position in STALK. The hacker then proposed a massive transfer of funds and used the STALK tokens to approve the proposal. It’s estimated that the hacker profited by around $80 million, but the hack caused the Stablecoin to crash, resulting in total losses of $182 million. Wintermute — $162 million In September 2022, a crypto market maker called Wintermute lost $162 million in a major hack. It’s not clear yet how the attack was carried out, but security firms have suggested that essential private keys were either leaked or cracked using a brute-force attack. Shortly after the hack, some crypto researchers claimed that the hack may have been an insider attack, but this has not been confirmed. Says Daniel Markuson of NordVPN: “To protect yourself from a crypto hack, it is important to not only research a crypto exchange you will use, but also make sure your wallet key is secure once you have invested. For example, use encrypted storage services to keep all your sensitive data, including cryptographic keys, shielded from prying eyes. If you have an account with a crypto exchange, make sure to use multi-factor authentication and a password manager, like NordPass.

A survey on blockchain technology and its security Blockchain is a technology that has desirable features of decentralization, autonomy, integrity, immutability, verification, fault-tolerance, anonymity, auditability, and transparency. In this paper, we first carry out a deeper survey about blockchain technology, especially its history, consensus algorithms' quantitative comparisons, details of cryptography in terms of public key cryptography, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, and hash functions used in the blockchain, and the comprehensive list of blockchain applications. Further, the security of blockchain itself is a focus in this paper. In particular, we assess the blockchain security from risk analysis to derive comprehensive blockchain security risk categories, analyze the real attacks and bugs against blockchain, and summarize the recently developed security measures on blockchain. Finally, the challenges and research trends are presented to achieve more scalable and securer blockchain systems for the massive deployments.To get more news about blockchain field survey, you can visit wikifx.com official website. 1. Introduction In blockchain, data are kept in a distributed ledger. It is the blockchain technology to provide integrity and availability that allows participants in the blockchain network to write, read, and verify transactions recorded in a distributed ledger. However, it does not allow the deletion and modification operations on the transactions and other information stored on its ledger. The blockchain system is supported and secured by cryptographic primitives and protocols, e.g., digital signatures, hash functions, etc. These primitives guarantee the transactions that are recorded into the ledger are integrity-protected, authenticity-verified, and non-repudiated. Further, as a distributed network, to allow the entire set of participants to agree on a unified record, the blockchain technology also needs a consensus protocol, which is essentially a set of rules to be followed by every participant, in order to achieve a globally unified view. In a trustless environment, blockchain provides users with desirable features of decentralization, autonomy, integrity, immutability, verification, fault-tolerance, attracted great academic and industrial attention in the recent few years, anonymity, auditability, and transparency [[1], [2], [3]]. With these advanced features, blockchain technology has attracted great academic and industrial attention in the recent few years. To help and benefit someone to understand the blockchain technology and blockchain security issues, especially for users who use blockchain to do the transactions, and for researchers who will be developing blockchain technology and addressing blockchain security issues, we put in our effort and time to conduct the comprehensive survey and analysis on blockchain technology and its security issues. First, we identify keywords, namely, blockchain, survey, consensus algorithm, smart contract, risk, and blockchain security to search publications and information on the Internet. Second, we survey papers related to blockchain published in top security conferences and journals, e.g., USENIX Security Symposium, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Transactions journals, and so on. In this way, we have surveyed as many papers as possible so as to overcome the study and result biases. Our survey paper presents the comprehensive findings from other research work. The main contributions of our survey include: 1) We compare various consensus algorithms with detailed analysis and numerical figures and present the cryptography fundamentals of blockchain; 2) We present the rich information about the smart contract and its security; 3) We explore the widely used applications of blockchain technology, including but not limited to different cryptocurrencies; 4) We conduct a comprehensive analysis on the security risks, real attacks, bugs, root causes, and recent security measures on blockchain itself; Last but not least, 5) The challenges and research trends are summarized and presented in this paper for the further efforts to develop the blockchain technology for the massive deployments. