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The Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
In the early 20th century the German General Staff viewed the Schlieffen Plan, created by its Chief, Count Alfred von Schlieffen, in 1905, as a blueprint for avoiding a dreaded two front war by defeating France in six weeks or less. A speedy victory over France would allow the German Army to redeploy against Russia before the Tsar could fully mobilise his huge country. When Schlieffen retired in 1906 his successor, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, modified the plan and executed it to near victory in the first month of the First World War. The German offensive was stopped just short of Paris at the Battle of the Marne, killing any hope of a quick victory. Count von Schlieffen's plan failed because of a combination of intrinsic flaws, poor modifications, and imperfect execution.
The plan focused on two central elements. Firstly, one section of the French border, between France and Belgium, was much more lightly defended than the rest (which was defended by the powerful Maginot line and the natural barrier of the Alps). Secondly, the German Army could mobilize more rapidly than the armies of the other European powers. The plan sought to exploit these two facts by calling for a sweeping attack by more than half of the German Army through Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (violating the neutrality of these nations). This powerful German right wing would force a French surrender in 42 days by capturing most of the French army in an envelopment battle around Paris. The German Army would be free to complete its wide U turn (it would end up facing back towards the German border) and would then be rapidly shifted to the Eastern front by rail.
However, when Count Alfred von Schlieffen devised his invasion plan it was merely a theoretical exercise. Though Kaiser Wilhelm II had asked for a plan that would allow the German Empire to fight an eventual two front war, Schlieffen's plan was less an actual battle plan and more a document calling for the addition of twenty divisions to the German Army. These necessary divisions were never added and the plan, van cleef arpels between finger ring fake though it was modified, was never significantly questioned, becoming the one and only invasion plan of the German General Staff.
This lack of alternatives constituted a serious problem because the Schlieffen Plan, partly because it was originally a theoretical document, left no room for error. Every German soldier was expected to march the maximum projected distance every day while brushing aside enemy opposition. Yet the average German soldier had, a few weeks earlier, been a civilian called up van cleef and arpels perlee ring price fake for service. It had perhaps been years since they had been trained and put in reserve, and there was no time for additional training because, as explained above, Germany's rapid mobilisation was one of its big wartime avantages. In addition the supply system, which relied van cleef and arpels alhambra ring fake heavily on horse drawn wagons since there weren't enough trains, was not nearly as efficient as predicted and therefore slowed the rate of advance even more. Instead of the 25 miles a day that the Schlieffen Plan necessited, the rate of march was almost half of that.
The plan also relied on a series of underestimations of the enemy's capabilities. For example, the plan allocated little time to the complete occupation of Belgium. Indeed the entire invasion of Belgium was viewed as basically a march, and the expected rate of advance was almost the same as that in friendly territory. In reality the Belgians proved to be a much tougher foe than the plan assumed, holding out tenaciously by defending cities and fortresses. In addition, the Germans didn't think that Britain would honour its alliance with Belgium, established by the London Treaty of 1839, and would instead remain neutral. The plan itself assumed that it would take the British two months to bring a significant force across the channel. Instead, the elements of the German Army advancing down the coast ran into the British Expeditionary Force (placed near the coast by the French General Staff because it assumed there would be no fighting in that section of the front). The 75,000 strong BEF further delayed the advance and forced them to turn away from the coast sooner than planned.
Moltke's modifications also contributed greatly to reducing the chances of German success. As well as placing an additional 180,000 soldiers in East Prussia, he decided to weaken the right wing (sweeping through Belgium) in order to strengthen the left wing (holding Alsace Lorraine, a German territory since 1871). This lessened the power of the integral part of the plan. Von Schlieffen had predicted that the French would surge forward into Alsace Lorraine upon the outbreak of war (which is exactly what they did), allowing the immensely powerful German right wing to envelope and destroy the French Army. He was willing to sacrifice territory on the left since this would draw the French armies away from Paris and since any lost territory would have been easily recovered by the envelopment. Moltke, however, was not willing to sacrifice territory and instead took men from the point of decision. In practice this meant that the French armies were kept closer to Paris and that the decisive attack was robbed of its strength.
The last nail in the coffin of the Schlieffen Plan was Moltke's decision, just before the Battle of the Marne, to move 80,000 soldiers to the Eastern Front. This decision was prompted by the surprising speed with which the Russians had started advancing into Germany (the Schlieffen Plan having once again underestimated the enemy). In any case the shift took even more soldiers from the point of decision. Two days before these reinforcements arrived the German forces in East Prussia delivered a resounding defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg, virtually destroying the Russian Second Army and making the reinforcements completely pointless.
Overall, Moltke's reluctance to sacrifice territory both in Alsace Lorrain and in East Prussia doomed the Count von Schlieffen's plan to failure. The German Army simply did not have enough men to hold the entirety of the German Empire's borders and to simultaneously mount a decisive attack to knock France out of the war quickly. Blame can of course also be attributed to the faulty assumptions of the Schlieffen Plan as well as to the Kaiser's focus on building up the German Navy, which robbed the Army in favour of a part of the military which would never be strong enough to compete with its rival, Great Britain. However, the execution of the Schlieffen Plan fell to Moltke and, in the end, he was the one who failed to secure a victory that lay within his grasp. Two months into the war the lines had stabilised into the trenches that would come to characterise the First World War.
In the early 20th century the German General Staff viewed the Schlieffen Plan, created by its Chief, Count Alfred von Schlieffen, in 1905, as a blueprint for avoiding a dreaded two front war by defeating France in six weeks or less. A speedy victory over France would allow the German Army to redeploy against Russia before the Tsar could fully mobilise his huge country. When Schlieffen retired in 1906 his successor, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, modified the plan and executed it to near victory in the first month of the First World War. The German offensive was stopped just short of Paris at the Battle of the Marne, killing any hope of a quick victory. Count von Schlieffen's plan failed because of a combination of intrinsic flaws, poor modifications, and imperfect execution.
The plan focused on two central elements. Firstly, one section of the French border, between France and Belgium, was much more lightly defended than the rest (which was defended by the powerful Maginot line and the natural barrier of the Alps). Secondly, the German Army could mobilize more rapidly than the armies of the other European powers. The plan sought to exploit these two facts by calling for a sweeping attack by more than half of the German Army through Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (violating the neutrality of these nations). This powerful German right wing would force a French surrender in 42 days by capturing most of the French army in an envelopment battle around Paris. The German Army would be free to complete its wide U turn (it would end up facing back towards the German border) and would then be rapidly shifted to the Eastern front by rail.
However, when Count Alfred von Schlieffen devised his invasion plan it was merely a theoretical exercise. Though Kaiser Wilhelm II had asked for a plan that would allow the German Empire to fight an eventual two front war, Schlieffen's plan was less an actual battle plan and more a document calling for the addition of twenty divisions to the German Army. These necessary divisions were never added and the plan, van cleef arpels between finger ring fake though it was modified, was never significantly questioned, becoming the one and only invasion plan of the German General Staff.
This lack of alternatives constituted a serious problem because the Schlieffen Plan, partly because it was originally a theoretical document, left no room for error. Every German soldier was expected to march the maximum projected distance every day while brushing aside enemy opposition. Yet the average German soldier had, a few weeks earlier, been a civilian called up van cleef and arpels perlee ring price fake for service. It had perhaps been years since they had been trained and put in reserve, and there was no time for additional training because, as explained above, Germany's rapid mobilisation was one of its big wartime avantages. In addition the supply system, which relied van cleef and arpels alhambra ring fake heavily on horse drawn wagons since there weren't enough trains, was not nearly as efficient as predicted and therefore slowed the rate of advance even more. Instead of the 25 miles a day that the Schlieffen Plan necessited, the rate of march was almost half of that.
