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Jordans 2017 athletes Mike Conley and Kemba Walker matched their team's new Statement uniforms with equally statement-making colorways of the Air Jordan 32. For Conley, a bright yellow Grizzlies-themed pairs, while Walker rocked a PE in Hornets teal and purple. A white-based Hornets colorway for Marcus Paige was also spotted earlier this month. Michael Jordan grew up in North Carolina making a name for himself at Laney High School and later at the University of North Carolina. After moving onto the NBA, Michael always showed his love for the state that raised him with everything from appearances in UNC Alumni games to UNC colorways of his signature shoes.
New Jordans 2016, Paired up with his new Jordan Brand x Charlotte Hornets "Statement" uniform, Kemba's Air Jordan 32 PE featured a teal Flyknit upper with touches of black on the laces, heel grooves, Jumpman on the midsole, and Wings logo on the tongue. Finishing off the Hornets vibes is a purple rubber outsole. While the team technically doesn't wear Nike — it's the only squad in the Association that rocks Jordan Brand thanks to the whole "they're owned by Michael Jordan" thing — the Hornets' classic uniforms are absolutely gorgeous and are a call back to when the team would wear all teal.
During last night's unveiling of the Nike NBA Statement uniforms, Cheap Jordans 2017 athletes Mike Conley and Kemba Walker were spotted in Air Jordan 32 PE team colorways. Not only did Mike Conley turn a few heads as night with his Air Jordan 32 Grizzlies PE, but fellow Jordan Brand athlete Kemba Walker also laced up a PE colorway of the Jordan 32. Conley's Air Jordan 32 features Yellow across the uppers while Light Blue accents are seen on the Jumpman logo and other small accents to represent the Memphis Grizzlies. Walker’s pair features Teal and Purple which represents the Hornets. Marcus Paige was also spotted in an exclusive Air Jordan 32 Charlotte Hornets PE which comes in White.
New Jordans 2016, Paired up with his new Jordan Brand x Charlotte Hornets "Statement" uniform, Kemba's Air Jordan 32 PE featured a teal Flyknit upper with touches of black on the laces, heel grooves, Jumpman on the midsole, and Wings logo on the tongue. Finishing off the Hornets vibes is a purple rubber outsole. While the team technically doesn't wear Nike — it's the only squad in the Association that rocks Jordan Brand thanks to the whole "they're owned by Michael Jordan" thing — the Hornets' classic uniforms are absolutely gorgeous and are a call back to when the team would wear all teal.
During last night's unveiling of the Nike NBA Statement uniforms, Cheap Jordans 2017 athletes Mike Conley and Kemba Walker were spotted in Air Jordan 32 PE team colorways. Not only did Mike Conley turn a few heads as night with his Air Jordan 32 Grizzlies PE, but fellow Jordan Brand athlete Kemba Walker also laced up a PE colorway of the Jordan 32. Conley's Air Jordan 32 features Yellow across the uppers while Light Blue accents are seen on the Jumpman logo and other small accents to represent the Memphis Grizzlies. Walker’s pair features Teal and Purple which represents the Hornets. Marcus Paige was also spotted in an exclusive Air Jordan 32 Charlotte Hornets PE which comes in White.
Slave Girl In Illinois
Girl with the HollyhocksIn many parts of the country there are local figures known through the lore of the area, but perhaps not so well known otherwise.
One such fascinating piece of local history relates to an Illinois Plains hamlet called Mulkeytown. This frontier village became the permanent residence of a girl born into slavery, forced to march The Trail of Tears, and then freed thanks to the intervention of a wealthy Southern Illinois farmer.
