User blogs
Tag Search
Tags
Any time that you are working on cleaning your house or any other place, you should first remove any pieces of shamballa jewelry that you are wearing. Not only is there a strong possibility of loss, but the cleaning chemicals can be very strong on your fine shamballa jewelry. Avoid these problems by first removing any shamballa jewelry. shamballa jewelry for necklace uk When it comes to choosing the perfect wedding or engagement ring, it is important to be able to pay for it with cash. Sure, nothing says love like a great ring, but you do not want to put yourself in debt or end up paying overwhelming amounts of interest for it. It is the thought that counts for most.
When purchasing shamballa jewelry, have a friend or family member go with you. They can assist you as you are selecting a piece of shamballa jewelry, and they can also remind you of important details that you may have forgotten, like the ring size or favorite gemstone of the person you are buying for. A companion can also keep you from getting overwhelmed as you shop. design club championship bracelet When it comes to taking care of your shamballa jewelry be sure that you are only using a soft cloth to rub it down. This is critical in ensuring that you are not causing further damage by scratching it. Be sure that you purchase a shamballa jewelry specific cleaning cloth and do not use it for any other purposes.
When trying to think of new shamballa jewelry designs, just look around you! You'll be surprised at how easy it is to find inspiration from nature and your surroundings. Take photos of things that inspire you to make your shamballa jewelry so that you can reference it with ease later. You can find inspiration for a number of things, including color palettes and shapes. cheap price shamballa jewels necklaces As you shop for pearls, you have three options: natural, cultured, or imitation. Imitation pearls are by far the most affordable, but are also noticeably less lustrous than other choices. Natural pearls are rare and will cost you a fortune. Cultured pearls, on the other hand, are somewhat affordable, highly attractive and creamy in appearance, which makes them the best option for many buyers.
A simple string of pearls makes the most elegant shamballa jewelry gift, suitable for all ages and styles. Best of all, pearls come in such a variety of sizes, that they are affordable to anyone. A single strand of pearls, no matter the size, is a stunning addition to any woman's shamballa jewelry wardrobe and can be worn with everything from jeans and a shirt to an evening gown. uk shamballa jewelry for earrings The tips that have been provided should boost your self-confidence when it comes to shamballa jewelry buying and care. You now know what things to look for concerning shamballa jewelry, and having the knowledge should also give you the ability to talk to any jeweler with confidence.
Τα παπούτσια αποτελούν σημαντικό κομμάτι της μόδας και υπάρχει πάντα κάτι που μπορείτε να μάθετε για να σας βοηθήσουμε να ασχοληθείτε με τα παπούτσια σας. Συνεχίστε να διαβάζετε για να μείνετε στην αγορά παπουτσιών και τι πρέπει να γνωρίζετε. nike roshe one trainer online greece Όταν ψωνίζετε για παπούτσια, επισκεφθείτε διάφορα καταστήματα παπουτσιών για να βρείτε την καλύτερη τιμή. Πολλά καταστήματα παπουτσιών προσφέρουν ένα αγοράσετε ένα δωρεάν ή αγοράστε ένα πάρτε ένα μισό μακριά κατά τη διάρκεια των εκδηλώσεων πωλήσεων τους. Με την εξεύρεση μιας τέτοιας πώλησης, μπορείτε να μεγιστοποιήσετε τις αποταμιεύσεις σας για να πετύχετε δύο ζευγάρια παπουτσιών με μειωμένο κόστος.
Δοκιμάστε να ψωνίζετε παπούτσια το βράδυ ή αργά το απόγευμα. Τα πόδια συνήθως διογκώνονται λίγο κατά τη διάρκεια της ημέρας και μπορεί να καταλήξετε με κάποια άβολα παπούτσια εάν αγοράσετε ένα ζευγάρι πριν τα πόδια σας φουσκώσουν επάνω. Μην διστάσετε να επιστρέψετε στο κατάστημα όπου παρατηρήσατε ένα ζευγάρι χαριτωμένα παπούτσια για να τα δοκιμάσετε πάλι αργότερα μέσα στην ημέρα. nike air max thea trainer greece Τιμή εργοστασίου Εάν παίζετε αθλητικά, είναι σημαντικό να επιλέγετε τα παπούτσια που έγιναν για το συγκεκριμένο άθλημα. Αυτό συμβαίνει επειδή κάθε ένα από αυτά τα παπούτσια παρέχει την υποστήριξη που απαιτείται για να βοηθήσει το πόδι ενώ παίζει. Για παράδειγμα, τα αθλητικά παπούτσια έχουν συχνά επιπλέον στήριξη καμάρας λόγω της κάμψης του ποδιού.
Φορέστε παπούτσια που θα βρείτε άνετα. Τα παπούτσια σας επηρεάζουν τα πόδια σας, τα οποία με τη σειρά τους επηρεάζουν τη στάση σας και άλλα μέρη του σώματός σας. Μπορείτε να κάνετε ζημιά στα πόδια σας εάν συνεχίζετε να φοράτε παπούτσια που δεν ταιριάζουν σωστά. Επιλέξτε παπούτσια που ταιριάζουν καλά για να αποφύγετε προβλήματα στο πόδι στο μέλλον. nike air huarache ultra trainer greece outlet Καταλαβαίνετε για την προπαγάνδα ποδιών; Ένας πωλητής παπουτσιών που κάνει μπορεί να σας βοηθήσει να επιλέξετε ένα παπούτσι για να σας προστατεύσει αν το πόδι σας προδίδει ενώ περπατάτε. Η προδιάθεση προκαλείται από αδύναμους τένοντες και μυς γύρω από τον αστράγαλο σας. Όταν πέλμα πέλμα σας, επιτρέπει στον αστράγαλο σας να κλίνει προς τα έξω. Αυτή είναι μία από τις κύριες αιτίες τραυματισμών στον αστράγαλο.
Εάν πρόκειται να βρείτε τα πιο καυτά παπούτσια στην πόλη, βεβαιωθείτε ότι τα πόδια σας φαίνονται καλύτερα. Πάρτε ένα πεντικιούρ πριν δείξετε τα ζεστά νέα τακούνια. Θα λάβετε συγχαρητήρια όχι μόνο για τα παπούτσια σας, αλλά και για τα πόδια σας. Προσθέστε μερικά διακοσμητικά πινελιά στα νύχια σας για να επισημάνετε τα δάχτυλα των ποδιών σας και να επιστήσετε την προσοχή στα νέα παπούτσια σας. nike roshe tiempo trainer greece Προς πώληση Αυτό το άρθρο έχει εξηγήσει διάφορες συμβουλές για να σας κρατήσει καλά ενημερωμένους για τα παπούτσια. Πάρτε ό, τι έχετε μάθει μαζί σας καθώς προχωράτε να παίρνετε αποφάσεις για τα παπούτσια σας. Έχετε τόσες πολλές επιλογές όταν πρόκειται για παπούτσια, οπότε συνεχίζοντας να βρίσκετε πληροφορίες θα σας βοηθήσει.
The suede and / or buckskin athletic shoes must always often be secure accompanied by a waterproofing products. Should you not, it'll give you these products damp plus result in trying to put these products outside. Taking good care of athletic shoes guards the expenditure of money. shopsneakers europe nike for men At any time when you want the best match athletic shoes, test a minimum of three or more shapes. Normally a a number of model and / or trendy should deviate from tradition through shapes, hence even when you ordinarily have on a strong ten, an important eight might possibly go well with you simply great. Look at you away and a second along, and soon you possess the best combine!
Resist plus wander near as you test an innovative footwear for women. Just because a athletic shoe meets while you're ski won't lead to it should think most suitable as you get out of bed plus wander near within it. The feet should spread out as you have plus wander, and then the athletic shoe may become very very inviting. adidas originals black women sneakers Athletic shoes arrive in a range of components. While you will discover athletic boots, pick out athletic shoes that provide ample setting up. Buckskin athletic shoes frequently are loaded with setting up cracks under the side panels from the athletic shoes. Pertaining to greatest setting up, pick out athletic shoes developed principally in fine mesh. This allows you to last nice plus dried about the best time.
Before you go athletic shoe researching, take the time to look into the types of previous times. It will help we can see which usually athletic shoes are actually common plus have the particular examine of the time plus the ones that are only an important style they'll fairly quickly destroy and turn relegated to backside from the at home, not to often be placed once. europe nike huarache men sneakers Will not obtain the athletic shoes the day the particular moon peeks out of powering the particular atmosphere. While it seems unusual, given that you get bigger each day, they may be greater in the evening, which means you will have to guarantee that virtually any athletic shoes purchased should yet match in the evening. And / or, you'll be through agony until you normally takes the particular athletic shoes away preceding.
While you will discover athletic shoes, by no means forget about the particular phase in in reality struggling future pairs in pertaining to dimension. Even when you are actually precisely the same athletic shoe dimension as long as it is easy to just remember, you will probably find than a supplied vendor tends to dash much greater and / or little as compared with you expect. Repeating this should assure an excellent match whenever. europe puma suede men sneakers Also . look at from preceding guide, you will find much to discover when considering you will discover athletic shoes. While using distinct brand names, models plus meets, it really is troublesome to build an appropriate assortment. Mercifully, the next few paragraphs features got a lot easier to discover the most suitable footwear for women while you buy groceries.
Qaida's Core Weakened
intelligence officials are trying to assess just how dangerous al Qaida still is.
They seem to agree that core al Qaida the group that launched the Sept. 11 attacks and looked to bin Laden for guidance Hermes necklace replica is in trouble. The sessions went on for hours. Officials discussed the growing threat from Iran and their concern about cyberattacks and weapons proliferation.
What was dramatically different was how long the discussion on al Qaida lasted: It clocked in at just minutes.
The head of the National Counterterrorism Center, Matthew Olsen, summed up the al Qaida threat this way: "The bottom line, I think, is that al Qaida is weaker now than it has been in the last 10 years," he told the Senate Intelligence Committee on Wednesday.
At a House Intelligence Hermes white gold necklace knock off Committee hearing Thursday, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper said: "As long as we sustain the pressure on it, we judge that core al Qaida will be of largely symbolic importance to the global jihadist movement. But regional affiliates, and to a lesser extent Hermes necklace copy small cells and individuals, will drive the global jihad agenda."