The plan also relied on a series of underestimations of the enemy's capabilities. For example, the plan allocated little time to the complete occupation of Belgium. Indeed the entire invasion of Belgium was viewed as basically a march, and the expected rate of advance was almost the same as that in friendly territory. In reality the Belgians proved to be a much tougher foe than the plan assumed, holding out tenaciously by defending cities and fortresses. In addition, the Germans didn't think that Britain would honour its alliance with Belgium, established by the London Treaty of 1839, and would instead remain neutral. The plan itself assumed that it would take the British two months to bring a significant force across the channel. Instead, the elements of the German Army advancing down the coast ran into the British Expeditionary Force (placed near the coast by the French General Staff because it assumed there would be no fighting in that section of the front). The 75,000 strong BEF further delayed the advance and forced them to turn away from the coast sooner than planned.
Moltke's modifications also contributed greatly to reducing the chances of German success. As well as placing an additional 180,000 soldiers in East Prussia, he decided to weaken the right wing (sweeping through Belgium) in order to strengthen the left wing (holding Alsace Lorraine, a German territory since 1871). This lessened the power of the integral part of the plan. Von Schlieffen had predicted that the French would surge forward into Alsace Lorraine upon the outbreak of war (which is exactly what they did), allowing the immensely powerful German right wing to envelope and destroy the French Army. He was willing to sacrifice territory on the left since this would draw the French armies away from Paris and since any lost territory would have been easily recovered by the envelopment. Moltke, however, was not willing to sacrifice territory and instead took men from the point of decision. In practice this meant that the French armies were kept closer to Paris and that the decisive attack was robbed of its strength.
The last nail in the coffin of the Schlieffen Plan was Moltke's decision, just before the Battle of the Marne, to move 80,000 soldiers to the Eastern Front. This decision was prompted by the surprising speed with which the Russians had started advancing into Germany (the Schlieffen Plan having once again underestimated the enemy). In any case the shift took even more soldiers from the point of decision. Two days before these reinforcements arrived the German forces in East Prussia delivered a resounding defeat to the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg, virtually destroying the Russian Second Army and making the reinforcements completely pointless.
Overall, Moltke's reluctance to sacrifice territory both in Alsace Lorrain and in East Prussia doomed the Count von Schlieffen's plan to failure. The German Army simply did not have enough men to hold the entirety of the German Empire's borders and to simultaneously mount a decisive attack to knock France out of the war quickly. Blame can of course also be attributed to the faulty assumptions of the Schlieffen Plan as well as to the Kaiser's focus on building up the German Navy, which robbed the Army in favour of a part of the military which would never be strong enough to compete with its rival, Great Britain. However, the execution of the Schlieffen Plan fell to Moltke and, in the end, he was the one who failed to secure a victory that lay within his grasp. Two months into the war the lines had stabilised into the trenches that would come to characterise the First World War.
Strategic Planning for Churches
"Where there is no vision, the people will perish."These words, taken from the Holy Bible demonstrate the need for churches, like other organizations, to map out their strategic plans. Strategic planning has always been viewed with skepticism by many church leaders who find formal planning a formidable exercise, for which most of them are not trained. There is also a view that planning is not biblical. However, the Bible does teach planning both implicitly and explicitly. For example, while studying creation, it is obvious that God worked with a master van cleef emerald ring fake plan. However, this has been long forgotten with time, leading to severe repercussions in the recent years, like the inability of the church in meeting their congregation needs and the decline in the number of church goers. This has led to the need for the introduction of strategic planning to mobilize and motivate the church in the achievement of their goals.
What is Strategic Planning
The concept of strategic planning is a business based discipline, which serves as a roadmap for the organizations to visualize their goals and know how to get there. Although this definition can be applied in this case, a suitable church specific definition of strategic planning was provided by Van Auken in 1989 where he described planning as the process of turning vision into reality. Others, like Gangel, propounded the fact that church leaders should actively engage in planning. He stated that "The development of goals in a church or any Christian organization must be accompanied by the development of a plan whereby those goals can be achieved". Effective planning is, thus, a prerequisite for the success of any organization and that includes a church as well.
The Steps for Strategic Planning for Churches
The strategic planning process for churches is to match the resources of the ministry and the available opportunities. The church should pen down these steps for their strategic planning purposes.
Step 1: van ring fake Define the purpose of the mission or the reason for its being. This includes bringing together the right people van cleef and arpels wedding ring fake who would be responsible for visualizing and incorporating what the organization is to become. A good statement of purpose sets the boundaries in the realization of the goals and brings clarity as to what the church is to do.
Step 2: Analyzing the environment is an important part of any planning process, which would give the church an overview of the external environment and the internal strength and weaknesses. A very useful method in this case would be a swot analysis, which is an acronym for strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strength and weaknesses stand for the internal factors and the opportunities and threats stand for the external elements involved. A detailed swot analysis can help the church realize the factors on which it has control and act on them.
Step 3: How does the church establish its objectives? The answer lies in the question, where do you want to go? Objectives are the desired results which also serve as the yardstick for performance measure. List down the objectives that the church needs to achieve in clear, concise statements. These objectives should be in tune with the church's overall goals and should also enable it to mobilize the energy and resources for the same.
Step 4: Drawing up a plan of action should involve defining the overall strategy and then operational plans should be developed. Each plan should provide a definite view of what is needed.
Step 5: This is the step that would proceed once the plan has been implemented and results have been achieved. The results could be attendance, baptisms, or even a change in behavior, but these need to be appraised and controlled. The steps to then alter the objectives, to adjust activities, people or finances have to be made.
The strategic plan is a blueprint that would guide the church or the ministry in the implementation of their plans. As churches increasingly face declining numbers and finances, a strategic plan can go a long way in addressing the issues of the constantly changing world. It is vital that church leaders from around the world be provided with the skills and the training for incorporating the strategic planning in their ministries.
"Where there is no vision, the people will perish."These words, taken from the Holy Bible demonstrate the need for churches, like other organizations, to map out their strategic plans. Strategic planning has always been viewed with skepticism by many church leaders who find formal planning a formidable exercise, for which most of them are not trained. There is also a view that planning is not biblical. However, the Bible does teach planning both implicitly and explicitly. For example, while studying creation, it is obvious that God worked with a master van cleef emerald ring fake plan. However, this has been long forgotten with time, leading to severe repercussions in the recent years, like the inability of the church in meeting their congregation needs and the decline in the number of church goers. This has led to the need for the introduction of strategic planning to mobilize and motivate the church in the achievement of their goals.
What is Strategic Planning
The concept of strategic planning is a business based discipline, which serves as a roadmap for the organizations to visualize their goals and know how to get there. Although this definition can be applied in this case, a suitable church specific definition of strategic planning was provided by Van Auken in 1989 where he described planning as the process of turning vision into reality. Others, like Gangel, propounded the fact that church leaders should actively engage in planning. He stated that "The development of goals in a church or any Christian organization must be accompanied by the development of a plan whereby those goals can be achieved". Effective planning is, thus, a prerequisite for the success of any organization and that includes a church as well.
The Steps for Strategic Planning for Churches
The strategic planning process for churches is to match the resources of the ministry and the available opportunities. The church should pen down these steps for their strategic planning purposes.
Step 1: van ring fake Define the purpose of the mission or the reason for its being. This includes bringing together the right people van cleef and arpels wedding ring fake who would be responsible for visualizing and incorporating what the organization is to become. A good statement of purpose sets the boundaries in the realization of the goals and brings clarity as to what the church is to do.