Slave GirlSlavery in the United States was not only the concern of its white residents. Native Americans held slaves as well, when their finances and living conditions allowed for it. Although historically Native Americans used captured enemies as slaves, they also occasionally kidnapped settlement children (raising them as their own), or purchased Africans outright as slaves. Into this world, in about 1824, a girl was born in the extreme western part of North Carolina where it meets Georgia and Tennessee. She was named Priscilla. Almost all historians note she was classified as a In the slave trade, blacks were categorized by how much African ancestry was van cleef and arpels clover necklace part of their genetics. Genetic descriptors like that were based upon the race of each contributing parent, and changed by factors copy Van Cleef & Arpels clover necklace of two with each generation. Thus, a person with a black father or mother but a second parent of a different race (a black person) was classified as a A one fourth black person was called a the product of a with another non black person. A further grade of (one eighth black) was imitation van cleef arpels clover necklace recognized as well. [As recently as the 1970s in Louisiana if one had as little as one sixteenth African blood in one current one was classified as by the state. It is certain the African part of her genetics came from her mother.
Almost all plantation owners spent time in the slave quarters, raping the female slaves. is the correct term for such activities. No slave woman could ever freely engage in any intercourse with her owner and the act not be termed as rape. These women had no power massa could have her beaten, maimed, separated from her children or husband (if she had one did), or even put to death.
Massa did not always have to use physical force, either implied imperiousness was threat enough for these women. Her inability to avoid any coercion qualifies these acts as rape. The same is true of Thomas Jefferson and his relationship to his female slave Sally Hemings. Although Jefferson genuinely cared for her, Sally powerlessness in the relationship meant any act of intercourse between her and Jefferson was rape, even if she willingly submitted. As a result of their more visits to the slave quarters, children were born to the slave women and white owners. Most owners, though not all, brought their half breed children into the Big House to work as house slaves. It is appalling to consider having one own child indentured in such a way, but that was the practice.
Priscilla lineage has also been described as three quarters Cherokee, though, and this is where her origins are murky. This implies she was descended from a Cherokee father and a mulatto (half black, half Cherokee mother). This means Priscilla mother was the product of a Cherokee male and an African female. It is a tantalizing look into societal dynamics to think of this, but it cannot be confirmed at this late date.
Priscilla quadroon status, however, meant in the world of slavery she was a higher priced commodity. The lighter skinned blacks were more desired to serve in Massa home and to tend his children. Some quadroons and almost all octoroons were termed sometimes as yella (meaning their skin tone was shaded toward a more pale tan color). Many of these for white later.
Priscilla was a just a slave girl, though, born into bondage with no status. Her early life is undocumented. She was certainly born into slavery, but it is believed she was sold, along with her mother, to another owner in about 1828 (when she was 4). She lived in the area known as the Cherokee Nation, a sovereign land (which they called New Echota) set up and initially recognized by the United States government as a homeland for the Cherokee people. This land covered the northwestern section of Georgia and sprawled into North Carolina and parts of Alabama.
The Gentleman Farmer from Illinois
While Priscilla was living her early childhood in slavery in North Carolina, a man named Barzilla Silkwood (born September 9, 1801) lived at the other end of the social strata in America. Barzilla was a very wealthy gentleman farmer in Southern Illinois.
He was married to a woman named Mariah (born July 23, 1798; died December 27, 1874). The Silkwoods had no children of their own, although Barzilla had nieces and nephews. [One nephew was also named Given the unusual name, it is probable he was named in honor of the elder Barzilla as a means of ingratiating his family into Silkwood good financial graces.] The childless Silkwoods fostered and adopted sixteen orphans over the years.
The main trail westward to St. Louis from Shawneetown, Illinois (on the Ohio River), ran right past the Silkwood property. This was a well traveled route known originally as the Shawneetown Kaskaskia Trail. [Kaskaskia, Illinois, was wiped off the map many years later when a major Mississippi River flood caused the river to permanently change course.]Credit: public domainBarzilla Silkwood built a very lucrative inn on the route in 1825 (originally a log cabin, then expanded in 1828 to grander proportions). It was first called Halfway House (because it was halfway between Shawneetown and St. Louis). Later, it became known as The Silkwood Inn. The inn had lodging accommodations for stagecoach and foot travelers, and was a popular place to stay on the Kaskaskia Trail.