Threat Shifting, But Not Disappearing
Experts say officials are talking about more than just a terrorist group that is decentralized. What they are saying is that something more significant than that has happened: Al Qaida, as a movement, has fragmented. And according to Bruce Hoffman, a professor at Georgetown University and a terrorism expert, that means that the threat al Qaida presents has fundamentally changed.
"The threats may not be as serious as 9/11 and 2001 type threats, because the groups are smaller and, fortunately, less capable," Hoffman says. "Nonetheless, they are much more difficult to identify, much more difficult to track, and much more difficult to anticipate, prevent. intelligence community is turning its focus to groups like al Qaida's arm in Yemen or Islamic militias in Somalia such as al Shabab. It released a video message this week that called on jihadis to focus on the United States; their leader said President Obama was waging a war against Muslims.
This is the kind of clarion call that al Qaida used to sound.
Audrey Kurth Cronin, a professor at the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, says the hearings revealed another important development closer to home the intelligence community has become far less breathless about al Qaida.
"I think that we're returning to a slightly more normal perspective on terrorism," Cronin says. "We're not seeing al Qaida as the only organization that uses terrorism, and we're going back to a broader view where we have threats of terrorism from many different sources, and I think that is the transition that is under way."
Groups May Exploit Arab Spring Instability
This broader view means that officials aren't focusing exclusively on al Qaida affiliates. Instead, they are trolling for any terrorist groups that might be seeking to take advantage of the instability that has followed the Arab Spring. In some cases it might be groups aligned with al Qaida; in other cases they might not.
Consider the availability of guns and other weapons. According to intelligence officials, before the fall of dictator Moammar Gadhafi in Libya, an AK 47 in North Africa cost about $1,000. With the flood of weapons coming out of Libya, an AK 47 now costs about half that.
Georgetown's Hoffman says that's only the beginning.
"If the Syrian government falls and there is the same instability that attended the fall fake Hermes necklace of the Gadhafi regime with the fall of Bashar Assad's regime, the region could be flooded with weapons," he says.
Whether that will help fledgling al Qaida affiliates or new groups is still to be determined. And that's why intelligence officials are watching the developments so closely.
The more immediate question, however, is where this leaves al Qaida.
"The bottom line is, when is it 'rest in peace al Qaida?' " says Cronin.
"And my answer would be 'not yet,' some things require the passage of time. All the indicators are positive, particularly with respect to al Qaida's core," Cronin says. "Al Qaida has declined. But only a historian can declare it is dead."
intelligence officials are trying to assess just how dangerous al Qaida still is.
They seem to agree that core al Qaida the group that launched the Sept. 11 attacks and looked to bin Laden for guidance Hermes necklace replica is in trouble. The sessions went on for hours. Officials discussed the growing threat from Iran and their concern about cyberattacks and weapons proliferation.
What was dramatically different was how long the discussion on al Qaida lasted: It clocked in at just minutes.
The head of the National Counterterrorism Center, Matthew Olsen, summed up the al Qaida threat this way: "The bottom line, I think, is that al Qaida is weaker now than it has been in the last 10 years," he told the Senate Intelligence Committee on Wednesday.
At a House Intelligence Hermes white gold necklace knock off Committee hearing Thursday, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper said: "As long as we sustain the pressure on it, we judge that core al Qaida will be of largely symbolic importance to the global jihadist movement. But regional affiliates, and to a lesser extent Hermes necklace copy small cells and individuals, will drive the global jihad agenda."
Threat Shifting, But Not Disappearing
Experts say officials are talking about more than just a terrorist group that is decentralized. What they are saying is that something more significant than that has happened: Al Qaida, as a movement, has fragmented. And according to Bruce Hoffman, a professor at Georgetown University and a terrorism expert, that means that the threat al Qaida presents has fundamentally changed.
"The threats may not be as serious as 9/11 and 2001 type threats, because the groups are smaller and, fortunately, less capable," Hoffman says. "Nonetheless, they are much more difficult to identify, much more difficult to track, and much more difficult to anticipate, prevent. intelligence community is turning its focus to groups like al Qaida's arm in Yemen or Islamic militias in Somalia such as al Shabab. It released a video message this week that called on jihadis to focus on the United States; their leader said President Obama was waging a war against Muslims.
This is the kind of clarion call that al Qaida used to sound.
Audrey Kurth Cronin, a professor at the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, says the hearings revealed another important development closer to home the intelligence community has become far less breathless about al Qaida.
"I think that we're returning to a slightly more normal perspective on terrorism," Cronin says. "We're not seeing al Qaida as the only organization that uses terrorism, and we're going back to a broader view where we have threats of terrorism from many different sources, and I think that is the transition that is under way."
Groups May Exploit Arab Spring Instability
This broader view means that officials aren't focusing exclusively on al Qaida affiliates. Instead, they are trolling for any terrorist groups that might be seeking to take advantage of the instability that has followed the Arab Spring. In some cases it might be groups aligned with al Qaida; in other cases they might not.
Consider the availability of guns and other weapons. According to intelligence officials, before the fall of dictator Moammar Gadhafi in Libya, an AK 47 in North Africa cost about $1,000. With the flood of weapons coming out of Libya, an AK 47 now costs about half that.
Georgetown's Hoffman says that's only the beginning.
"If the Syrian government falls and there is the same instability that attended the fall fake Hermes necklace of the Gadhafi regime with the fall of Bashar Assad's regime, the region could be flooded with weapons," he says.
Whether that will help fledgling al Qaida affiliates or new groups is still to be determined. And that's why intelligence officials are watching the developments so closely.
The more immediate question, however, is where this leaves al Qaida.
"The bottom line is, when is it 'rest in peace al Qaida?' " says Cronin.
"And my answer would be 'not yet,' some things require the passage of time. All the indicators are positive, particularly with respect to al Qaida's core," Cronin says. "Al Qaida has declined. But only a historian can declare it is dead."
- Floor price imitation Van Cleef & Arpelsbangles Really don't
- The most cheap copy Van Cleef and Arpelscuff bangle You should not skip
- Cheap fake Vancuff bangle Really don't pass up
- The most cheap copy Van Cleef and Arpelsnecklace jewelry Do not ignore
- The cheapest high imitation Van Cleefbangles You should not miss out on
Proposed 'veterans court' may not reach those who need it most
"I saw a kid (a soldier) get shot in the face. He died right in front of me," Smith said. "It wasn't even in battle. We were just standing around and somebody's gun went off. explosion.
"It was in a convoy. We passed over the spot and the kid was behind us."
Then there was a kid who was really a kid. An Iraqi child "with half his face blown off. That really hit me hard necklace Hermes copy because I had two little girls at home,'' Smith said.
Gregory Bowles was a kid himself when he joined the Marines right after high school during the Vietnam War , following in the footsteps of an uncle who fought in World War II and Korea.
"I'd see him in those dress blues and thought, man, that's it," Bowles said. "Nobody tells you about the other stuff."
The other stuff for Bowles was dragging body parts and body bags out of the bush outside of Saigon and Da Nang during the American evacuation.
"I'd never seen a dead body before that," Bowles said.
A member of his detail went missing and was found dead, barb wired to a tree with a punji stake in his chest.
"There was a note. It said 'Americans Go Home,'" Bowles said.
Two servicemen. Two wars. Gregory Bowles is 67 now and has been wrestling with his post war "demons" for 42 years. Jamie Smith is 47 and has been at it for 10.
But their symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder are hauntingly similar. Unexplained anger. Sleeplessness. A gnawing unease that could only be quieted with drugs first prescribed, then otherwise. Next came the arrests. And job loss. And the alienation of loved ones, the homelessness. The spiral down that led to desperation. Crime.
Both have multiple drug offenses. Bowles also has a conviction of robbery by force and Smith was Hermes replica necklace charged with domestic violence. Both have been in jail and housing for homeless veterans.
A bill being voted on next week by the state Senate will create a "Veteran's Treatment Court Pilot Program." The bill, sponsored by Sen. Jeff Van Drew (D 1st District) and Sen. Diane Allen (R 7th District) will help troubled veterans who are arrested for minor offenses skirt the regular judicial system and instead get the counseling, healthcare and other assistance they need.
An Assembly bill, which cartier earrings replica was passed a month ago and had six bi partisan sponsors, shares the exact language as the Senate bill.
"We can't have these people who served and sacrificed for us sitting in jail cells," Van Drew said. "Their problems are a cry for help. We want to get them the proper care and counseling and get them on the right track."
The bill establishes a three year program to divert "nonviolent offenders" who served in wars "away from the criminal justice system and into appropriate treatment" for drugs and alcohol abuse and mental health issues.
Under that language, however, veterans such as Smith and Bowles would not be eligible.
"While I applaud the effort, which is long overdue, the bill leaves too many veterans out," said Thomas Roughneen, the leading attorney at Citizen Soldier Law, a Chatham practice that specializes in helping veterans and military personnel.
"The awful truth is that many of these people have offenses that are violent or serious, and they are the ones who need help the most," said Roughneen, who is a lieutenant colonel in the New Jersey Army National Guard and an Iraq War veteran.
"Domestic violence is more prevalent than we think among these veterans and it is the start of their downward spiral," he said.
To prove his point, he introduced the cases of Smith and Bowles, neither of whom would have been eligible for the replica Hermes yellow gold necklace new program, as examples of why the program should be expanded to include veterans who might fall outside the criteria, on a case by case basis.
"Their problems all stem from the service," Roughneen said. "The men who went off to serve their country were not the men who came home. Their families want them to get treatment, not thrown in jail."
Roughneen has a letter from Smith's estranged wife, Lisa, to the court after he was charged with drug possession in 2016 which said in part, "It's sad to watch a man you love so much change into someone you can't be around. It's heartbreaking . all we ever wanted was treatment for Jamie."
He admits making threats but said he never struck or manhandled his wife, a statement supported by his wife's letter.
Bowles, who grew up in Elizabeth, said he came from a "law and order family. My father was a city cop. We were on the straight and narrow. I never even smoked a joint before the Marines."
"I saw a kid (a soldier) get shot in the face. He died right in front of me," Smith said. "It wasn't even in battle. We were just standing around and somebody's gun went off. explosion.
"It was in a convoy. We passed over the spot and the kid was behind us."
Then there was a kid who was really a kid. An Iraqi child "with half his face blown off. That really hit me hard necklace Hermes copy because I had two little girls at home,'' Smith said.