Step 2: Analyzing the environment is an important part of any planning process, which would give the church an overview of the external environment and the internal strength and weaknesses. A very useful method in this case would be a swot analysis, which is an acronym for strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strength and weaknesses stand for the internal factors and the opportunities and threats stand for the external elements involved. A detailed swot analysis can help the church realize the factors on which it has control and act on them.
Step 3: How does the church establish its objectives? The answer lies in the question, where do you want to go? Objectives are the desired results which also serve as the yardstick for performance measure. List down the objectives that the church needs to achieve in clear, concise statements. These objectives should be in tune with the church's overall goals and should also enable it to mobilize the energy and resources for the same.
Step 4: Drawing up a plan of action should involve defining the overall strategy and then operational plans should be developed. Each plan should provide a definite view of what is needed.
Step 5: This is the step that would proceed once the plan has been implemented and results have been achieved. The results could be attendance, baptisms, or even a change in behavior, but these need to be appraised and controlled. The steps to then alter the objectives, to adjust activities, people or finances have to be made.
The strategic plan is a blueprint that would guide the church or the ministry in the implementation of their plans. As churches increasingly face declining numbers and finances, a strategic plan can go a long way in addressing the issues of the constantly changing world. It is vital that church leaders from around the world be provided with the skills and the training for incorporating the strategic planning in their ministries.
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Victoria's Mack scores lone try as Canada falls to Romania in men's rugby
But it was amid an all too familiar storyline.
A regular refrain from Tests over the past few years was played out as Canada was again competitive against a fellow second tier nation only to lose by a tight margin as world No. 16 Romania defeated the No. 18 Canucks 21 16.
The undersized but replica Hermes belt france dynamic veteran Phil Mack of Victoria, who announced his retirement from rugby sevens following Canada's failure to qualify for the 2016 Rio Olympics, has returned to the XVs game and the crafty James Bay back came off the bench and scored the Canadian try at 74 minutes after fellow James Bay player and Oak Bay grad Connor Braid had driven the ball Hermes belts replica paris close to the line. Braid converted Mack's try while Gordon McRorie of Calgary slotted through three penalty goals.
DTH van der Merwe of Victoria, a pro with Scarlets, captained Canada on Saturday. Van der Merwe and Matt Evans of Duncan made some stellar open field tackles from the No. 14 and No. 15 backfield slots to help blunt the Romanian attack.
But it wasn't enough as this was the third tight loss to Romania in as many years for Canada, which concludes its November Test window with fake hermes belts whosale a game against No. 14 Hermes belt replica france Samoa on Friday at Stade des Alpes in Grenoble, France.
Meanwhile, Canada defeated Ireland 48 7 in a women's Test match played Saturday in Dublin. Julianne Zussman of Victoria, who plays for the Castaway Wanderers, led Canada with two tries while Andrea Burk of North Vancouver kicked 13 points.
But it was amid an all too familiar storyline.
A regular refrain from Tests over the past few years was played out as Canada was again competitive against a fellow second tier nation only to lose by a tight margin as world No. 16 Romania defeated the No. 18 Canucks 21 16.
The undersized but replica Hermes belt france dynamic veteran Phil Mack of Victoria, who announced his retirement from rugby sevens following Canada's failure to qualify for the 2016 Rio Olympics, has returned to the XVs game and the crafty James Bay back came off the bench and scored the Canadian try at 74 minutes after fellow James Bay player and Oak Bay grad Connor Braid had driven the ball Hermes belts replica paris close to the line. Braid converted Mack's try while Gordon McRorie of Calgary slotted through three penalty goals.
DTH van der Merwe of Victoria, a pro with Scarlets, captained Canada on Saturday. Van der Merwe and Matt Evans of Duncan made some stellar open field tackles from the No. 14 and No. 15 backfield slots to help blunt the Romanian attack.
But it wasn't enough as this was the third tight loss to Romania in as many years for Canada, which concludes its November Test window with fake hermes belts whosale a game against No. 14 Hermes belt replica france Samoa on Friday at Stade des Alpes in Grenoble, France.
Meanwhile, Canada defeated Ireland 48 7 in a women's Test match played Saturday in Dublin. Julianne Zussman of Victoria, who plays for the Castaway Wanderers, led Canada with two tries while Andrea Burk of North Vancouver kicked 13 points.
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Vanguardia a Dragons coach no more
The Westports Malaysia Dragons will part ways with head coach Ariel Vanguardia.
The charismatic Vanguardia, who has been with the Dragons since 2010 first as a scout before taking up the coaching job in 2012 will imitation hermes mens belt move back to the Philippines.
it is not all good byes. He will still assist us on a few things . especially on Asean imports for the Asean Basketball League (ABL) and other imports as well. Hermes belt replica france who led the Dragons to their maiden ABL triumph last season when he was also named Coach of the Year, admitted that is hard to leave KL going to miss the team. I forever Hermes belt replica grateful to the Dragons for giving me the chance to grow with the team, said Vanguardia.
I hermes mens belt replica had a meeting with Yakub and team owner Ruben (Gnanalingam) and I stay on as an advisor . to help with imports and with coaching clinics meant to develop local coaches. Dragons, who are preparing to compete in the PBA D League, have appointed national head coach Goh Cheng Huat as caretaker coach.
The Westports Malaysia Dragons will part ways with head coach Ariel Vanguardia.
The charismatic Vanguardia, who has been with the Dragons since 2010 first as a scout before taking up the coaching job in 2012 will imitation hermes mens belt move back to the Philippines.
it is not all good byes. He will still assist us on a few things . especially on Asean imports for the Asean Basketball League (ABL) and other imports as well. Hermes belt replica france who led the Dragons to their maiden ABL triumph last season when he was also named Coach of the Year, admitted that is hard to leave KL going to miss the team. I forever Hermes belt replica grateful to the Dragons for giving me the chance to grow with the team, said Vanguardia.
I hermes mens belt replica had a meeting with Yakub and team owner Ruben (Gnanalingam) and I stay on as an advisor . to help with imports and with coaching clinics meant to develop local coaches. Dragons, who are preparing to compete in the PBA D League, have appointed national head coach Goh Cheng Huat as caretaker coach.
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Social Documentary Photography of the 1920s and 1930s
August Sander (1876 1964) started his photographic studio in 1910 in Cologne Lindenthal. This is where he began his life's work, People of the 20th Century. Sander wanted to create a typological catalogue of the German people and by the end of his life he had created over six hundred images for his great work. Sander classified these images into seven archetypes; The Skilled Tradesman, The Farmer, The Woman, Classes and Professions, The City, The Artists and The Last People. In the 1930s he was unable to take images under Nazi occupation as they did not conform to the Aryan type and therefore he spent this time photographing the Rhineland and old Cologne. Part of the work, called The Face of our Time, was published in 1929 but was destroyed by the Nazis. Sander used photography to document, he wanted; "to see things as they are and not as they should or could be" (Tate Online). One example of his images is "Farmers in their Sunday Best, Westerwald, 1913". This image depicts three young farmers out on a Sunday walk; they all carry walking canes and are standing at the edge of a vast field. The Farmers look as if they have just turned and noticed the camera; one of the subjects has a cigarette casually sticking from his mouth. The image, though it would have been set up, has a natural feel to it and gives a sense of who these men are.
All Sanders images give you a real sense of the people, who are all photographed in their own surroundings and posed but very naturally. The images are all taken straight on and have a democratic feel, whether the sitter is high class or working class they are treated the same by Sanders. John Roberts in The Art of Interruption states that Sander's images reflected an "aesthetic positivism" (Roberts: 1998:43) his images showing objectively familiar things and revelling in photography itself rather than photography trying to compete with painting or trying to be like painting. Sander was almost forgotten by the 1940s and it was not until his images were shown at the Photokina in 1951 that there was a revived interest in this great photographer's work.