Chief MassaBarzilla Silkwood business interests took him many places, and in 1837 he was traveling in the southeastern US. He stopped at a plantation in North Carolina near the Great Smokey Mountains. His stay was not brief; while there he met and became friendly with most of the plantation slaves. In particular he became enchanted by a pretty little quadroon girl who worked in the Big House named Priscilla. She was about 12 or 13 years old at the time, and Barzilla was completely taken by her.
He spent much leisure in watching the slave children play and gambol about. He was impressed by Priscilla (though it is almost certain her outward cheer was a put on for visitors). She became friendly with Barzilla, however, calling him Silkwood.
Silkwood left for his Illinois home with the memory of this delightful slave girl tucked securely away. Soon after he departed, the owner of Priscilla plantation died, and his slaves and properties were sold off at public auction. An Indian chief Rev. Jesse Bushyhead (1804 1844) of the Cherokee Nation lands in Georgia Priscilla.
This chief motivation for purchasing her can never be known. She has been described as pretty; in consideration of her maturation, he may have wanted her for a concubine. Or, he may merely have wanted her as a servant. Regardless, she was forced away from North Carolina to the Cherokee lands in Georgia as the slave of a Cherokee chief.
A poignant element of Priscilla story occurred just before she left her old plantation. She gathered up some hollyhock seeds to take along as a remembrance of her place of birth and early childhood. Settled into her new Georgia life, she planted these, and they took root.
Trail MarchPriscilla did not live in peace long in her new Cherokee sovereign homeland.
Gold had been discovered on the lands, and the state of Georgia had agitated to force the Cherokees out of the area. President Andrew Jackson finally signed the Indian Removal Act that would displace the Natives from Georgia. It was President Martin Van Buren, however, who marshaled US Army troops (over 7,000 of them) to force the 15,000 Cherokee Nation residents off their property in 1838.
In routing the Indians the US troops burned many of their homes and simply confiscated their possessions. The soldiers refused to wait for better weather before leaving Tennessee, and ended up marching the Indians through bitter cold starting in late 1838.
Although many died on the trail from exposure, the greater number of them had died before much distance had been traveled at all. The Cherokee Nation refugees had been given thin blankets to carry that had been used in a Tennessee small pox hospital. The pox burned through the group as they set out, and their contagious status meant no town or village along their travel route would allow them in. They had to walk many extra miles to go around settled areas.
Abuses were heaped upon them almost everywhere. When attempting to cross the Ohio River into Southern Illinois, the opportunistic ferry operator charged the Indians almost nine times the regular rate (a dollar, equal to about $22 today). Also, this operator only carried the Cherokee refugees after all other paying white passengers were processed. Some of the Natives, waiting on the Kentucky side for days, were murdered by locals.
Once into Illinois, they began moving westward.
When Worlds CollideWhen Priscilla new Cherokee owner was forced to start The Long Walk, she gathered up some of her hollyhock seeds and took them along.
The Cherokee Nation ambled through Southern Illinois during one of its coldest winters on record. Most were on foot, with threadbare clothing, in moccasins or shoeless. As the Cherokees were not welcome to camp in any town because of the small pox contagion, they passed through on their way to settle in a place of rest outside the Southern Illinois town of Jonesboro. This site is only a few miles east of the Mississippi River. They made camp along a creek in mid December 1838.
Barzilla Silkwood was in Jonesboro, Illinois (about 45 miles SSW of The Silkwood Inn), on or around December 15, 1838. His lodgings were at the town Willard Hotel, and one morning he stood outside the hotel as the Cherokee refugees passed through town on their way to make camp.
He spotted a girl about 13 or 14 years old pass by in the group. She looked familiar to him, andshe turned and seemed to recognize him as well. Somewhat further up the street she suddenly broke from the pack and ran back to the hotel where Silkwood stood. She asked if he was Silkwood; at that moment he recognized her as the slave girl he met the previous year in North Carolina.
Girl with the HollyhocksIn many parts of the country there are local figures known through the lore of the area, but perhaps not so well known otherwise.
One such fascinating piece of local history relates to an Illinois Plains hamlet called Mulkeytown. This frontier village became the permanent residence of a girl born into slavery, forced to march The Trail of Tears, and then freed thanks to the intervention of a wealthy Southern Illinois farmer.