Gregory Bowles was a kid himself when he joined the Marines right after high school during the Vietnam War , following in the footsteps of an uncle who fought in World War II and Korea.
"I'd see him in those dress blues and thought, man, that's it," Bowles said. "Nobody tells you about the other stuff."
The other stuff for Bowles was dragging body parts and body bags out of the bush outside of Saigon and Da Nang during the American evacuation.
"I'd never seen a dead body before that," Bowles said.
A member of his detail went missing and was found dead, barb wired to a tree with a punji stake in his chest.
"There was a note. It said 'Americans Go Home,'" Bowles said.
Two servicemen. Two wars. Gregory Bowles is 67 now and has been wrestling with his post war "demons" for 42 years. Jamie Smith is 47 and has been at it for 10.
But their symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder are hauntingly similar. Unexplained anger. Sleeplessness. A gnawing unease that could only be quieted with drugs first prescribed, then otherwise. Next came the arrests. And job loss. And the alienation of loved ones, the homelessness. The spiral down that led to desperation. Crime.
Both have multiple drug offenses. Bowles also has a conviction of robbery by force and Smith was Hermes replica necklace charged with domestic violence. Both have been in jail and housing for homeless veterans.
A bill being voted on next week by the state Senate will create a "Veteran's Treatment Court Pilot Program." The bill, sponsored by Sen. Jeff Van Drew (D 1st District) and Sen. Diane Allen (R 7th District) will help troubled veterans who are arrested for minor offenses skirt the regular judicial system and instead get the counseling, healthcare and other assistance they need.
An Assembly bill, which cartier earrings replica was passed a month ago and had six bi partisan sponsors, shares the exact language as the Senate bill.
"We can't have these people who served and sacrificed for us sitting in jail cells," Van Drew said. "Their problems are a cry for help. We want to get them the proper care and counseling and get them on the right track."
The bill establishes a three year program to divert "nonviolent offenders" who served in wars "away from the criminal justice system and into appropriate treatment" for drugs and alcohol abuse and mental health issues.
Under that language, however, veterans such as Smith and Bowles would not be eligible.
"While I applaud the effort, which is long overdue, the bill leaves too many veterans out," said Thomas Roughneen, the leading attorney at Citizen Soldier Law, a Chatham practice that specializes in helping veterans and military personnel.
"The awful truth is that many of these people have offenses that are violent or serious, and they are the ones who need help the most," said Roughneen, who is a lieutenant colonel in the New Jersey Army National Guard and an Iraq War veteran.
"Domestic violence is more prevalent than we think among these veterans and it is the start of their downward spiral," he said.
To prove his point, he introduced the cases of Smith and Bowles, neither of whom would have been eligible for the replica Hermes yellow gold necklace new program, as examples of why the program should be expanded to include veterans who might fall outside the criteria, on a case by case basis.
"Their problems all stem from the service," Roughneen said. "The men who went off to serve their country were not the men who came home. Their families want them to get treatment, not thrown in jail."
Roughneen has a letter from Smith's estranged wife, Lisa, to the court after he was charged with drug possession in 2016 which said in part, "It's sad to watch a man you love so much change into someone you can't be around. It's heartbreaking . all we ever wanted was treatment for Jamie."
He admits making threats but said he never struck or manhandled his wife, a statement supported by his wife's letter.
Bowles, who grew up in Elizabeth, said he came from a "law and order family. My father was a city cop. We were on the straight and narrow. I never even smoked a joint before the Marines."
- Floor price copy Van Cleef and Arpelsnecklace jewelry You should not overlook
- The cheaper imitation Van Cleefbracelet Really don't pass up
- The least expensive fake Van Cleef and Arpelsbangles You should not neglect
- Cheap imitation Van Cleef and Arpelsjewellery Do not neglect
- The most cheap high imitation Van Cleefnecklace jewelry Do not neglect
Quantifying Wikipedia Usage Patterns Before Stock Market Moves
AbstractFinancial crises result from a catastrophic combination of actions. Vast stock market datasets offer us a window into some of the actions that have led to these crises. Here, we investigate whether data generated through Internet usage contain traces of attempts to gather information before trading decisions were taken. We present evidence in line with the intriguing suggestion that data on changes in how often financially related Wikipedia pages were viewed may have contained early signs of stock market moves. Our results suggest that online data may allow us to gain new insight into early information gathering stages of decision making.IntroductionThe complex behaviour of our society emerges from decisions made by many individuals. In certain combinations, these numerous decisions can lead to sudden catastrophe, as demonstrated during crowd disasters and financial crises. Stock market data provide extremely detailed records of decisions that traders have made, in an area in which disasters have a widespread impact. As a result, these stock market records have generated considerable scientific attention1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14.Human decision making does not, however, consist solely of the final execution of a chosen action, such as a trade recorded at a stock exchange. Instead, within the constraints of available resources, we often begin by gathering information to help us identify what the consequences of possible actions might be15.With Internet provision becoming so widespread, online resources have become the first port of call in many quests for new information. As a rule, providers of such online resources collect extensive data on their usage, adding to a range of new large scale measurements of collective human behaviour16,17,18,19,20,21. In this way, the ubiquity of the Internet in everyday life has not only changed the way in which people collect information to make decisions, but has opened up new avenues for scientists to investigate the early information gathering stages of decision making processes.Previous studies have demonstrated that analysis of search data can provide insight into current or even subsequent behaviour in the real world. For example, changes in the frequency with which users look for certain terms on search engines such as Google and Yahoo! have been correlated with changes in the numbers of reports of flu infections across the USA22, the popularity of films, games and music on their release23, unemployment rates24,25, tourist numbers25, and trading volumes in the US stock markets26,27. A recent study showed that Internet users from countries with a higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) search for proportionally more information about the future than information about the past, in comparison with Internet users from countries with a lower per capita GDP28.In work most closely related to the study presented here, Preis, Moat and Stanley outline an analysis of historic data which suggests that changes in search volume for financially relevant search terms can be linked to stock market moves29. A further study analysed data from Twitter and considered the emotions of traders, rather than their information gathering processes, suggesting that changes in the calmness of Twitter messages could be linked to changes in stock market prices30.In this study, we investigate whether data on the usage of the popular online encyclopaedia Wikipedia31,32,33,34 can be linked to subsequent decisions made in the stock markets. Specifically, can we find any evidence that changes in the numbers of views or edits to articles relating to companies and other financial topics on Wikipedia may provide insight into the information gathering process of investors?ResultsTo investigate the relationship between changes in large scale information gathering behaviour on Wikipedia and market participants' trading decisions, we consider data on how often pages on the English language Wikipedia have been viewed, and how often pages on the English language Wikipedia have been edited. Wikipedia entries can be both viewed and edited by any Internet user.We calculate two measures of Wikipedia user activity: the average number of page views and the average number of page edits that have taken place for a given Wikipedia page in week t, where we define weeks as ending on a Sunday. All names of Wikipedia pages used and further details on data pre processing are provided in the Supplementary Information. To quantify changes in information gathering behaviour, we choose one measure of Wikipedia user activity n(t), either page view or page edit volume, and calculate the difference between the page view or page edit volume for week t, to the average copy cartier earrings page view or page edit volume for the previous t weeks: n(t, t) = n(t) N(t 1, t) with N(t 1, t) = (n(t 1) + n(t 2) + + n(t t))/t, where t is measured in units of weeks.We begin our comparison of changes in Wikipedia usage to subsequent stock market movements in this historic data by implementing a hypothetical investment strategy that uses data on either Wikipedia page views or Wikipedia page edits to trade on the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), following the approach introduced by Preis, Moat, and Stanley29. In this hypothetical strategy, we sell the DJIA at the closing price p(t + 1) on the first trading day of week t + 1 if the volume of views or edits has increased in week t such that n(t, t) > 0. We then close the position by buying the DJIA at price p(t + 2) at the end of the first trading day of the following week t + 2. Note that mechanisms exist which make it possible to sell stocks on a financial market without first owning them. If instead the volume of views or edits has decreased or remained the same in week t such that n(t, t) 0, then we buy the DJIA at the closing price p(t + 1) on the first trading day of week t + 1, and sell the DJIA at price p(t + 2) at the end of the first trading day of the coming week t + 2 to close the position.We calculate the cumulative return R of a strategy by taking the natural log of the ratio of the final portfolio value to the initial portfolio Hermes necklace imitation value. If we take a short position selling at the closing price p(t + 1) and buying back at price p(t + 2) then the change in the cumulative return R for a strategy is log(p(t + 1)) log(p(t + 2)). If we take a long position buying at the closing price p(t + 1) and selling at price p(t + 2) then the change in the cumulative return R is log(p(t + 2)) log(p(t + 1)). In this way, buy and sell actions have symmetric impacts on the cumulative return R of a strategy. In addition, we neglect transaction fees, since the maximum number of transactions per year when using this strategy is only 104, allowing one closing and one opening transaction per week. We note that inclusion of transaction fees would of course diminish any profit if this hypothetical strategy were to be used in the real world. However, this assumption does not have consequences for conclusions about the relationship between user activity on Wikipedia and movements in the DJIA.We compare the returns from the Wikipedia data based strategies to the returns from a random strategy. In the random strategy, a decision is made each week to buy or sell the DJIA. The probability that the DJIA will be bought rather than sold is always 50%, and the decision is unaffected by decisions in previous weeks. This random strategy leads to no significant profit or loss. For the statistical comparisons reported in the following sections, we use 10,000 independent realisations of this random strategy for the period between 10th December 2007 and 30th April 2012. We find no evidence that the overall return from these 10,000 realisations is significantly positive or significantly negative (mean return = 0.0002, V = 25012353, p = 0.97, = 0.05, two tailed one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test of symmetry of distribution of returns around 0). We use a non parametric test to check this point, as the distribution of returns deviates significantly from the normal distribution (D = 0.1716, p = 0.05, Kolmogorov Smirnov test). Similarly, the remainder of the analyses of return distributions reported here also use non parametric tests. Throughout the rest of the results, the cumulative returns R of all non random strategies are stated in terms of standard deviations above or below the mean cumulative return of the random strategy.Views and edits of Wikipedia articles about companies listed in the DJIAFigure 1 shows the distributions of returns from two portfolios of 30 hypothetical strategies, trading weekly on the DJIA. These trading strategies are based on changes in how often the 30 Wikipedia pages describing the companies in the DJIA were viewed (blue) and edited (red) during the period December 2007 April 2012, with t = 3 weeks. The distribution of returns from 10,000 independent realisations of a random strategy is also shown (gray). The distribution of returns from 10,000 independent realizations of a random strategy is also shown (gray). Data is displayed using a kernel density estimate and the ggplot2 library36, with a Gaussian kernel and bandwidth calculated using Silverman's rule of thumb37. Whereas we show in the text that random strategies lead to no significant profit or loss, we find that the returns of Wikipedia article view based strategies for this period are significantly higher than the returns of the random strategies (mean R = 0.50; W = 199690, p = 0.005, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). There is however no statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies and the random strategies (mean R = 0.09; W = 140781, p > 0.9, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied).We find that there are significant differences between these three distributions (2 = 10.21, df = 2, p = 0.006, = 0.05; Kruskal Wallis rank sum test). Our analysis shows that the returns of Wikipedia page view based strategies for this period are significantly higher than the returns of the random strategies (mean R = 0.50; W = 199690, p = 0.005, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). There is however no statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies and the random strategies (mean R = 0.09; W = 140781, p > 0.9, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied).Views and edits of Wikipedia articles about financial topicsWe investigate whether these results extend to Wikipedia articles on more general financial topics. To address this question, we make use of the fact that Wikipedia contains lists of pages relating to specific topics. Here, we examine view and edit data for 285 pages relating to general economic concepts, as listed in the subsection "General economic concepts" on the English language Wikipedia page "Outline of economics".Figure 2 shows the results of an analysis of the distribution of returns from two portfolios of 285 hypothetical strategies, trading weekly on the DJIA. These strategies are based on changes in how often these 285 financially related Wikipedia pages were viewed (blue) and edited knock off Hermes necklace (red) during the same period, again with t = 3 weeks. As before, we find that there is a significant difference between the returns generated by the random strategies, the Wikipedia view based strategies and the Wikipedia edit based strategies (2 = 307.88, df = 2, p = 0.05; Kruskal Wallis rank sum test). As before, the returns of Wikipedia page view based strategies are significantly higher than the returns of random strategies for this period (mean R = 1.10; W = 2286608, p = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). Once again however, we find no evidence of a statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies, and the random strategies (mean R = 0.12; W = 1516626, p = 0.19, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). Our analysis shows that the returns of Wikipedia page view based strategies are significantly higher than the returns of random strategies for this period (mean R = 1.10; W = 2286608, p = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). Once again however, we find no evidence of a statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies, and the random strategies (mean R = 0.12; W = 1516626, p = 0.19, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied).The lack of relationship found for the data on Wikipedia edits may simply reflect the substantial difference in the volume of data available for views and for edits, despite the much larger number of pages considered in this second analysis. For example, across the whole period, the Wikipedia articles on financial topics had an average of 1,351,796 views each, but replica Hermes yellow gold necklace only 431 edits. Of these pages, the most viewed page had 14,449,973 views, in comparison to 4832 edits. The least viewed page had 2,033 views, whereas 43 of the 285 pages in question had no edits at all. For the purposes of this study, we therefore do not consider edit data further.Strategy returns in different yearsThe period of time we investigate here includes a particularly large drop in the DJIA in 2008. We therefore investigate what the returns from these trading strategies would have been for each individual year in our study period. Again, we consider the returns of strategies based on changes in views of the 285 financially related Wikipedia pages, again with t = 3 weeks. In Figure 3, the distribution of returns from the trading strategies are shown for each of the four years for which we have full Wikipedia page view data (blue) alongside returns from random strategies for that year (grey). The distribution of returns from the trading strategies, again with t = 3 weeks, are shown for each of the four years for which we have full Wikipedia page view data (blue) alongside returns from random strategies for that year (grey). Whilst returns differ from year to year (mean return for each year in standard deviations of random strategy returns for the given year: 2008, 0.89; 2009, 0.19; 2010, 0.19; 2011, 0.55; 2 = 129.49, df = 3, p W = 2156094, p W = 1584915, p = 0.001; 2010: W = 1585336, p = 0.001; 2011: W = 1915511, p = 0.05; all two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests, using comparisons to the random strategy distributions for the given year).We find that returns do differ from year to year (mean return for each year in standard deviations of random strategy returns for the given year: 2008, 0.89; 2009, 0.19; 2010, 0.19; 2011, 0.55; 2 = 129.49, df = 3, p W = 2156094, p W = 1584915, p = 0.001; 2010: W = 1585336, p = 0.001; 2011: W = 1915511, p = 0.05; all two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests, using comparisons to the distribution of random strategy returns for the given year).The effect of tWe investigate the effect of changes in t on the returns from the trading strategies. Again, we consider portfolios of trading strategies based on changes in views of the 285 financially related Wikipedia pages. The mean return from trading strategies, expressed in standard deviations of random strategy returns, is shown in Figure S1 (see Supplementary Information) for t = 1 to 10 weeks. We find that the mean return of the strategies does differ significantly for the different values of t we tested (2 = 93.26, df = 9, p t between 1 and 10 weeks (all Ws > 1950000, all psMean return of the DJIA following increases and decreases in Wikipedia viewsTo complement the trading strategy analysis, we carry out a further analysis of weekly DJIA returns following increases and decreases in views of Wikipedia articles on financial topics.For each of the 285 Wikipedia articles on financial topics, we identify all weeks t within our study period in which the volume of page views increased in week t such that n(t, t) > 0, using t = 3. Across this set of weeks, we calculate the mean return of the DJIA during week t + 1, log(p(t + 2)) log(p(t + 1)). Similarly, we calculate the mean return of the DJIA during week t + 1 for the set of weeks in which the volume of page views decreased in week t such that n(t, t)Between these two sets of weeks, we find a significant difference in the mean return of the DJIA during week t + 1 (W = 78012, p = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test). Following a decrease in views of Wikipedia pages relating to financial topics, we find a mean DJIA weekly return of 0.0027 a return significantly greater than 0 (V = 39592, p = 0.05, two tailed one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test). In contrast, following an increase in views of Wikipedia pages relating to financial topics in week t, we find a mean DJIA weekly return of 0.0021, significantly less than 0 (V = 2222, p = 0.05, two tailed one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test). The results of this analysis are therefore in line with the relationship between changes in views of Wikipedia articles on financial topics and subsequent movements in the DJIA suggested by the trading strategy analysis.
AbstractFinancial crises result from a catastrophic combination of actions. Vast stock market datasets offer us a window into some of the actions that have led to these crises. Here, we investigate whether data generated through Internet usage contain traces of attempts to gather information before trading decisions were taken. We present evidence in line with the intriguing suggestion that data on changes in how often financially related Wikipedia pages were viewed may have contained early signs of stock market moves. Our results suggest that online data may allow us to gain new insight into early information gathering stages of decision making.IntroductionThe complex behaviour of our society emerges from decisions made by many individuals. In certain combinations, these numerous decisions can lead to sudden catastrophe, as demonstrated during crowd disasters and financial crises. Stock market data provide extremely detailed records of decisions that traders have made, in an area in which disasters have a widespread impact. As a result, these stock market records have generated considerable scientific attention1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14.Human decision making does not, however, consist solely of the final execution of a chosen action, such as a trade recorded at a stock exchange. Instead, within the constraints of available resources, we often begin by gathering information to help us identify what the consequences of possible actions might be15.With Internet provision becoming so widespread, online resources have become the first port of call in many quests for new information. As a rule, providers of such online resources collect extensive data on their usage, adding to a range of new large scale measurements of collective human behaviour16,17,18,19,20,21. In this way, the ubiquity of the Internet in everyday life has not only changed the way in which people collect information to make decisions, but has opened up new avenues for scientists to investigate the early information gathering stages of decision making processes.Previous studies have demonstrated that analysis of search data can provide insight into current or even subsequent behaviour in the real world. For example, changes in the frequency with which users look for certain terms on search engines such as Google and Yahoo! have been correlated with changes in the numbers of reports of flu infections across the USA22, the popularity of films, games and music on their release23, unemployment rates24,25, tourist numbers25, and trading volumes in the US stock markets26,27. A recent study showed that Internet users from countries with a higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) search for proportionally more information about the future than information about the past, in comparison with Internet users from countries with a lower per capita GDP28.In work most closely related to the study presented here, Preis, Moat and Stanley outline an analysis of historic data which suggests that changes in search volume for financially relevant search terms can be linked to stock market moves29. A further study analysed data from Twitter and considered the emotions of traders, rather than their information gathering processes, suggesting that changes in the calmness of Twitter messages could be linked to changes in stock market prices30.In this study, we investigate whether data on the usage of the popular online encyclopaedia Wikipedia31,32,33,34 can be linked to subsequent decisions made in the stock markets. Specifically, can we find any evidence that changes in the numbers of views or edits to articles relating to companies and other financial topics on Wikipedia may provide insight into the information gathering process of investors?ResultsTo investigate the relationship between changes in large scale information gathering behaviour on Wikipedia and market participants' trading decisions, we consider data on how often pages on the English language Wikipedia have been viewed, and how often pages on the English language Wikipedia have been edited. Wikipedia entries can be both viewed and edited by any Internet user.We calculate two measures of Wikipedia user activity: the average number of page views and the average number of page edits that have taken place for a given Wikipedia page in week t, where we define weeks as ending on a Sunday. All names of Wikipedia pages used and further details on data pre processing are provided in the Supplementary Information. To quantify changes in information gathering behaviour, we choose one measure of Wikipedia user activity n(t), either page view or page edit volume, and calculate the difference between the page view or page edit volume for week t, to the average copy cartier earrings page view or page edit volume for the previous t weeks: n(t, t) = n(t) N(t 1, t) with N(t 1, t) = (n(t 1) + n(t 2) + + n(t t))/t, where t is measured in units of weeks.We begin our comparison of changes in Wikipedia usage to subsequent stock market movements in this historic data by implementing a hypothetical investment strategy that uses