Bill Brandt: Surrealism to Social Documentary
Bill Brandt (1904 1983) was born in Hamburg; his father was English, his mother German. After the First World War and the rise of Nazism Brandt disowned his German background and later said that he was from South London. Brandt started his experiments in photography around the time he was staying in a sanatorium in Switzerland for his tuberculosis when he was sixteen. In 1927 he went to Vienna to complete his treatment with Doctor Eugenie Schwarzwald, it was Schwarzwald who suggested Brandt should take up photography as a career. Schwarzwald introduced Brandt to Ezra Pound, who subsequently sent him to see Man Ray in Paris. Brant spent three months in the Man Ray studio in 1929. Images from the late 1920's were published in Das Deutsche Lichtbild, Minotaure (a Surrealist Magazine) and later in the 1930s some of Brandt's early images were also published in Lilliput and Picture Post.
Brandt did not really get into his stride photographically until the mid 1930s when he started to be interested in Photo journalism. In 1936 Brandt published his first book, The English at Home, and published images throughout the 1930's in "The Weekly Illustrated", "The Bystander" and "Picture Post". In the 1930s the series "The Perfect Parlour maid" was published in Picture Post which showed an English parlour maids duties for the day including drawing a bath, setting the table for a dinner, making tea and serving. These social documentary images of the working classes became a staple for Brandt and pictures of coal miners after a days work, bedrooms in the slums, women washing steps, and common lodging houses all showed life in post First World War Britain. Brandt images expose conditions experienced by the many. Brandt's images do not look down upon their subject; they simply document and frame the experience of the people within them. Brandt's image capture faces that are pained and overworked but also they find moments of joy, passion and jubilation. Priestly replica van cleef lotus earrings and Ren Magritte. Brandt also famously photographed nudes that belied his surrealist training, using space and light to transfigure his subjects.
Walker Evans and the Great Depression
Walker Evans (1903 1975) began life in Chicago to middle class parents. Evans moved to New York when his parents separated and when he left school he worked in the public library as a night attendant in the Map Room. In 1926 Evans moved to Paris and worked as an auditor in the Sorbonne, here he discovered great literature such as Baudelaire and Flaubert and saw paintings of the School of Paris. Evans returned to America in 1927 feeling out of touch with the American Establishment and understanding that he needed to do something; he chose photography. Evans was against the "artiness" of photographers such as Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen. Evans wanted to produce pictures that were truthful and where the artist was less important than the picture itself. After the Wall Street Crash in 1929 Evans was living with a friend, Hans Skolle. Another friend, Lincoln Kirstein, who had helped Evans understand what his photography was about, visited them in this period and described their living conditions; "a particularly depressing penurious hole in the wall; how they both look so clean is a constant mystery to me. Their poverty is really so sad, always implied but never mentioned." (Szarkowski, J. 1971)
Evans' first set of images that he produced for publication were of Victorian architecture. Evans was an exacting photographer who liked to let the truth reveal itself through its images. After spending much time learning and perfecting the art of using the camera, by 1930 Evans was confident in his abilities and style. He stated at this time that; "the possibilities of van cleef and arpels clover earrings replica the medium excited him so much that he sometimes thought himself mad." (Szarkowski, J. 1971). For this project Evans' photographs were used as evidence that the rural population were suffering abject poverty due to the Great Depression. It was these images that shot van cleef mother of pearl earrings replica Evans to fame. The images portrayed poverty stricken children dressed in rags, proud farm workers and families in their meagre surroundings. The New York Museum of Modern Art in 1938 granted a solo exhibition to Evans; this was the first exhibition they had ever given to a photographer. Evans continued to take pictures for the rest of his life though at a slower pace.
Walker Evans, Bill Brandt and August Sander shared a common ideal that they wanted to find the "truth" in the image. The social documentary photography of the 1920s and 1930s that they produced showed ordinary people to the world. Images that "the man on the street" could relate to.
August Sander (1876 1964) started his photographic studio in 1910 in Cologne Lindenthal. This is where he began his life's work, People of the 20th Century. Sander wanted to create a typological catalogue of the German people and by the end of his life he had created over six hundred images for his great work. Sander classified these images into seven archetypes; The Skilled Tradesman, The Farmer, The Woman, Classes and Professions, The City, The Artists and The Last People. In the 1930s he was unable to take images under Nazi occupation as they did not conform to the Aryan type and therefore he spent this time photographing the Rhineland and old Cologne. Part of the work, called The Face of our Time, was published in 1929 but was destroyed by the Nazis. Sander used photography to document, he wanted; "to see things as they are and not as they should or could be" (Tate Online). One example of his images is "Farmers in their Sunday Best, Westerwald, 1913". This image depicts three young farmers out on a Sunday walk; they all carry walking canes and are standing at the edge of a vast field. The Farmers look as if they have just turned and noticed the camera; one of the subjects has a cigarette casually sticking from his mouth. The image, though it would have been set up, has a natural feel to it and gives a sense of who these men are.
All Sanders images give you a real sense of the people, who are all photographed in their own surroundings and posed but very naturally. The images are all taken straight on and have a democratic feel, whether the sitter is high class or working class they are treated the same by Sanders. John Roberts in The Art of Interruption states that Sander's images reflected an "aesthetic positivism" (Roberts: 1998:43) his images showing objectively familiar things and revelling in photography itself rather than photography trying to compete with painting or trying to be like painting. Sander was almost forgotten by the 1940s and it was not until his images were shown at the Photokina in 1951 that there was a revived interest in this great photographer's work.
Bill Brandt: Surrealism to Social Documentary
Bill Brandt (1904 1983) was born in Hamburg; his father was English, his mother German. After the First World War and the rise of Nazism Brandt disowned his German background and later said that he was from South London. Brandt started his experiments in photography around the time he was staying in a sanatorium in Switzerland for his tuberculosis when he was sixteen. In 1927 he went to Vienna to complete his treatment with Doctor Eugenie Schwarzwald, it was Schwarzwald who suggested Brandt should take up photography as a career. Schwarzwald introduced Brandt to Ezra Pound, who subsequently sent him to see Man Ray in Paris. Brant spent three months in the Man Ray studio in 1929. Images from the late 1920's were published in Das Deutsche Lichtbild, Minotaure (a Surrealist Magazine) and later in the 1930s some of Brandt's early images were also published in Lilliput and Picture Post.
Brandt did not really get into his stride photographically until the mid 1930s when he started to be interested in Photo journalism. In 1936 Brandt published his first book, The English at Home, and published images throughout the 1930's in "The Weekly Illustrated", "The Bystander" and "Picture Post". In the 1930s the series "The Perfect Parlour maid" was published in Picture Post which showed an English parlour maids duties for the day including drawing a bath, setting the table for a dinner, making tea and serving. These social documentary images of the working classes became a staple for Brandt and pictures of coal miners after a days work, bedrooms in the slums, women washing steps, and common lodging houses all showed life in post First World War Britain. Brandt images expose conditions experienced by the many. Brandt's images do not look down upon their subject; they simply document and frame the experience of the people within them. Brandt's image capture faces that are pained and overworked but also they find moments of joy, passion and jubilation. Priestly replica van cleef lotus earrings and Ren Magritte. Brandt also famously photographed nudes that belied his surrealist training, using space and light to transfigure his subjects.