Slave GirlSlavery in the United States was not only the concern of its white residents. Native Americans held slaves as well, when their finances and living conditions allowed for it. Although historically Native Americans used captured enemies as slaves, they also occasionally kidnapped settlement children (raising them as their own), or purchased Africans outright as slaves. Into this world, in about 1824, a girl was born in the extreme western part of North Carolina where it meets Georgia and Tennessee. She was named Priscilla. Almost all historians note she was classified as a In the slave trade, blacks were categorized by how much African ancestry was van cleef and arpels clover necklace part of their genetics. Genetic descriptors like that were based upon the race of each contributing parent, and changed by factors copy Van Cleef & Arpels clover necklace of two with each generation. Thus, a person with a black father or mother but a second parent of a different race (a black person) was classified as a A one fourth black person was called a the product of a with another non black person. A further grade of (one eighth black) was imitation van cleef arpels clover necklace recognized as well. [As recently as the 1970s in Louisiana if one had as little as one sixteenth African blood in one current one was classified as by the state. It is certain the African part of her genetics came from her mother.
Almost all plantation owners spent time in the slave quarters, raping the female slaves. is the correct term for such activities. No slave woman could ever freely engage in any intercourse with her owner and the act not be termed as rape. These women had no power massa could have her beaten, maimed, separated from her children or husband (if she had one did), or even put to death.
Massa did not always have to use physical force, either implied imperiousness was threat enough for these women. Her inability to avoid any coercion qualifies these acts as rape. The same is true of Thomas Jefferson and his relationship to his female slave Sally Hemings. Although Jefferson genuinely cared for her, Sally powerlessness in the relationship meant any act of intercourse between her and Jefferson was rape, even if she willingly submitted. As a result of their more visits to the slave quarters, children were born to the slave women and white owners. Most owners, though not all, brought their half breed children into the Big House to work as house slaves. It is appalling to consider having one own child indentured in such a way, but that was the practice.
Priscilla lineage has also been described as three quarters Cherokee, though, and this is where her origins are murky. This implies she was descended from a Cherokee father and a mulatto (half black, half Cherokee mother). This means Priscilla mother was the product of a Cherokee male and an African female. It is a tantalizing look into societal dynamics to think of this, but it cannot be confirmed at this late date.
Priscilla quadroon status, however, meant in the world of slavery she was a higher priced commodity. The lighter skinned blacks were more desired to serve in Massa home and to tend his children. Some quadroons and almost all octoroons were termed sometimes as yella (meaning their skin tone was shaded toward a more pale tan color). Many of these for white later.
Priscilla was a just a slave girl, though, born into bondage with no status. Her early life is undocumented. She was certainly born into slavery, but it is believed she was sold, along with her mother, to another owner in about 1828 (when she was 4). She lived in the area known as the Cherokee Nation, a sovereign land (which they called New Echota) set up and initially recognized by the United States government as a homeland for the Cherokee people. This land covered the northwestern section of Georgia and sprawled into North Carolina and parts of Alabama.
The Gentleman Farmer from Illinois
While Priscilla was living her early childhood in slavery in North Carolina, a man named Barzilla Silkwood (born September 9, 1801) lived at the other end of the social strata in America. Barzilla was a very wealthy gentleman farmer in Southern Illinois.
He was married to a woman named Mariah (born July 23, 1798; died December 27, 1874). The Silkwoods had no children of their own, although Barzilla had nieces and nephews. [One nephew was also named Given the unusual name, it is probable he was named in honor of the elder Barzilla as a means of ingratiating his family into Silkwood good financial graces.] The childless Silkwoods fostered and adopted sixteen orphans over the years.