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the overview. Section 3 describes the blockchain technology in detail, including consensus algorithms, smart contracts, and cryptography for blockchain, while the comprehensive blockchain applications are presented in Section 4. The security risks and real attacks on blockchain are presented in Section 5, and security measures are described in Section 6. Section 7 analyses the challenges and the research trends for blockchain. Section 8 summarizes the related survey work to show our contribution. Finally, Section 9 concludes our work. 2. Overview of blockchain history In 1982, Chaum was the first known person to propose a blockchain-like protocol in his Ph.D. thesis [4]. In 1991, Haber and Stornetta described a secured chain of blocks cryptographically [5]. In 1993, Bayer et al. incorporated Merkle trees into the design [6]. In 1998, ‘‘bit gold’’—a decentralized digital currency mechanism was designed by Szabo [7]. In 2008, Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin, electronic cash with a purely peer-to-peer network [8]. It was also in 2008 that the term blockchain was first introduced as the distributed ledger behind Bitcoin transactions [9]. In 2013, Buterin proposed Ethereum in his whitepaper [10]. In 2014, the development of Ethereum was crowdfunded, and on July 30, 2015, the Ethereum network went live. The emerging of Ethereum implied that blockchain 2.0 was born because different from all the various blockchain projects that focused on developing altcoins (other coins which are similar to Bitcoin), Ethereum enables people to connect through trustless distributed applications on its own blockchain. In other words, while Bitcoin is developed for distributed ledger, Ethereum is developed for a distributed data storage plus smart contracts, which are small computer programs. Ethereum 2.0 upgrades the Ethereum network which aims to boost the speed, scalability, efficiency, and security of the network. The upgrades have 3 phases crossing from 2020 to 2022. In 2015, the Linux Foundation announced the Hyperledger project, which is open-source software for blockchains. With the aim of building enterprise blockchain, Hyperledger blockchain frameworks are different from Bitcoin and Ethereum. Under Hyperledger, there are eight blockchain frameworks, including Hyperledger Besu, Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger Indy, Hyperledger Sawtooth, Hyperledger Burrow, Hyperledger Iroha, Hyperledger Grid, and Hyperledger Labs, five Hyperledger tools, including Hyperledger Avalon, Hyperledger Cactus, Heperledger Caliper, Hyperledger Cello, and Hyperledger Explorer, and four libraries, including Hyperledger Aries, Hyperledger Quilt, Hyperledger Transact, and Hyperledger URSA [11].

The biggest crypto scams of 2022 (so far) Ah, 2022. Cryptocurrency's first full year in the mainstream...and it was an unmitigated disaster. But even amid crypto's biggest crash yet, the scams flourished.To get more news about crypto exchange scams, you can visit wikifx.com official website. And while the value of cryptocurrency stolen is stunning, not everything is solely about the money. Last year, Mashable looked into the biggest crypto scams of 2021. Yes, some big bucks were being funneled via various scams and schemes included on that list. However, sometimes the audacity and uniqueness of these scams and hacks — perpetrated by people who only walk away with six figures worth of stolen crypto — are worth mentioning, too. So, without any further ado, here are some of the biggest and boldest frauds, swindles, and rackets in cryptocurrency from 2022 thus far.When the stablecoin Terra and its sister token Luna failed in May, it created a domino effect that took down the whole crypto market with it. Crypto lending companies in turn took a huge hit in the crypto crash. Celsius, formerly one of the largest crypto lenders, ended up filing for bankruptcy. Things were already fishy when some Celsius clients began reporting they couldn't withdraw their funds in June. The now-former(Opens in a new tab) Celsius CEO Alex Mashinsky tried to calm fears by saying the company was not halting withdrawals. But then just days later, Celsius froze everyone's accounts(Opens in a new tab).Critics say that Celsius' promise of ridiculously high yields should have already been a warning sign that things were too good to be true. However, as more information comes to light in the aftermath, it seems increasingly likely that Celsius functioned much like a Ponzi scheme(Opens in a new tab), paying off early investors with funds that came in from recent investors. "This shows a high level of financial mismanagement and also suggests that at least at some points in time, yields to existing investors were