Walker Evans and the Great Depression
Walker Evans (1903 1975) began life in Chicago to middle class parents. Evans moved to New York when his parents separated and when he left school he worked in the public library as a night attendant in the Map Room. In 1926 Evans moved to Paris and worked as an auditor in the Sorbonne, here he discovered great literature such as Baudelaire and Flaubert and saw paintings of the School of Paris. Evans returned to America in 1927 feeling out of touch with the American Establishment and understanding that he needed to do something; he chose photography. Evans was against the "artiness" of photographers such as Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen. Evans wanted to produce pictures that were truthful and where the artist was less important than the picture itself. After the Wall Street Crash in 1929 Evans was living with a friend, Hans Skolle. Another friend, Lincoln Kirstein, who had helped Evans understand what his photography was about, visited them in this period and described their living conditions; "a particularly depressing penurious hole in the wall; how they both look so clean is a constant mystery to me. Their poverty is really so sad, always implied but never mentioned." (Szarkowski, J. 1971)
Evans' first set of images that he produced for publication were of Victorian architecture. Evans was an exacting photographer who liked to let the truth reveal itself through its images. After spending much time learning and perfecting the art of using the camera, by 1930 Evans was confident in his abilities and style. He stated at this time that; "the possibilities of van cleef and arpels clover earrings replica the medium excited him so much that he sometimes thought himself mad." (Szarkowski, J. 1971). For this project Evans' photographs were used as evidence that the rural population were suffering abject poverty due to the Great Depression. It was these images that shot van cleef mother of pearl earrings replica Evans to fame. The images portrayed poverty stricken children dressed in rags, proud farm workers and families in their meagre surroundings. The New York Museum of Modern Art in 1938 granted a solo exhibition to Evans; this was the first exhibition they had ever given to a photographer. Evans continued to take pictures for the rest of his life though at a slower pace.
Walker Evans, Bill Brandt and August Sander shared a common ideal that they wanted to find the "truth" in the image. The social documentary photography of the 1920s and 1930s that they produced showed ordinary people to the world. Images that "the man on the street" could relate to.
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Redmayne Hoping For More Golden Globe Success
They are often seen as a precursor to the Oscars and this year British interest is led by stars including Eddie Redmayne, Dame Maggie Smith, Idris Elba, Dame Helen Mirren and Kate Winslet.
Redmayne will be hoping for a second successive triumph in the best actor in a motion picture (drama) category van cleef diamond earrings replica at the Globes.
In 2015 he won for his portrayal of Professor Stephen Hawking in The Theory Of Everything, and this year he is nominated for The Danish Girl where he plays transgender artist Lili Elbe.
The star, who also won an Oscar last year, is up against 10 time nominee Leonardo DiCaprio, who received a nod for The Revenant, as well as Bryan Cranston (Trumbo), Michael Fassbender (Steve Jobs) and Will Smith (Concussion).
Dame Maggie is nominated in the best actress in a comedy or musical category for her role in The Lady In The Van, while Dame Helen replica sweet alhambra earrings and Winslet are both nominated for best supporting actress in a motion picture.
Dame Helen gets a nod for her role as journalist Hedda Hopper in Trumbo, while Winslet is recognised for her portrayal of marketing executive Joanna Hoffman in the film Steve Jobs about the Apple founder.
Elba and Rylance will both vie for the best supporting actor in a motion picture category and the best actor in a limited series or TV movie.
Elba is nominated for his roles in Beasts Of No Nation and Luther, while Rylance picks up nods for his performances in Bridge Of Spies and the small screen adaptation of Wolf Hall.
She is up against Redmayne's Swedish co star in The Danish Girl, Alicia Vikander, and Brie Larson for her performance in abduction drama Room, as well as Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara for Carol.
Rylance's Wolf Hall co star Damian Lewis, who played Henry VIII in the TV series, is also nominated in the best supporting actor category where he is up against among others, Briton Alan Cumming for The Good Wife.
Wolf Hall also picked up a nomination for best limited series or replica van cleef & arpels alhambra earrings TV movie and will compete against American Crime, American Horror Story: Hotel, Fargo and Flesh And Bone.
Dame Maggie's Downton Abbey co star Joanne Froggatt is nominated for best supporting actress in a series, limited series or TV movie for her role as Anna Bates in the period drama.
The ceremony will be hosted by Ricky Gervais, who is returning for a fourth time.
He has been controversial in the past because of his irreverent jokes about the famous faces at the ceremony and this year has promised to "bite the hand that feeds me".
They are often seen as a precursor to the Oscars and this year British interest is led by stars including Eddie Redmayne, Dame Maggie Smith, Idris Elba, Dame Helen Mirren and Kate Winslet.
Redmayne will be hoping for a second successive triumph in the best actor in a motion picture (drama) category van cleef diamond earrings replica at the Globes.
In 2015 he won for his portrayal of Professor Stephen Hawking in The Theory Of Everything, and this year he is nominated for The Danish Girl where he plays transgender artist Lili Elbe.
The star, who also won an Oscar last year, is up against 10 time nominee Leonardo DiCaprio, who received a nod for The Revenant, as well as Bryan Cranston (Trumbo), Michael Fassbender (Steve Jobs) and Will Smith (Concussion).
Dame Maggie is nominated in the best actress in a comedy or musical category for her role in The Lady In The Van, while Dame Helen replica sweet alhambra earrings and Winslet are both nominated for best supporting actress in a motion picture.
Dame Helen gets a nod for her role as journalist Hedda Hopper in Trumbo, while Winslet is recognised for her portrayal of marketing executive Joanna Hoffman in the film Steve Jobs about the Apple founder.
Elba and Rylance will both vie for the best supporting actor in a motion picture category and the best actor in a limited series or TV movie.
Elba is nominated for his roles in Beasts Of No Nation and Luther, while Rylance picks up nods for his performances in Bridge Of Spies and the small screen adaptation of Wolf Hall.
She is up against Redmayne's Swedish co star in The Danish Girl, Alicia Vikander, and Brie Larson for her performance in abduction drama Room, as well as Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara for Carol.
Rylance's Wolf Hall co star Damian Lewis, who played Henry VIII in the TV series, is also nominated in the best supporting actor category where he is up against among others, Briton Alan Cumming for The Good Wife.
Wolf Hall also picked up a nomination for best limited series or replica van cleef & arpels alhambra earrings TV movie and will compete against American Crime, American Horror Story: Hotel, Fargo and Flesh And Bone.
Dame Maggie's Downton Abbey co star Joanne Froggatt is nominated for best supporting actress in a series, limited series or TV movie for her role as Anna Bates in the period drama.
The ceremony will be hosted by Ricky Gervais, who is returning for a fourth time.
He has been controversial in the past because of his irreverent jokes about the famous faces at the ceremony and this year has promised to "bite the hand that feeds me".
Vanguardia looking replica hermes handbags outlet to stay with Dragons after winning ABL title
PETALING JAYA: Head coach Ariel Vanguardia could be parting ways with Westports Malaysia Dragons despite leading them to their first ever Asean Basketball League (ABL) title.
The charismatic Filipino is out of contract at the end of this month and it no secret that he has offers to return to the Philippines.
believe this group of young players, especially the Malaysians, still have fake hermes bag lots of potential for growth. Honestly, I couldn see myself coaching anywhere else.
the decision is up to the team management and I leave it to them to decide, said Vanguardia.
When asked about Vanguardia contract, Dragons general manager Yakub Hussaini said they could only make a decision after reviewing next fashion cheap hermes handbags season programme.
need to speak to the Malaysia Basketball Association (Maba) first because we may enter a partnership with them.
would love to have Ariel back with us for next season ABL (due in October). He also be an asset to the Malaysian imitiaton hermes bag players preparing for next year Kuala Lumpur SEA Games.
PETALING JAYA: Head coach Ariel Vanguardia could be parting ways with Westports Malaysia Dragons despite leading them to their first ever Asean Basketball League (ABL) title.
The charismatic Filipino is out of contract at the end of this month and it no secret that he has offers to return to the Philippines.
believe this group of young players, especially the Malaysians, still have fake hermes bag lots of potential for growth. Honestly, I couldn see myself coaching anywhere else.
the decision is up to the team management and I leave it to them to decide, said Vanguardia.