The main trail westward to St. Louis from Shawneetown, Illinois (on the Ohio River), ran right past the Silkwood property. This was a well traveled route known originally as the Shawneetown Kaskaskia Trail. [Kaskaskia, Illinois, was wiped off the map many years later when a major Mississippi River flood caused the river to permanently change course.]Credit: public domainBarzilla Silkwood built a very lucrative inn on the route in 1825 (originally a log cabin, then expanded in 1828 to grander proportions). It was first called Halfway House (because it was halfway between Shawneetown and St. Louis). Later, it became known as The Silkwood Inn. The inn had lodging accommodations for stagecoach and foot travelers, and was a popular place to stay on the Kaskaskia Trail.
Chief MassaBarzilla Silkwood business interests took him many places, and in 1837 he was traveling in the southeastern US. He stopped at a plantation in North Carolina near the Great Smokey Mountains. His stay was not brief; while there he met and became friendly with most of the plantation slaves. In particular he became enchanted by a pretty little quadroon girl who worked in the Big House named Priscilla. She was about 12 or 13 years old at the time, and Barzilla was completely taken by her.
He spent much leisure in watching the slave children play and gambol about. He was impressed by Priscilla (though it is almost certain her outward cheer was a put on for visitors). She became friendly with Barzilla, however, calling him Silkwood.
Silkwood left for his Illinois home with the memory of this delightful slave girl tucked securely away. Soon after he departed, the owner of Priscilla plantation died, and his slaves and properties were sold off at public auction. An Indian chief Rev. Jesse Bushyhead (1804 1844) of the Cherokee Nation lands in Georgia Priscilla.
This chief motivation for purchasing her can never be known. She has been described as pretty; in consideration of her maturation, he may have wanted her for a concubine. Or, he may merely have wanted her as a servant. Regardless, she was forced away from North Carolina to the Cherokee lands in Georgia as the slave of a Cherokee chief.
A poignant element of Priscilla story occurred just before she left her old plantation. She gathered up some hollyhock seeds to take along as a remembrance of her place of birth and early childhood. Settled into her new Georgia life, she planted these, and they took root.
Trail MarchPriscilla did not live in peace long in her new Cherokee sovereign homeland.
Gold had been discovered on the lands, and the state of Georgia had agitated to force the Cherokees out of the area. President Andrew Jackson finally signed the Indian Removal Act that would displace the Natives from Georgia. It was President Martin Van Buren, however, who marshaled US Army troops (over 7,000 of them) to force the 15,000 Cherokee Nation residents off their property in 1838.
In routing the Indians the US troops burned many of their homes and simply confiscated their possessions. The soldiers refused to wait for better weather before leaving Tennessee, and ended up marching the Indians through bitter cold starting in late 1838.
Although many died on the trail from exposure, the greater number of them had died before much distance had been traveled at all. The Cherokee Nation refugees had been given thin blankets to carry that had been used in a Tennessee small pox hospital. The pox burned through the group as they set out, and their contagious status meant no town or village along their travel route would allow them in. They had to walk many extra miles to go around settled areas.
Abuses were heaped upon them almost everywhere. When attempting to cross the Ohio River into Southern Illinois, the opportunistic ferry operator charged the Indians almost nine times the regular rate (a dollar, equal to about $22 today). Also, this operator only carried the Cherokee refugees after all other paying white passengers were processed. Some of the Natives, waiting on the Kentucky side for days, were murdered by locals.
Once into Illinois, they began moving westward.
When Worlds CollideWhen Priscilla new Cherokee owner was forced to start The Long Walk, she gathered up some of her hollyhock seeds and took them along.
The Cherokee Nation ambled through Southern Illinois during one of its coldest winters on record. Most were on foot, with threadbare clothing, in moccasins or shoeless. As the Cherokees were not welcome to camp in any town because of the small pox contagion, they passed through on their way to settle in a place of rest outside the Southern Illinois town of Jonesboro. This site is only a few miles east of the Mississippi River. They made camp along a creek in mid December 1838.
Barzilla Silkwood was in Jonesboro, Illinois (about 45 miles SSW of The Silkwood Inn), on or around December 15, 1838. His lodgings were at the town Willard Hotel, and one morning he stood outside the hotel as the Cherokee refugees passed through town on their way to make camp.