probably being paid with the assets of new investors," reads a September filing from the agency One of these scams is not like the others and it's this one: When the government of Ukraine rug pulled its donors. However, it needs to be included because it's honestly so great: a rare "good" scam. In February of 2022, shortly after Russia invaded Ukraine, the Ukrainian government quickly decided to accept donations in the form of cryptocurrencies to take advantage of the big pockets in the crypto space who are always looking to pump their coins and generate good press. While a decent number of donations came in at first, the crypto started to pour in after Ukraine announced an airdrop(Opens in a new tab) to those who donated via the Ethereum network. An airdrop is basically when crypto wallet holders are sent freebies, usually in the form of crypto tokens or NFTs. As Ukraine put it, they were essentially sending donors a "reward" for donating. Enter the bad-faith actors. People started sending a slew of crypto donations to Ukraine to take advantage of the airdrop. Around 60,000 transactions were made on the Ethereum blockchain to Ukraine in less than 2 days. According to Ukrainian officials, individuals started to send minuscule sums of money just so they could register in time to receive the airdrop. Ostensibly, these individuals were looking to profit off of a country in wartime by receiving a "reward" more valuable than whatever they donated to flip the freebie for quick profits.

The Impact of Blockchain Technology on the Surveying Industry In 2008, a research paper was released titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System." [1] It described the creation and potential use of a new and revolutionary type of money called Bitcoin, the first of many types of cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency is a so-called internet-based money - not created by any corporate entity or government - which facilitates online transfers from one person to another (peer-to-peer) without the use of a third party, such as a bank (the so-called intermediaries). To get more news about blockchain field survey, you can visit wikifx.com official website. The Blockchain The technology by which Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies can be transferred to someone or used to make payments for a purchase is called blockchain ("the chain"), a sophisticated and powerful class of software. This revolutionary technology created the world's first genuine decentralized, peer-to-peer monetary system. A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed and public digital ledger that is used to record transactions across many computers so that the record cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks and the consensus of the network. Besides allowing cryptocurrencies to be transferred, blockchain allows for a variety of types of digital information or data ("digital assets) to be shared or distributed. Simply put, the structure of a blockchain is composed of three core parts: 1. Information is posted to the chain (each transaction is called a "block") and each block is time-stamped, 2. A mathematical/algorithm hash, links subsequent blocks of information placed on the blockchain, 3. Blockchain management is conducted by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for inter-node communication and validating new blocks of information. A blockchain maintains a continuously growing list of transactions or uploaded digital data, time-stamped with the hash of the previous block connecting to the next block to preserve the chain integrity. Blockchain as a Distributed Ledger Blockchain is often referred to as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) where data is stored across a network of decentralized nodes or computers. It creates permanent records and histories of transactions potentially representing everything from cyrptocurrencies to other assets such as stocks or bonds, maps, a property deed, health care records and so on. By allowing digital information to be distributed, blockchain created the backbone of a new type of internet. Far-ranging and creative uses are now being explored for adoption in a wide variety of industries and business sectors such as healthcare, insurance, music and entertainment, supply chain, energy management, law enforcement, real estate and many others. II. THE SURVEYING INDUSTRY Surveying and its techniques and science have been employed in construction and land development since ancient times. Babylonians used surveying methods to build the pyramids. The Romans used them to mark the boundaries of their empire. Today, surveying has taken on specific functions. The main types are land, mining, engineering and hydrographic. Other spatial science fields include geodesy, topographic surveying, remote sensing, geospatial and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Surveyors are licensed professionals with academic and technical credentials. Surveying activities or tasks, like many other aspects of real estate, can benefit with blockchain adoption.