When asked about Vanguardia contract, Dragons general manager Yakub Hussaini said they could only make a decision after reviewing next fashion cheap hermes handbags season programme.
need to speak to the Malaysia Basketball Association (Maba) first because we may enter a partnership with them.
would love to have Ariel back with us for next season ABL (due in October). He also be an asset to the Malaysian imitiaton hermes bag players preparing for next year Kuala Lumpur SEA Games.
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Victoria in urgent need of an architectural renaissance
Can one imagine the thrill of being asked at the age of only 24 to build one of the greatest buildings the world will ever see? That was what happened to Bernini when fake hermes bag Pope Urban VIII presented the young man with the opportunity to design and construct the Vatican.
Most of us, after regaining consciousness, would have declined, or like me, hid under the bed. Thankfully, Bernini did not, and we have what we have in Rome, because after taking a large gulp, he started to design.
I often wonder what prevailing building codes Bernini must have overlooked or dismissed out of hand before inventing or at least bringing to flower the Baroque school of architecture. I once attempted to have a design student construct a petite garden shed that had a lyrical theme and would have bothered no one and brought only pleasure to the eye. A surly public servant claimed that said shed broke several hundred rules and would not be built on his watch.
I have begun to notice that our lovely city has now many wounds of an architectural nature scattered about the place. Let us start with that well known outrage, the library on Broughton Street. One is faced with a wall of uninviting brick from one end of the street to the other. Why did the villagers not riot upon completion? Why were the people responsible not dragged from their comfy offices and made to repent?
Another canker is the CIBC building in the very middle of Victoria. A more unattractive edifice is hard to imagine and yet it looms over us daily. Hermes birkin bags fake I do not lament the nightmares of design that also seem to flower in the suburbs, but in our midst, downtown? Where sensitive chaps gather to write sonnets to their true loves? I say not.
There is something called the Nootka Court that must be included here, a visual calamity at the corner of Humboldt and Douglas staring back at us with a loathsome look in its windows. Where is our native culture when we need it? The building is horrible on so many levels and yet very near to that glowing example of stone and beauty, the Fairmont Empress hotel.
That is my point in all of this we have, unlike friend Bernini, past examples of what we should be aspiring to all around us, wonderful edifices that could remind us of our history.
Instead, it appears that architectural schools turn out dullards of design to go along with our withered building codes, which seem to only pour cold water on individualism and scope.
Perhaps many would think I am too hard on our civil servants, who are, after all, only doing what is expected of them in our modern civilization. However I am always taken aback when I hear those same workers, after their wonderful sabbaticals in Italy, France, Spain, etc., describe the vibrancy of colour and design of daring young architects fitting so splendidly with the old buildings extant. But upon replica birkin handbags their return they fling their berets into back rooms and start rubber stamping the same old dreck. Where is the sense?
We need to be struck dumb by art and buildings; we should be awed by our surroundings, not made vomitous. Every culture will be remembered for its design and I fear that will be the case for us. There might just be an asterisk beside us with a note at the bottom of the page saying: "What were they thinking?"
There is time with leaders who are not frightened by election defeat or loss of pension. In Bernini's time it simply took the direction of a pope who had the grandest scheme of his time, but it was also the time of Da Vinci, Michelangelo and the Renaissance. Never have we needed a renaissance more than now, and a committed leader who could galvanize us imitiaton hermes bag and all who visit us. Build on the past for an exciting future.
Can one imagine the thrill of being asked at the age of only 24 to build one of the greatest buildings the world will ever see? That was what happened to Bernini when fake hermes bag Pope Urban VIII presented the young man with the opportunity to design and construct the Vatican.
Most of us, after regaining consciousness, would have declined, or like me, hid under the bed. Thankfully, Bernini did not, and we have what we have in Rome, because after taking a large gulp, he started to design.
I often wonder what prevailing building codes Bernini must have overlooked or dismissed out of hand before inventing or at least bringing to flower the Baroque school of architecture. I once attempted to have a design student construct a petite garden shed that had a lyrical theme and would have bothered no one and brought only pleasure to the eye. A surly public servant claimed that said shed broke several hundred rules and would not be built on his watch.
I have begun to notice that our lovely city has now many wounds of an architectural nature scattered about the place. Let us start with that well known outrage, the library on Broughton Street. One is faced with a wall of uninviting brick from one end of the street to the other. Why did the villagers not riot upon completion? Why were the people responsible not dragged from their comfy offices and made to repent?
Another canker is the CIBC building in the very middle of Victoria. A more unattractive edifice is hard to imagine and yet it looms over us daily. Hermes birkin bags fake I do not lament the nightmares of design that also seem to flower in the suburbs, but in our midst, downtown? Where sensitive chaps gather to write sonnets to their true loves? I say not.
There is something called the Nootka Court that must be included here, a visual calamity at the corner of Humboldt and Douglas staring back at us with a loathsome look in its windows. Where is our native culture when we need it? The building is horrible on so many levels and yet very near to that glowing example of stone and beauty, the Fairmont Empress hotel.
That is my point in all of this we have, unlike friend Bernini, past examples of what we should be aspiring to all around us, wonderful edifices that could remind us of our history.
Instead, it appears that architectural schools turn out dullards of design to go along with our withered building codes, which seem to only pour cold water on individualism and scope.
Perhaps many would think I am too hard on our civil servants, who are, after all, only doing what is expected of them in our modern civilization. However I am always taken aback when I hear those same workers, after their wonderful sabbaticals in Italy, France, Spain, etc., describe the vibrancy of colour and design of daring young architects fitting so splendidly with the old buildings extant. But upon replica birkin handbags their return they fling their berets into back rooms and start rubber stamping the same old dreck. Where is the sense?
We need to be struck dumb by art and buildings; we should be awed by our surroundings, not made vomitous. Every culture will be remembered for its design and I fear that will be the case for us. There might just be an asterisk beside us with a note at the bottom of the page saying: "What were they thinking?"
There is time with leaders who are not frightened by election defeat or loss of pension. In Bernini's time it simply took the direction of a pope who had the grandest scheme of his time, but it was also the time of Da Vinci, Michelangelo and the Renaissance. Never have we needed a renaissance more than now, and a committed leader who could galvanize us imitiaton hermes bag and all who visit us. Build on the past for an exciting future.
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Roy Whiting's first victim
by HELEN WEATHERS, Daily Mail
Like most teenagers, she often drives her parents to distraction. Just turned 16, she can switch in seconds from being the lovely little girl they remember usually when she gets what she wants into a silent, sulking stranger when she doesn't.
Their battlegrounds are common to most parents. The untidy state of her bedroom; her refusal to study; the non communicative grunts which greet most questions; and her mother's insistence that Anne be home by 10.30pm when she goes out.
They hope it is just a phase, but they are not sure. Indeed, they worry incessantly that her behaviour, far from being normal, is instead betraying some terrible inner turmoil which they are powerless to stop.
Their fears are not without foundation. For their daughter has to live with the knowledge that, aged nine, she was paedophile Roy Whiting's first victim, and eight year old Sarah Payne was his second. Anne survived and Sarah did not.
It is something she has barely spoken to her parents about since the Saturday in March 1995 when Whiting grabbed her off the street in broad daylight and threw her, kicking and screaming, into his red Ford Sierra. Then he drove to some woods where, after threatening her with a knife, he subjected her to a terrifying sexual assault.
Anne has become even more guarded since Whiting's trial last month in which the harrowing details of Sarah Payne's murder on July 1, 2000, emerged. Snatched and bundled into his white van as she walked alone to her grandparents' home in West Sussex, Sarah was sexually abused and then murdered. Her naked body was discovered in a shallow grave 17 days later.