He spotted a girl about 13 or 14 years old pass by in the group. She looked familiar to him, andshe turned and seemed to recognize him as well. Somewhat further up the street she suddenly broke from the pack and ran back to the hotel where Silkwood stood. She asked if he was Silkwood; at that moment he recognized her as the slave girl he met the previous year in North Carolina.
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When did the middle finger become offensive
extended her middle finger during Sunday night's Super Bowl halftime show. What does the gesture mean, and when did it become offensive?
A public intellectual, expressing his contempt for a gas bag politician, reaches for a familiar gesture. He extends his middle finger and declares: "This is the great demagogue."
The episode occurred not on a chat show nor in the salons of New York or London, but in 4th imitiaton hermes bags Century BC Athens, when the philosopher Diogenes told a group of visitors exactly what he thought about the orator Demosthenes, according to a later Greek historian.
The middle finger, extended with the other fingers held beneath the thumb, is thus documented to have expressed insult and belittlement for more replica hermes handbags outlet than two millennia.
'Phallic gesture'Ancient Greek philosophers, Latin poets hoping to sell copies of their works, soldiers, athletes and pop stars, schoolchildren, peevish policemen and skittish network executives have all been aware of the gesture's particular power to insult and inflame.
"It's one of the most ancient insult gestures known," says anthropologist Desmond Morris.
"The middle finger is the penis and the curled fingers on either side are the testicles. By doing it, you are offering someone a phallic gesture. extended the finger Different hermes bag fake during a performance of Madonna's Give Me All Your Luvin'.
The NFL and NBC television, which broadcast the game and the half time show, apologised.
"The obscene gesture in the performance was completely inappropriate," said Brian McCarthy, a spokesman for the NFL.
The gesture is widely known to Americans as flipping the bird, or just giving someone the finger.
The Romans had their own name for it: digitus impudicus the shameless, indecent or offensive finger.
In the Epigrammata of First Century AD by the Latin poet Martial, a character who has always enjoyed good health extends a finger, "the indecent one", at three doctors.
Monkeys' obscene gestureThe Roman historian Tacitus wrote that German tribesmen gave the middle finger to advancing Roman soldiers, says Thomas Conley, a professor emeritus of communication and classics at the University of Illinois, who has written about the rhetoric of insults.
Earlier, the Greeks used the middle finger as an explicit reference to the male genitalia.
In 419BC, the playwright Aristophanes puns in his comedy The Clouds about dactylic (finger) rhythm, with a character gesturing first with his middle finger and subsequently with his crotch.
The gesture's origins may extend even further back: male squirrel monkeys of South America are known to gesture with the erect penis, says Dr Morris.
The middle finger, which Dr Morris says probably arrived in the US with Italian immigrants, is documented in the US as early as 1886, when a pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters gave it in classic hermes bags fake a joint team photograph with the rival New York Giants.
Expression of 'displeasure'The French have their own phallic salute, says Dr Morris.
In performing the "bras d'honneur" (arm of honour), one raises the forearm with the back of the hand facing outward, while slapping or gripping the inside of the elbow with the other hand.
The British gesture the two fingered "v" with the palm facing inward is a "double phallus", Dr Morris quips.
Although scholars and historians continue to debate its origins, according to legend it was first displayed at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, although this is widely regarded as mythology.
The story goes that English soldiers waved their fingers at French soldiers who had threatened to cut off captured archers' first two fingers to prevent them shooting arrows. The English were thus boasting they were still capable of doing so.
The middle finger's offensive meaning seems to have overtaken cultural, linguistic and national boundaries and can now be seen at protests, on football pitches, and at rock concerts across the world.
In December, Liverpool striker Luis Suarez was photographed giving an American style middle finger to Fulham fans after his club's 1 0 loss there.
The FA cited him for improper conduct and suspended him for one game.
Protest, rage, excitementIn 2004, a Canadian MP from Calgary was accused of pointing his middle finger at a member from another party who he said had been heckling him in the House of Commons.
"I expressed my displeasure to him, let's put it this way," Deepak Obhrai told a Canadian newspaper.