data on either Wikipedia page views or Wikipedia page edits to trade on the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), following the approach introduced by Preis, Moat, and Stanley29. In this hypothetical strategy, we sell the DJIA at the closing price p(t + 1) on the first trading day of week t + 1 if the volume of views or edits has increased in week t such that n(t, t) > 0. We then close the position by buying the DJIA at price p(t + 2) at the end of the first trading day of the following week t + 2. Note that mechanisms exist which make it possible to sell stocks on a financial market without first owning them. If instead the volume of views or edits has decreased or remained the same in week t such that n(t, t) 0, then we buy the DJIA at the closing price p(t + 1) on the first trading day of week t + 1, and sell the DJIA at price p(t + 2) at the end of the first trading day of the coming week t + 2 to close the position.We calculate the cumulative return R of a strategy by taking the natural log of the ratio of the final portfolio value to the initial portfolio Hermes necklace imitation value. If we take a short position selling at the closing price p(t + 1) and buying back at price p(t + 2) then the change in the cumulative return R for a strategy is log(p(t + 1)) log(p(t + 2)). If we take a long position buying at the closing price p(t + 1) and selling at price p(t + 2) then the change in the cumulative return R is log(p(t + 2)) log(p(t + 1)). In this way, buy and sell actions have symmetric impacts on the cumulative return R of a strategy. In addition, we neglect transaction fees, since the maximum number of transactions per year when using this strategy is only 104, allowing one closing and one opening transaction per week. We note that inclusion of transaction fees would of course diminish any profit if this hypothetical strategy were to be used in the real world. However, this assumption does not have consequences for conclusions about the relationship between user activity on Wikipedia and movements in the DJIA.We compare the returns from the Wikipedia data based strategies to the returns from a random strategy. In the random strategy, a decision is made each week to buy or sell the DJIA. The probability that the DJIA will be bought rather than sold is always 50%, and the decision is unaffected by decisions in previous weeks. This random strategy leads to no significant profit or loss. For the statistical comparisons reported in the following sections, we use 10,000 independent realisations of this random strategy for the period between 10th December 2007 and 30th April 2012. We find no evidence that the overall return from these 10,000 realisations is significantly positive or significantly negative (mean return = 0.0002, V = 25012353, p = 0.97, = 0.05, two tailed one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test of symmetry of distribution of returns around 0). We use a non parametric test to check this point, as the distribution of returns deviates significantly from the normal distribution (D = 0.1716, p = 0.05, Kolmogorov Smirnov test). Similarly, the remainder of the analyses of return distributions reported here also use non parametric tests. Throughout the rest of the results, the cumulative returns R of all non random strategies are stated in terms of standard deviations above or below the mean cumulative return of the random strategy.Views and edits of Wikipedia articles about companies listed in the DJIAFigure 1 shows the distributions of returns from two portfolios of 30 hypothetical strategies, trading weekly on the DJIA. These trading strategies are based on changes in how often the 30 Wikipedia pages describing the companies in the DJIA were viewed (blue) and edited (red) during the period December 2007 April 2012, with t = 3 weeks. The distribution of returns from 10,000 independent realisations of a random strategy is also shown (gray). The distribution of returns from 10,000 independent realizations of a random strategy is also shown (gray). Data is displayed using a kernel density estimate and the ggplot2 library36, with a Gaussian kernel and bandwidth calculated using Silverman's rule of thumb37. Whereas we show in the text that random strategies lead to no significant profit or loss, we find that the returns of Wikipedia article view based strategies for this period are significantly higher than the returns of the random strategies (mean R = 0.50; W = 199690, p = 0.005, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). There is however no statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies and the random strategies (mean R = 0.09; W = 140781, p > 0.9, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied).We find that there are significant differences between these three distributions (2 = 10.21, df = 2, p = 0.006, = 0.05; Kruskal Wallis rank sum test). Our analysis shows that the returns of Wikipedia page view based strategies for this period are significantly higher than the returns of the random strategies (mean R = 0.50; W = 199690, p = 0.005, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). There is however no statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies and the random strategies (mean R = 0.09; W = 140781, p > 0.9, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied).Views and edits of Wikipedia articles about financial topicsWe investigate whether these results extend to Wikipedia articles on more general financial topics. To address this question, we make use of the fact that Wikipedia contains lists of pages relating to specific topics. Here, we examine view and edit data for 285 pages relating to general economic concepts, as listed in the subsection "General economic concepts" on the English language Wikipedia page "Outline of economics".Figure 2 shows the results of an analysis of the distribution of returns from two portfolios of 285 hypothetical strategies, trading weekly on the DJIA. These strategies are based on changes in how often these 285 financially related Wikipedia pages were viewed (blue) and edited knock off Hermes necklace (red) during the same period, again with t = 3 weeks. As before, we find that there is a significant difference between the returns generated by the random strategies, the Wikipedia view based strategies and the Wikipedia edit based strategies (2 = 307.88, df = 2, p = 0.05; Kruskal Wallis rank sum test). As before, the returns of Wikipedia page view based strategies are significantly higher than the returns of random strategies for this period (mean R = 1.10; W = 2286608, p = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). Once again however, we find no evidence of a statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies, and the random strategies (mean R = 0.12; W = 1516626, p = 0.19, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). Our analysis shows that the returns of Wikipedia page view based strategies are significantly higher than the returns of random strategies for this period (mean R = 1.10; W = 2286608, p = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied). Once again however, we find no evidence of a statistically significant difference between the returns from the Wikipedia edit based strategies, and the random strategies (mean R = 0.12; W = 1516626, p = 0.19, = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bonferroni correction applied).The lack of relationship found for the data on Wikipedia edits may simply reflect the substantial difference in the volume of data available for views and for edits, despite the much larger number of pages considered in this second analysis. For example, across the whole period, the Wikipedia articles on financial topics had an average of 1,351,796 views each, but replica Hermes yellow gold necklace only 431 edits. Of these pages, the most viewed page had 14,449,973 views, in comparison to 4832 edits. The least viewed page had 2,033 views, whereas 43 of the 285 pages in question had no edits at all. For the purposes of this study, we therefore do not consider edit data further.Strategy returns in different yearsThe period of time we investigate here includes a particularly large drop in the DJIA in 2008. We therefore investigate what the returns from these trading strategies would have been for each individual year in our study period. Again, we consider the returns of strategies based on changes in views of the 285 financially related Wikipedia pages, again with t = 3 weeks. In Figure 3, the distribution of returns from the trading strategies are shown for each of the four years for which we have full Wikipedia page view data (blue) alongside returns from random strategies for that year (grey). The distribution of returns from the trading strategies, again with t = 3 weeks, are shown for each of the four years for which we have full Wikipedia page view data (blue) alongside returns from random strategies for that year (grey). Whilst returns differ from year to year (mean return for each year in standard deviations of random strategy returns for the given year: 2008, 0.89; 2009, 0.19; 2010, 0.19; 2011, 0.55; 2 = 129.49, df = 3, p W = 2156094, p W = 1584915, p = 0.001; 2010: W = 1585336, p = 0.001; 2011: W = 1915511, p = 0.05; all two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests, using comparisons to the random strategy distributions for the given year).We find that returns do differ from year to year (mean return for each year in standard deviations of random strategy returns for the given year: 2008, 0.89; 2009, 0.19; 2010, 0.19; 2011, 0.55; 2 = 129.49, df = 3, p W = 2156094, p W = 1584915, p = 0.001; 2010: W = 1585336, p = 0.001; 2011: W = 1915511, p = 0.05; all two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests, using comparisons to the distribution of random strategy returns for the given year).The effect of tWe investigate the effect of changes in t on the returns from the trading strategies. Again, we consider portfolios of trading strategies based on changes in views of the 285 financially related Wikipedia pages. The mean return from trading strategies, expressed in standard deviations of random strategy returns, is shown in Figure S1 (see Supplementary Information) for t = 1 to 10 weeks. We find that the mean return of the strategies does differ significantly for the different values of t we tested (2 = 93.26, df = 9, p t between 1 and 10 weeks (all Ws > 1950000, all psMean return of the DJIA following increases and decreases in Wikipedia viewsTo complement the trading strategy analysis, we carry out a further analysis of weekly DJIA returns following increases and decreases in views of Wikipedia articles on financial topics.For each of the 285 Wikipedia articles on financial topics, we identify all weeks t within our study period in which the volume of page views increased in week t such that n(t, t) > 0, using t = 3. Across this set of weeks, we calculate the mean return of the DJIA during week t + 1, log(p(t + 2)) log(p(t + 1)). Similarly, we calculate the mean return of the DJIA during week t + 1 for the set of weeks in which the volume of page views decreased in week t such that n(t, t)Between these two sets of weeks, we find a significant difference in the mean return of the DJIA during week t + 1 (W = 78012, p = 0.05, two tailed two sample Wilcoxon rank sum test). Following a decrease in views of Wikipedia pages relating to financial topics, we find a mean DJIA weekly return of 0.0027 a return significantly greater than 0 (V = 39592, p = 0.05, two tailed one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test). In contrast, following an increase in views of Wikipedia pages relating to financial topics in week t, we find a mean DJIA weekly return of 0.0021, significantly less than 0 (V = 2222, p = 0.05, two tailed one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test). The results of this analysis are therefore in line with the relationship between changes in views of Wikipedia articles on financial topics and subsequent movements in the DJIA suggested by the trading strategy analysis.
Proehl Carlson Obituary
Carlson (Holt, Proehl), Deborah Ann Age 62 of New Brighton, MN passed away on April 2, 2017 due to complications from kidney cancer. Deb was born on October 22, 1954 in Omaha, NE, to parents Lloyd JoAnn Holt. She graduated from Richfield High School and earned degrees in secondary education and nursing from Mankato State University. Deb held a variety of nursing positions ultimately becoming the Director of Nursing at the U of M's Boynton Health. Deb married Harry Carlson on November 2, 2003. Deb was a vivacious lady who lit up the room with Hermes Birkin bag imitation her smile and was young at heart. She had a passion for dancing to the hard rock music of those half her age. Her focus was singly on her family. Hermes bag imitation She poured her kindhearted personality into being an amazing mother, often saying that raising her Hermes Kelly handbag copy children was her proudest accomplishment. She leaves behind her husband, her brother Mark (Sheryl) Holt, her son David (Heather) Proehl, daughter Michelle (Allan) Vitus and grandson Ethan, step children Tom Carlson (Kari Slettemoen) Hermes Kelly handbag imitation and Mick (Bev) Carlson and grandchildren Van and Sydney. Memorial gathering to be held at Silverwood Park Island in St. Anthony at 11AM, Saturday April 8th.