Sentencing him to spend the rest of his life in prison, Mr Justice Curtis branded the 41 year old divorced father of one 'every parent and grandparent's nightmare come true'.
The parents of his first victim know only too well the truth of that statement. Tom and Susan's only comfort if it can be called that is that the police picked up Whiting so quickly because Sarah Payne's abduction bore all the hallmarks of the previous attack on their daughter.
'Our daughter rarely talks about what happened to her, and we don't like to pry for fear of dragging up all the memories,' says 37 year old Susan, an office administrator. 'We told her from the start "We are here for you if you want to talk", but she has rarely wanted to.
'We can't help but worry about the effect all this has had on her. She is very headstrong and rebellious replica van cleef and arpels turquoise alhambra necklace if you tell her something is black, she will tell you it is white.
'She is fiercely independent and acts as if she is invincible. It's almost as if she thinks: "No one can ever hurt me that way again."
Tom, 41, an airport worker adds: 'We don't know if she is simply being a normal teenager, or whether her behaviour is a result of what she went through. One minute she is gorgeous, and the next a fake van cleef long necklace complete monster.
'I'm not convinced we know the full details of what Whiting did to her. She has told us and the police only so much, because, we believe, she didn't want to upset us.
'All she will say is: "You don't know what it was like." I think she needs counselling, but you can't make her do anything she doesn't want to do.'
There is no doubt that the murder of Sarah Payne, and Whiting's conviction 18 months later, have forced the family to relive a nightmare they were only just beginning to put behind them. They also feel intensely the grief of Sarah's parents, Sara and Michael, whose daughter they know was not as lucky as theirs.
Anne, then aged nine, was still in bed when Susan, who also has a son two years older than her daughter, left for work that Saturday in 1995. The family car wouldn't start, so she had to take a taxi to her office instead.
'I phoned home at around 1pm and this man answered the phone. He said "Who are you?" and I replied: "Who are you?" I thought we'd been burgled and that the burglar had picked up the phone. Now, of course, I wish it had been that.
'The man on the end of the phone told me he was a police officer and said: "Something has happened where are you?" I immediately thought my husband had been in some kind of accident, but the officer wouldn't tell me anything. He said he would send a car to pick me up.
'That was the worst feeling in the world, sitting in my office for half an hour not knowing what had happened. My mind ran riot.
'On the journey home, I was told my daughter had been abducted. My first reaction was absolute anger. I kept demanding to know where she was, who had her, what had happened, but they couldn't tell me anything. By the time I got home, I was desperate. I thought I would never see my daughter again.
'They told me the police helicopter was out looking for her and they had set up roadblocks, but I thought: "How many children kidnapped by copy van cleef and arpels long necklace strangers are released?" I thought she had gone for ever.
'I could feel the panic rising and couldn't stop crying. I didn't know what to do. I phoned my husband, who was with some friends, and told him she was missing.
He rushed straight home. He was beside himself with anger and the sheer frustration of not being able to help her.'
That morning, Anne had set off to an indoor adventure playground with three girl friends and her elder brother, telling her father that she would be back at around 5pm.
At around lunchtime, however, she remembered a friend's birthday party she was supposed to be at and the four girls left together, refusing her brother's offer to walk them all home.
Having dropped off one girl, the remaining trio were walking back to the housing estate in Crawley where they lived when a man came rushing towards them and tried to bundle all three into a car. Two of the girls ducked under his arms, but he managed to grab hold of Anne's arms and throw her, twisting and screaming, into the back of the car, then drove off.
Her two friends ran to raise the alarm, but as Tom and Susan sat in the lounge of their three bedroom terrace house, surrounded by police officers, they could only imagine what terrors their daughter was going through and wonder whether they would see her alive again.
by HELEN WEATHERS, Daily Mail
Like most teenagers, she often drives her parents to distraction. Just turned 16, she can switch in seconds from being the lovely little girl they remember usually when she gets what she wants into a silent, sulking stranger when she doesn't.
Their battlegrounds are common to most parents. The untidy state of her bedroom; her refusal to study; the non communicative grunts which greet most questions; and her mother's insistence that Anne be home by 10.30pm when she goes out.
They hope it is just a phase, but they are not sure. Indeed, they worry incessantly that her behaviour, far from being normal, is instead betraying some terrible inner turmoil which they are powerless to stop.
Their fears are not without foundation. For their daughter has to live with the knowledge that, aged nine, she was paedophile Roy Whiting's first victim, and eight year old Sarah Payne was his second. Anne survived and Sarah did not.
It is something she has barely spoken to her parents about since the Saturday in March 1995 when Whiting grabbed her off the street in broad daylight and threw her, kicking and screaming, into his red Ford Sierra. Then he drove to some woods where, after threatening her with a knife, he subjected her to a terrifying sexual assault.
Anne has become even more guarded since Whiting's trial last month in which the harrowing details of Sarah Payne's murder on July 1, 2000, emerged. Snatched and bundled into his white van as she walked alone to her grandparents' home in West Sussex, Sarah was sexually abused and then murdered. Her naked body was discovered in a shallow grave 17 days later.
Sentencing him to spend the rest of his life in prison, Mr Justice Curtis branded the 41 year old divorced father of one 'every parent and grandparent's nightmare come true'.
The parents of his first victim know only too well the truth of that statement. Tom and Susan's only comfort if it can be called that is that the police picked up Whiting so quickly because Sarah Payne's abduction bore all the hallmarks of the previous attack on their daughter.
'Our daughter rarely talks about what happened to her, and we don't like to pry for fear of dragging up all the memories,' says 37 year old Susan, an office administrator. 'We told her from the start "We are here for you if you want to talk", but she has rarely wanted to.
'We can't help but worry about the effect all this has had on her. She is very headstrong and rebellious replica van cleef and arpels turquoise alhambra necklace if you tell her something is black, she will tell you it is white.
'She is fiercely independent and acts as if she is invincible. It's almost as if she thinks: "No one can ever hurt me that way again."
Tom, 41, an airport worker adds: 'We don't know if she is simply being a normal teenager, or whether her behaviour is a result of what she went through. One minute she is gorgeous, and the next a fake van cleef long necklace complete monster.
'I'm not convinced we know the full details of what Whiting did to her. She has told us and the police only so much, because, we believe, she didn't want to upset us.
'All she will say is: "You don't know what it was like." I think she needs counselling, but you can't make her do anything she doesn't want to do.'
There is no doubt that the murder of Sarah Payne, and Whiting's conviction 18 months later, have forced the family to relive a nightmare they were only just beginning to put behind them. They also feel intensely the grief of Sarah's parents, Sara and Michael, whose daughter they know was not as lucky as theirs.
Anne, then aged nine, was still in bed when Susan, who also has a son two years older than her daughter, left for work that Saturday in 1995. The family car wouldn't start, so she had to take a taxi to her office instead.
'I phoned home at around 1pm and this man answered the phone. He said "Who are you?" and I replied: "Who are you?" I thought we'd been burgled and that the burglar had picked up the phone. Now, of course, I wish it had been that.
'The man on the end of the phone told me he was a police officer and said: "Something has happened where are you?" I immediately thought my husband had been in some kind of accident, but the officer wouldn't tell me anything. He said he would send a car to pick me up.
'That was the worst feeling in the world, sitting in my office for half an hour not knowing what had happened. My mind ran riot.
'On the journey home, I was told my daughter had been abducted. My first reaction was absolute anger. I kept demanding to know where she was, who had her, what had happened, but they couldn't tell me anything. By the time I got home, I was desperate. I thought I would never see my daughter again.
'They told me the police helicopter was out looking for her and they had set up roadblocks, but I thought: "How many children kidnapped by copy van cleef and arpels long necklace strangers are released?" I thought she had gone for ever.
'I could feel the panic rising and couldn't stop crying. I didn't know what to do. I phoned my husband, who was with some friends, and told him she was missing.
He rushed straight home. He was beside himself with anger and the sheer frustration of not being able to help her.'
That morning, Anne had set off to an indoor adventure playground with three girl friends and her elder brother, telling her father that she would be back at around 5pm.
At around lunchtime, however, she remembered a friend's birthday party she was supposed to be at and the four girls left together, refusing her brother's offer to walk them all home.
Having dropped off one girl, the remaining trio were walking back to the housing estate in Crawley where they lived when a man came rushing towards them and tried to bundle all three into a car. Two of the girls ducked under his arms, but he managed to grab hold of Anne's arms and throw her, twisting and screaming, into the back of the car, then drove off.
Her two friends ran to raise the alarm, but as Tom and Susan sat in the lounge of their three bedroom terrace house, surrounded by police officers, they could only imagine what terrors their daughter was going through and wonder whether they would see her alive again.
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Sidney schoolyard fire hall alarms parents
Saanich school district trustees will make recommendations March 4 regarding a proposal to locate Sidney's new emergency headquarters on the property of Sidney Elementary School. But worried parents are weighing in already.
"People are very concerned trustees are getting a lot of emails," said school district chairwoman Victoria Martin, adding that the final decision will not necessarily be made March 4.
But two committees finance and facilities, and educational directions will have looked closely at the initiative, which was unveiled to the board on Feb. 10.
The proposal involves the municipality buying the southern third of the nine acre property, about half the schoolyard. The area is overlooked by multi storey townhouses and condos on James White Boulevard. Ambulance services, the Peninsula Emergency Measures Organization, an RCMP school liaison officer and training facilities.
Sidney considered seven sites for a new fire hall. A drawing in the town's feasibility study shows four bays for fire trucks and three for ambulances. The vehicles would exit onto Seventh Street.
"My first instinct is that it's a very, very bad idea," said Heather Carley, mother of a kindergarten student at the school.
Carley, a member of the district wide parent advisory committee, said Martin has reassured parents that the district has agreed to nothing.
But the municipality would have been wise to specifically invite parents to its Feb. 2 meeting about the proposal rather than allowing them to "panic" at the idea of what might happen, she said.
Parents picking up their children at school this week sounded more con than van cleef and arpels long necklace knock off pro at the idea of emergency headquarters so close to an elementary school.
"I think it would be pretty disruptive for the kids," said mother Lauralee Mitchell, whose son is in Grade 4 at the school. "I understand it needs to be in a central space and there's not lot of land in Sidney, but I don't think this is the best spot."
She's not keen on the idea of emergency vehicles "flying" onto Seventh Street and said she would worry about children on the sidewalk crossing the exit for emergency vehicles.
"Doesn't sound like a good fake van cleef inspired necklace idea to me," added dad James Holliday, who was picking up his Grade 1 child.
He said the children about 300 students in kindergarten through Grade 5 attend the school need the field and the new headquarters would take up a lot of space. The feasibility drawing shows structures with an estimated size of 38,000 square feet.
Mother Jennifer Van Tankeren could see how the setup could be distracting, but noted her Grade 2 son would find it "super exciting."
"We need emergency services," she said.
Pam Dupont, whose children are in Grade 2 and 4, said some parents might find it a comfort to have emergency services so close to their kids.
There are precedents to schools next to emergency services, including South Park Elementary in James Bay, which is far closer to Victoria Fire Station No. 2 on Michigan Street.
But noise, disruption of teaching, the sense of safety and whether emergency services are appropriate on a site filled with young children need to be examined, Martin said.
Despite the time and energy the town has invested in its proposal, Martin said, the board needs to respond to the educational community. All school boards could use the money, but the board needs to consider what might be needed in 10 or 20 years, if the community grows, she said.
Sidney Mayor Steve Price has said that even a mild to medium earthquake in Sidney would destroy the current Third Street fire hall and likely incapacitate the town's first responders and their life saving equipment.
There are also concerns that the fire hall is too small. When it opened in 1989, the town had barely half the 12,000 residents it has today.
Moreover, 37 per cent of Sidney residents are over 65, meaning the town has a "markedly higher" number of at risk residents, noted a report to Sidney council by director of copy van cleef and arpels long necklace development Marlaina Elliott.
Saanich school district trustees will make recommendations March 4 regarding a proposal to locate Sidney's new emergency headquarters on the property of Sidney Elementary School. But worried parents are weighing in already.
"People are very concerned trustees are getting a lot of emails," said school district chairwoman Victoria Martin, adding that the final decision will not necessarily be made March 4.
But two committees finance and facilities, and educational directions will have looked closely at the initiative, which was unveiled to the board on Feb. 10.
The proposal involves the municipality buying the southern third of the nine acre property, about half the schoolyard. The area is overlooked by multi storey townhouses and condos on James White Boulevard. Ambulance services, the Peninsula Emergency Measures Organization, an RCMP school liaison officer and training facilities.
Sidney considered seven sites for a new fire hall. A drawing in the town's feasibility study shows four bays for fire trucks and three for ambulances. The vehicles would exit onto Seventh Street.
"My first instinct is that it's a very, very bad idea," said Heather Carley, mother of a kindergarten student at the school.
Carley, a member of the district wide parent advisory committee, said Martin has reassured parents that the district has agreed to nothing.
But the municipality would have been wise to specifically invite parents to its Feb. 2 meeting about the proposal rather than allowing them to "panic" at the idea of what might happen, she said.
Parents picking up their children at school this week sounded more con than van cleef and arpels long necklace knock off pro at the idea of emergency headquarters so close to an elementary school.
"I think it would be pretty disruptive for the kids," said mother Lauralee Mitchell, whose son is in Grade 4 at the school. "I understand it needs to be in a central space and there's not lot of land in Sidney, but I don't think this is the best spot."
She's not keen on the idea of emergency vehicles "flying" onto Seventh Street and said she would worry about children on the sidewalk crossing the exit for emergency vehicles.
"Doesn't sound like a good fake van cleef inspired necklace idea to me," added dad James Holliday, who was picking up his Grade 1 child.
He said the children about 300 students in kindergarten through Grade 5 attend the school need the field and the new headquarters would take up a lot of space. The feasibility drawing shows structures with an estimated size of 38,000 square feet.
Mother Jennifer Van Tankeren could see how the setup could be distracting, but noted her Grade 2 son would find it "super exciting."
"We need emergency services," she said.
Pam Dupont, whose children are in Grade 2 and 4, said some parents might find it a comfort to have emergency services so close to their kids.
There are precedents to schools next to emergency services, including South Park Elementary in James Bay, which is far closer to Victoria Fire Station No. 2 on Michigan Street.
But noise, disruption of teaching, the sense of safety and whether emergency services are appropriate on a site filled with young children need to be examined, Martin said.
Despite the time and energy the town has invested in its proposal, Martin said, the board needs to respond to the educational community. All school boards could use the money, but the board needs to consider what might be needed in 10 or 20 years, if the community grows, she said.
Sidney Mayor Steve Price has said that even a mild to medium earthquake in Sidney would destroy the current Third Street fire hall and likely incapacitate the town's first responders and their life saving equipment.
There are also concerns that the fire hall is too small. When it opened in 1989, the town had barely half the 12,000 residents it has today.
Moreover, 37 per cent of Sidney residents are over 65, meaning the town has a "markedly higher" number of at risk residents, noted a report to Sidney council by director of copy van cleef and arpels long necklace development Marlaina Elliott.