Carlson (Holt, Proehl), Deborah Ann Age 62 of New Brighton, MN passed away on April 2, 2017 due to complications from kidney cancer. Deb was born on October 22, 1954 in Omaha, NE, to parents Lloyd JoAnn Holt. She graduated from Richfield High School and earned degrees in secondary education and nursing from Mankato State University. Deb held a variety of nursing positions ultimately becoming the Director of Nursing at the U of M's Boynton Health. Deb married Harry Carlson on November 2, 2003. Deb was a vivacious lady who lit up the room with Hermes Birkin bag imitation her smile and was young at heart. She had a passion for dancing to the hard rock music of those half her age. Her focus was singly on her family. Hermes bag imitation She poured her kindhearted personality into being an amazing mother, often saying that raising her Hermes Kelly handbag copy children was her proudest accomplishment. She leaves behind her husband, her brother Mark (Sheryl) Holt, her son David (Heather) Proehl, daughter Michelle (Allan) Vitus and grandson Ethan, step children Tom Carlson (Kari Slettemoen) Hermes Kelly handbag imitation and Mick (Bev) Carlson and grandchildren Van and Sydney. Memorial gathering to be held at Silverwood Park Island in St. Anthony at 11AM, Saturday April 8th.
- Floor price high imitation Vanjewelry Really don't miss out on
- Floor price imitation Van Cleef & Arpelsbangle Really don't
- The least expensive fake Van Cleefnecklace jewelry Really do not pass up
- Cheap replica Van Cleefrings jewelry Really don't forget
- The most cheap fake Vanrings jewelry Really don't skip
questions in Natalee Holloway case
De Jong says he was near Marriott's Aruba Surf Club, then under construction, on the night of May 30, 2005, when he saw a young man chase a young woman through the construction site.At first, he thought the two were being playful, but he says a short time later the man reappeared, carrying the woman in his arms. He says her body appeared limp.". He pulled (the woman) by the ankles inside the crawl space, stayed inside Hermes Birkin 30CM Handbag copy for a minute and then came out and closed the gap," de Jong said.Keeping his own crimes quiet for yearsWhen news of Holloway's disappearance came out, de Jong put the pieces together, but for three years he says he stayed quiet, afraid he'd be indicted for his own crimes. He also says he was afraid of talking to police and facing retaliation from the people he worked for in his illegal activities, which he declined to specify.De Jong says he had a change of heart after seeing a 2008 Dutch broadcast of an undercover interview with handbag Hermes copy Joran van der Sloot, who was brought in for questioning in Holloway's disappearance but never charged. In that interview, van der Sloot said that Holloway died while the two were together and her body was dumped in the ocean.De Jong says he got angry because he knew it was a lie and says he felt bad because he has a daughter close to Holloway's age. Van der Sloot later said Hermes Kelly handbag copy he was lying in that interview.De Jong then called Holloway's father, Dave Holloway, who has never given up hope of finding his daughter. Holloway had faced many false leads and hoaxes before and wrote de Jong off.Holloway's father opens up about new lead'Running out of possibilities'"I was running out of possibilities," de Jong said. "I tried to convince the head prosecutor, the parents, then I tried to convince the other head prosecutor, but he didn't listen."That's when de Jong attempted what he called "Mission Impossible."The site where de Jong says Holloway is buried now rests under the high rise Marriott Aruba Surf Club resort, in an area called the Spyglass Tower. De Jong bought an electric drill with a diamond tip and went to Aruba to investigate the site. He says he carefully planned a scheme to drill a hole through the hotel floor, but his efforts to take a Hermes Kelly handbag knock off look in the tower's foundations ultimately failed.
De Jong says he was near Marriott's Aruba Surf Club, then under construction, on the night of May 30, 2005, when he saw a young man chase a young woman through the construction site.At first, he thought the two were being playful, but he says a short time later the man reappeared, carrying the woman in his arms. He says her body appeared limp.". He pulled (the woman) by the ankles inside the crawl space, stayed inside Hermes Birkin 30CM Handbag copy for a minute and then came out and closed the gap," de Jong said.Keeping his own crimes quiet for yearsWhen news of Holloway's disappearance came out, de Jong put the pieces together, but for three years he says he stayed quiet, afraid he'd be indicted for his own crimes. He also says he was afraid of talking to police and facing retaliation from the people he worked for in his illegal activities, which he declined to specify.De Jong says he had a change of heart after seeing a 2008 Dutch broadcast of an undercover interview with handbag Hermes copy Joran van der Sloot, who was brought in for questioning in Holloway's disappearance but never charged. In that interview, van der Sloot said that Holloway died while the two were together and her body was dumped in the ocean.De Jong says he got angry because he knew it was a lie and says he felt bad because he has a daughter close to Holloway's age. Van der Sloot later said Hermes Kelly handbag copy he was lying in that interview.De Jong then called Holloway's father, Dave Holloway, who has never given up hope of finding his daughter. Holloway had faced many false leads and hoaxes before and wrote de Jong off.Holloway's father opens up about new lead'Running out of possibilities'"I was running out of possibilities," de Jong said. "I tried to convince the head prosecutor, the parents, then I tried to convince the other head prosecutor, but he didn't listen."That's when de Jong attempted what he called "Mission Impossible."The site where de Jong says Holloway is buried now rests under the high rise Marriott Aruba Surf Club resort, in an area called the Spyglass Tower. De Jong bought an electric drill with a diamond tip and went to Aruba to investigate the site. He says he carefully planned a scheme to drill a hole through the hotel floor, but his efforts to take a Hermes Kelly handbag knock off look in the tower's foundations ultimately failed.
Portal de Apoyo a las V
Ayuda gubernamental para las vctimas
El Gobierno Nacional canaliza la atencin a las victimas mediante la Unidad para la Atencin y Reparacin Integral a las Victimas, que tiene la misin de liderar las acciones del Estado y la sociedad para atender y reparar integralmente a las vctimas, para contribuir a la inclusin social y la paz. La Unidad busca acercar el Estado a las vctimas mediante coordinacin eficiente y acciones transformadoras que promuevan la participacin efectiva de las vctimas en su proceso de reparacin. Esta surgi en el 2012 buscando formar al equipo de profesionales de la Direcci6n de Reparaciones para implementar la ruta de reparacin Integral individual en todo el pas. La Escuela ha desarrollado procesos de formaci6n presencial y virtual a los funcionarios de la Unidad y de diversas entidades pblicas, privadas, integrantes del Sistema Nacional de Atencin y Reparacin Integral a las Victimas (SNARIV) y de la sociedad civil, para brindar un enfoque psicosocial para la atencin y reparacin integral a las vctimas. Lo anterior para contribuir a la adecuada interiorizaci6n de los derechos de las vctimas del conflicto con el propsito de informar, sensibilizar, comprometer y formar para la intervencin adecuada en la reparacin integral a las vctimas en Colombia. En la Escuela se ofrecen cursos acerca de Reparacin para la Paz, DIH y Derechos Humanos, Conocimiento de la Institucionalidad, Normatividad y Justicia Transicional, Sensibilizacin para la Intervencin, y Participacin de las Victimas. Con el objetivo de garantizar este proceso, el Gobierno Nacional ha encomendado a la Fiscala General de la Nacin para garantizar el acceso de Idas vctimas de terrorismo al sistema de justicia penal. Bajo esta instruccin, la Fiscala constituyo la Sub Unidad de Registro, Atencin Integral y Orientacin a Victimas de Grupos Armados Organizados al Margen de la Ley.
Aunque mantiene atencin constante a las vctimas, para acercar su accionar a la comunidad, la Sub Unidad realiza constantemente 3 tipos de jomadas:
1. Jomadas de atencin a vctimas en el marco del proceso especial de justicia y paz.
2. Jomadas especiales de atencin a vctimas para casos de violencia basada en gnero.
3. Apoyo psicosocial a vctimas en las audiencias que se adelantan en el Proceso Especial de Justicia y Paz.
Los vnculos y acuerdos entre las entidades gubernamentales del orden nacional con Ias Organizaciones no Gubernamentales y Comunitarias que cubren diversos temas de atencin, que incluyen aspectos mdicos, sociales, sindicales, culturales, de atencin y de justicia, entre muchos otros, que fake hermes H bracelet black han permitido que las victimas inicien su proceso de reparacin con el apoyo de entidades temticas que cuentan con el respaldo institucional del Estado y de otras Organizaciones de naturaleza similar.
Dentro de estas entidades es posible destacar las siguientes:
Redepaz: La Red Nacional de Iniciativas Ciudadanas por la Paz y contra la Guerra REDEPAZ es un espacio de encuentro, convergencia y articulacin de experiencias locales, regionales y nacionales de paz, desde la sociedad civil con el propsito de "tejer la paz con mano ciudadana" y defender el derecho a la paz como un derecho fundamental de los colombianos y colombianas. Experiencias como "Derrotemos la Guerra" en Santander, "Iniciativa Ciudadana por la Paz" en Bogot y la "Mesa de trabajo por la Vida" en Medelln, entre muchas otras convergieron en la necesidad de construir un espacio de encuentro en todo el territorio nacional, que les diera fuerza y resonancia a las diversas experiencias de gestin ciudadana por la paz. Redepaz busca ampliar y consolidar el movimiento social por la paz, como iniciativa de poder ciudadano, con sentido poltico, cultural y tico. Sus ejes de trabajo son Territorial y Constituyentes para la Paz, Eje Humanitario y Atencin Integral a Victimas, y Eje Agenda y Cabildeo para Ia Paz. As, luego de una bsqueda intensiva se lleg a El Salado, un corregimiento de los Montes de Mara donde la violencia paramilitar dejo una huella profunda en la poblacin destruyendo el tejido social, la infraestructura y las estructuras econmicas. La Fundacin Semana, a travs de la elaboracin de un Plan de Desarrollo con la comunidad defini una ruta de accin y emprendi la creacin de una Alianza pblico privada que puso sobre la mesa la necesidad de que la solidaridad del sector privado y las responsabilidades del estado convergieran en un proyecto. Esta Alianza ha convertido a El Salado en un smbolo para demostrar que la reconciliacin es posible convocando a todos los sectores y que con voluntad poltica el panorama del pas puede comenzar a cambiar. Hoy en da hermes jewelry replica El Salado se ve diferente que en 2009, las personas van recuperado la confianza y las obras de infraestructura apoyan procesos sociales de transformacin profundos. Su principal objetivo es lograr la inclusin social en el mundo y garantizar para las futuras generaciones un mundo inclusivo y sostenible. Dentro de las actividades que realiza la Fundacin se incluyen el mejoramiento transversal de las condiciones de vida de las personas mediante procesos de habilitacin y rehabilitacin interdisciplinarios que involucran a la familia y a la comunidad y las iniciativas por la inclusin social y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los participantes por medio del deporte, la actividad fsica y la recreacin. As mismo, trabajan por el cambio de imaginarios y paradigmas errneos a travs del uso de una comunicacin socialmente responsable, y las acciones en pro del empoderamiento de comunidades vulnerables a travs de procesos de participacin comunitaria y dinmicas sociales responsables y sostenibles, procurando escenarios imitation hermes bracelet sale de inclusin social.
La CCN es una entidad independiente y autnoma, convocada por Ia Iglesia Catlica e integrada por ciudadanos de diversos sectores y vertientes de pensamiento, que contribuye a Ia bsqueda de salidas polticas al conflicto social y armado incluyendo a todos los actores en el mismo; aporta a la toma de conciencia por el respeto de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario; apoya una educacin integral para la convivencia pacfica e incide en el diseo de las polticas pblicas de paz y reconciliacin. Ejemplo de estas iniciativas es la adelantada por la YMCA (Asociacin Cristiana de Jvenes) de Colombia, en el marco de la cual ha empezado a trabajar con los jvenes en el tema de atencin a vctimas y posconflicto. Para desarrollar este tema, la YMCA ha organizado el encuentro "Recuperando la voz de los jvenes en el Posconflicto en Colombia", con el que se busca conocer la opinin, Collier de Chien hermes bracelet replica el sentir y la proyeccin de los jvenes que han sido parte del conflicto como vctimas, quienes ahora se enfrentan a un contexto cambiante y deben plantear el rumbo de su proyecto de vida y el de las comunidades.
Con este objetivo se han movilizado diversas instituciones sociales, educativas y organizaciones relacionadas con el tema, logrando convocar a 300 jvenes vctimas del conflicto en Colombia. Estos jvenes se encontraron con miembros de la Alta Consejera para los derechos de ms vctimas, la paz y la reconciliacin, la Directora de Justicia Transicional del Ministerio de Justicia y del Derecho y personal de la Oficina del Alto comisionado para la paz, entre otras autoridades, que utilizar los resultados del evento para la formulacin de las polticas pblicas de atencin de vctimas y de posconflicto. La mayora de iniciativas se circunscribe a los programas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial establecidos por las empresas buscando garantizar el desarrollo sostenible del pas y especialmente de las comunidades en donde mantienen sus unidades operativas. Dentro de los cooperantes internacionales se destacan los siguientes:
ACDI VOCA. ACNUR. Agencia Espaola de Coopemci6n Intencional para el Desarrollo AECID . Banco Mundial. Comit International de la Cruz Roja CICR. FUPAD. GIZ Agencia Alemana para la Cooperaci6n International. Global Communities CHF International. JICA Agencia Japonesa de Cooperaci6n International. MAPP Misi6n de Apoyo al Proceso de Paz. Merey Corps. OCHA Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinacin de Asuntos Humanitarios OIM Organizacin Internacional para las Migraciones. ONU Mujeres. PNUD Fondo de Justicia Transicional FTJ. Union Europea en Colombia. USAID Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional.
v) Esfuerzos regionales y/o multilaterales para abordar Ia solidaridad con las vctimas del terrorismo y/o apoyar la rehabilitaci6n de las vctimas del terrorismo
Ayuda gubernamental para las vctimas
El Gobierno Nacional canaliza la atencin a las victimas mediante la Unidad para la Atencin y Reparacin Integral a las Victimas, que tiene la misin de liderar las acciones del Estado y la sociedad para atender y reparar integralmente a las vctimas, para contribuir a la inclusin social y la paz. La Unidad busca acercar el Estado a las vctimas mediante coordinacin eficiente y acciones transformadoras que promuevan la participacin efectiva de las vctimas en su proceso de reparacin. Esta surgi en el 2012 buscando formar al equipo de profesionales de la Direcci6n de Reparaciones para implementar la ruta de reparacin Integral individual en todo el pas. La Escuela ha desarrollado procesos de formaci6n presencial y virtual a los funcionarios de la Unidad y de diversas entidades pblicas, privadas, integrantes del Sistema Nacional de Atencin y Reparacin Integral a las Victimas (SNARIV) y de la sociedad civil, para brindar un enfoque psicosocial para la atencin y reparacin integral a las vctimas. Lo anterior para contribuir a la adecuada interiorizaci6n de los derechos de las vctimas del conflicto con el propsito de informar, sensibilizar, comprometer y formar para la intervencin adecuada en la reparacin integral a las vctimas en Colombia. En la Escuela se ofrecen cursos acerca de Reparacin para la Paz, DIH y Derechos Humanos, Conocimiento de la Institucionalidad, Normatividad y Justicia Transicional, Sensibilizacin para la Intervencin, y Participacin de las Victimas. Con el objetivo de garantizar este proceso, el Gobierno Nacional ha encomendado a la Fiscala General de la Nacin para garantizar el acceso de Idas vctimas de terrorismo al sistema de justicia penal. Bajo esta instruccin, la Fiscala constituyo la Sub Unidad de Registro, Atencin Integral y Orientacin a Victimas de Grupos Armados Organizados al Margen de la Ley.
Aunque mantiene atencin constante a las vctimas, para acercar su accionar a la comunidad, la Sub Unidad realiza constantemente 3 tipos de jomadas:
1. Jomadas de atencin a vctimas en el marco del proceso especial de justicia y paz.
2. Jomadas especiales de atencin a vctimas para casos de violencia basada en gnero.
3. Apoyo psicosocial a vctimas en las audiencias que se adelantan en el Proceso Especial de Justicia y Paz.
Los vnculos y acuerdos entre las entidades gubernamentales del orden nacional con Ias Organizaciones no Gubernamentales y Comunitarias que cubren diversos temas de atencin, que incluyen aspectos mdicos, sociales, sindicales, culturales, de atencin y de justicia, entre muchos otros, que fake hermes H bracelet black han permitido que las victimas inicien su proceso de reparacin con el apoyo de entidades temticas que cuentan con el respaldo institucional del Estado y de otras Organizaciones de naturaleza similar.
Dentro de estas entidades es posible destacar las siguientes:
Redepaz: La Red Nacional de Iniciativas Ciudadanas por la Paz y contra la Guerra REDEPAZ es un espacio de encuentro, convergencia y articulacin de experiencias locales, regionales y nacionales de paz, desde la sociedad civil con el propsito de "tejer la paz con mano ciudadana" y defender el derecho a la paz como un derecho fundamental de los colombianos y colombianas. Experiencias como "Derrotemos la Guerra" en Santander, "Iniciativa Ciudadana por la Paz" en Bogot y la "Mesa de trabajo por la Vida" en Medelln, entre muchas otras convergieron en la necesidad de construir un espacio de encuentro en todo el territorio nacional, que les diera fuerza y resonancia a las diversas experiencias de gestin ciudadana por la paz. Redepaz busca ampliar y consolidar el movimiento social por la paz, como iniciativa de poder ciudadano, con sentido poltico, cultural y tico. Sus ejes de trabajo son Territorial y Constituyentes para la Paz, Eje Humanitario y Atencin Integral a Victimas, y Eje Agenda y Cabildeo para Ia Paz. As, luego de una bsqueda intensiva se lleg a El Salado, un corregimiento de los Montes de Mara donde la violencia paramilitar dejo una huella profunda en la poblacin destruyendo el tejido social, la infraestructura y las estructuras econmicas. La Fundacin Semana, a travs de la elaboracin de un Plan de Desarrollo con la comunidad defini una ruta de accin y emprendi la creacin de una Alianza pblico privada que puso sobre la mesa la necesidad de que la solidaridad del sector privado y las responsabilidades del estado convergieran en un proyecto. Esta Alianza ha convertido a El Salado en un smbolo para demostrar que la reconciliacin es posible convocando a todos los sectores y que con voluntad poltica el panorama del pas puede comenzar a cambiar. Hoy en da hermes jewelry replica El Salado se ve diferente que en 2009, las personas van recuperado la confianza y las obras de infraestructura apoyan procesos sociales de transformacin profundos. Su principal objetivo es lograr la inclusin social en el mundo y garantizar para las futuras generaciones un mundo inclusivo y sostenible. Dentro de las actividades que realiza la Fundacin se incluyen el mejoramiento transversal de las condiciones de vida de las personas mediante procesos de habilitacin y rehabilitacin interdisciplinarios que involucran a la familia y a la comunidad y las iniciativas por la inclusin social y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los participantes por medio del deporte, la actividad fsica y la recreacin. As mismo, trabajan por el cambio de imaginarios y paradigmas errneos a travs del uso de una comunicacin socialmente responsable, y las acciones en pro del empoderamiento de comunidades vulnerables a travs de procesos de participacin comunitaria y dinmicas sociales responsables y sostenibles, procurando escenarios imitation hermes bracelet sale de inclusin social.
La CCN es una entidad independiente y autnoma, convocada por Ia Iglesia Catlica e integrada por ciudadanos de diversos sectores y vertientes de pensamiento, que contribuye a Ia bsqueda de salidas polticas al conflicto social y armado incluyendo a todos los actores en el mismo; aporta a la toma de conciencia por el respeto de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario; apoya una educacin integral para la convivencia pacfica e incide en el diseo de las polticas pblicas de paz y reconciliacin. Ejemplo de estas iniciativas es la adelantada por la YMCA (Asociacin Cristiana de Jvenes) de Colombia, en el marco de la cual ha empezado a trabajar con los jvenes en el tema de atencin a vctimas y posconflicto. Para desarrollar este tema, la YMCA ha organizado el encuentro "Recuperando la voz de los jvenes en el Posconflicto en Colombia", con el que se busca conocer la opinin, Collier de Chien hermes bracelet replica el sentir y la proyeccin de los jvenes que han sido parte del conflicto como vctimas, quienes ahora se enfrentan a un contexto cambiante y deben plantear el rumbo de su proyecto de vida y el de las comunidades.
Con este objetivo se han movilizado diversas instituciones sociales, educativas y organizaciones relacionadas con el tema, logrando convocar a 300 jvenes vctimas del conflicto en Colombia. Estos jvenes se encontraron con miembros de la Alta Consejera para los derechos de ms vctimas, la paz y la reconciliacin, la Directora de Justicia Transicional del Ministerio de Justicia y del Derecho y personal de la Oficina del Alto comisionado para la paz, entre otras autoridades, que utilizar los resultados del evento para la formulacin de las polticas pblicas de atencin de vctimas y de posconflicto. La mayora de iniciativas se circunscribe a los programas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial establecidos por las empresas buscando garantizar el desarrollo sostenible del pas y especialmente de las comunidades en donde mantienen sus unidades operativas. Dentro de los cooperantes internacionales se destacan los siguientes:
ACDI VOCA. ACNUR. Agencia Espaola de Coopemci6n Intencional para el Desarrollo AECID . Banco Mundial. Comit International de la Cruz Roja CICR. FUPAD. GIZ Agencia Alemana para la Cooperaci6n International. Global Communities CHF International. JICA Agencia Japonesa de Cooperaci6n International. MAPP Misi6n de Apoyo al Proceso de Paz. Merey Corps. OCHA Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinacin de Asuntos Humanitarios OIM Organizacin Internacional para las Migraciones. ONU Mujeres. PNUD Fondo de Justicia Transicional FTJ. Union Europea en Colombia. USAID Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional.
v) Esfuerzos regionales y/o multilaterales para abordar Ia solidaridad con las vctimas del terrorismo y/o apoyar la rehabilitaci6n de las vctimas del terrorismo
- The cheaper replica Van Cleefbangle Do not overlook
- The most cheap high imitation Van Cleefbangle You
- The least expensive imitation Van Cleef and Arpelsjewelry You should never miss out on
- The cheapest replica Van Cleef and Arpelscuff bangle You should never lose
- The most cheap replica Vanbangle Do not pass up
Psalm 139 Used
NEW YORK (RNS) Saralee Howard remembers the woman who walked into the Shared Pregnancy Women's Center in Lansing, Mich., last year and asked for an ultrasound even though she was leaning toward an abortion.
Howard sat with her during the ultrasound, and together they listened to the fetal heartbeat. When the woman identified herself as Christian, Howard talked about "God valuing this precious unborn child made in his image." The woman, with little money and two children, said she thought God would understand her decision.
As the woman stood to leave, Howard slipped her a Bible bookmarked to a prayer that H bracelet replica sings of God's prenatal involvement in the swelling rhythms of sacred poetry:
"For it was you who formed my inward parts," it read; "You knit me together in my mother's womb. I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made."
The next day the woman canceled her abortion.
The Rev. Rebecca Voelkel, who coordinates religious programs for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, recalls a gay pride parade some years ago where she noticed a simple white poster bearing only the words "FEARFULLY AND WONDERFULLY MADE."
She smiled at the public display of a phrase that had, privately, played a huge role in her own coming out.
Howard is ardently anti abortion and feels active homosexuality is a sin, if no worse than many others. Voelkel, meanwhile, supports abortion rights and is an out lesbian. But the women were citing the same hermes clic h bracelet replica verses from Psalm 139.
For decades, Psalm 139 has been a byword of the anti abortion movement, printed on posters in crisis pregnancy centers. More recently, it's been tied to high resolution ultrasounds, the movement's most potent technological persuader.
At the same time, the famous Psalm has also "come out" as a source of strength for gay and lesbian Christians.
Together, the two uses illustrate how great verses particularly the Psalms attract diverse constituencies.
All Collier de Chien hermes bracelet copy the Psalms assume intimacy with God, in petition, complaint or praise: It is why the Psalms remain one of the Bible's most indispensable and beloved books. Psalm 139 portrays that intimacy in precise yet lyrical detail.
It probably started as a kernel of a legal oath of innocence an ancient Hebrew version of "As God is my witness" and blossomed into a hymn to God's nearness to believers, wherever they roam.
"You know me when I sit down and when I rise up . I ascend to heaven, you are there," it declares. "If I make my bed in Sheol (hell) you are there . If I . settle at the farthest limits of the sea, Even there your hand shall hold me fast."
It would be wonderful affirmation enough if it ended right there. But instead, Psalm 139 extends God's familiarity backwards in time into the womb, with the stanza culminating: "I am fearfully and wonderfully made."
The womb verses arrived in the anti abortion discourse in the late 1970s, along with conservative Protestants. Sermons on Psalm 139 helped establish an anti abortion biblical bridge between Scripture minded evangelicals and Roman Catholics who are motivated by official church teaching.
When crisis pregnancy clinics arrived in commercial districts to compete with abortion clinics, the Psalm came too: often as calligraphy, on a poster over a photo of a fetus floating in a soft red light, and in counseling sessions.
Bob Foust, a longtime pregnancy center activist from Alabama, calls the verses "foundational to my life." He recalls how the elegant weave of strands of DNA reminded him of the Psalm's "knitting" language.
"It just made me go, 'wow,'" he said.
The wow factor mushroomed in the 1990s, when high tech prenatal ultrasounds struck some as Psalm on a screen.
The Southern Baptist Convention even titled its funding program for ultrasounds in pregnancy centers the "Psalm 139 Project."
Meanwhile, Psalm 139 was establishing itself in a very different context.
Initially, gay Christians looked to Bible verses privately, a kind of scriptural "sanctuary, a safe space," Voelkel said. She recalled a 1992 retreat in Puget Sound where the Sunday sermon was based on Psalm 139.
"You discern my thought from afar," she recites. "You know my lying down and my rising up.'" She paused. "There's no explicit talk about sexuality, but it's 'You know every single piece of me in my totality.' And then, 'I am fearfully and wonderfully made' this ultimate blessing.
"When people have gone their whole lives thinking there was this fight between their very flesh and their hermes bracelet sale replica identity as Christians . Everyone was in tears."
Gradually the verses surfaced in the public rhetoric of activists and those who support the "personhood" of gays and lesbians. The Rev.
NEW YORK (RNS) Saralee Howard remembers the woman who walked into the Shared Pregnancy Women's Center in Lansing, Mich., last year and asked for an ultrasound even though she was leaning toward an abortion.
Howard sat with her during the ultrasound, and together they listened to the fetal heartbeat. When the woman identified herself as Christian, Howard talked about "God valuing this precious unborn child made in his image." The woman, with little money and two children, said she thought God would understand her decision.
As the woman stood to leave, Howard slipped her a Bible bookmarked to a prayer that H bracelet replica sings of God's prenatal involvement in the swelling rhythms of sacred poetry:
"For it was you who formed my inward parts," it read; "You knit me together in my mother's womb. I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made."
The next day the woman canceled her abortion.
The Rev. Rebecca Voelkel, who coordinates religious programs for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, recalls a gay pride parade some years ago where she noticed a simple white poster bearing only the words "FEARFULLY AND WONDERFULLY MADE."
She smiled at the public display of a phrase that had, privately, played a huge role in her own coming out.
Howard is ardently anti abortion and feels active homosexuality is a sin, if no worse than many others. Voelkel, meanwhile, supports abortion rights and is an out lesbian. But the women were citing the same hermes clic h bracelet replica verses from Psalm 139.
For decades, Psalm 139 has been a byword of the anti abortion movement, printed on posters in crisis pregnancy centers. More recently, it's been tied to high resolution ultrasounds, the movement's most potent technological persuader.
At the same time, the famous Psalm has also "come out" as a source of strength for gay and lesbian Christians.
Together, the two uses illustrate how great verses particularly the Psalms attract diverse constituencies.
All Collier de Chien hermes bracelet copy the Psalms assume intimacy with God, in petition, complaint or praise: It is why the Psalms remain one of the Bible's most indispensable and beloved books. Psalm 139 portrays that intimacy in precise yet lyrical detail.
It probably started as a kernel of a legal oath of innocence an ancient Hebrew version of "As God is my witness" and blossomed into a hymn to God's nearness to believers, wherever they roam.
"You know me when I sit down and when I rise up . I ascend to heaven, you are there," it declares. "If I make my bed in Sheol (hell) you are there . If I . settle at the farthest limits of the sea, Even there your hand shall hold me fast."
It would be wonderful affirmation enough if it ended right there. But instead, Psalm 139 extends God's familiarity backwards in time into the womb, with the stanza culminating: "I am fearfully and wonderfully made."
The womb verses arrived in the anti abortion discourse in the late 1970s, along with conservative Protestants. Sermons on Psalm 139 helped establish an anti abortion biblical bridge between Scripture minded evangelicals and Roman Catholics who are motivated by official church teaching.
When crisis pregnancy clinics arrived in commercial districts to compete with abortion clinics, the Psalm came too: often as calligraphy, on a poster over a photo of a fetus floating in a soft red light, and in counseling sessions.
Bob Foust, a longtime pregnancy center activist from Alabama, calls the verses "foundational to my life." He recalls how the elegant weave of strands of DNA reminded him of the Psalm's "knitting" language.
"It just made me go, 'wow,'" he said.
The wow factor mushroomed in the 1990s, when high tech prenatal ultrasounds struck some as Psalm on a screen.
The Southern Baptist Convention even titled its funding program for ultrasounds in pregnancy centers the "Psalm 139 Project."
Meanwhile, Psalm 139 was establishing itself in a very different context.
Initially, gay Christians looked to Bible verses privately, a kind of scriptural "sanctuary, a safe space," Voelkel said. She recalled a 1992 retreat in Puget Sound where the Sunday sermon was based on Psalm 139.
"You discern my thought from afar," she recites. "You know my lying down and my rising up.'" She paused. "There's no explicit talk about sexuality, but it's 'You know every single piece of me in my totality.' And then, 'I am fearfully and wonderfully made' this ultimate blessing.
"When people have gone their whole lives thinking there was this fight between their very flesh and their hermes bracelet sale replica identity as Christians . Everyone was in tears."
Gradually the verses surfaced in the public rhetoric of activists and those who support the "personhood" of gays and lesbians. The Rev.
- The lowest priced replica Vanbangles Don't neglect
- The cheaper imitation Van Cleef & Arpelsnecklace jewelry You should never pass u
- The cheaper replica Van Cleefcuff bangle You should not miss
- Cheap replica Van Cleef and Arpelsnecklace jewelry Don't skip
- The lowest priced replica Van Cleefjewellery You should not skip