Two years earlier, pop star Britney Spears gave the finger to a group of photographers in Mexico who she complained had been chasing her. Some of her fans thought the gesture was aimed at them, and Spears later apologised.
extended her middle finger during Sunday night's Super Bowl halftime show. What does the gesture mean, and when did it become offensive?
A public intellectual, expressing his contempt for a gas bag politician, reaches for a familiar gesture. He extends his middle finger and declares: "This is the great demagogue."
The episode occurred not on a chat show nor in the salons of New York or London, but in 4th imitiaton hermes bags Century BC Athens, when the philosopher Diogenes told a group of visitors exactly what he thought about the orator Demosthenes, according to a later Greek historian.
The middle finger, extended with the other fingers held beneath the thumb, is thus documented to have expressed insult and belittlement for more replica hermes handbags outlet than two millennia.
'Phallic gesture'Ancient Greek philosophers, Latin poets hoping to sell copies of their works, soldiers, athletes and pop stars, schoolchildren, peevish policemen and skittish network executives have all been aware of the gesture's particular power to insult and inflame.
"It's one of the most ancient insult gestures known," says anthropologist Desmond Morris.
"The middle finger is the penis and the curled fingers on either side are the testicles. By doing it, you are offering someone a phallic gesture. extended the finger Different hermes bag fake during a performance of Madonna's Give Me All Your Luvin'.
The NFL and NBC television, which broadcast the game and the half time show, apologised.
"The obscene gesture in the performance was completely inappropriate," said Brian McCarthy, a spokesman for the NFL.
The gesture is widely known to Americans as flipping the bird, or just giving someone the finger.
The Romans had their own name for it: digitus impudicus the shameless, indecent or offensive finger.
In the Epigrammata of First Century AD by the Latin poet Martial, a character who has always enjoyed good health extends a finger, "the indecent one", at three doctors.
Monkeys' obscene gestureThe Roman historian Tacitus wrote that German tribesmen gave the middle finger to advancing Roman soldiers, says Thomas Conley, a professor emeritus of communication and classics at the University of Illinois, who has written about the rhetoric of insults.
Earlier, the Greeks used the middle finger as an explicit reference to the male genitalia.
In 419BC, the playwright Aristophanes puns in his comedy The Clouds about dactylic (finger) rhythm, with a character gesturing first with his middle finger and subsequently with his crotch.
The gesture's origins may extend even further back: male squirrel monkeys of South America are known to gesture with the erect penis, says Dr Morris.
The middle finger, which Dr Morris says probably arrived in the US with Italian immigrants, is documented in the US as early as 1886, when a pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters gave it in classic hermes bags fake a joint team photograph with the rival New York Giants.
Expression of 'displeasure'The French have their own phallic salute, says Dr Morris.
In performing the "bras d'honneur" (arm of honour), one raises the forearm with the back of the hand facing outward, while slapping or gripping the inside of the elbow with the other hand.
The British gesture the two fingered "v" with the palm facing inward is a "double phallus", Dr Morris quips.
Although scholars and historians continue to debate its origins, according to legend it was first displayed at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, although this is widely regarded as mythology.
The story goes that English soldiers waved their fingers at French soldiers who had threatened to cut off captured archers' first two fingers to prevent them shooting arrows. The English were thus boasting they were still capable of doing so.
The middle finger's offensive meaning seems to have overtaken cultural, linguistic and national boundaries and can now be seen at protests, on football pitches, and at rock concerts across the world.
In December, Liverpool striker Luis Suarez was photographed giving an American style middle finger to Fulham fans after his club's 1 0 loss there.
The FA cited him for improper conduct and suspended him for one game.
Protest, rage, excitementIn 2004, a Canadian MP from Calgary was accused of pointing his middle finger at a member from another party who he said had been heckling him in the House of Commons.
"I expressed my displeasure to him, let's put it this way," Deepak Obhrai told a Canadian newspaper.
Two years earlier, pop star Britney Spears gave the finger to a group of photographers in Mexico who she complained had been chasing her. Some of her fans thought the gesture was aimed at them, and Spears later apologised.
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Will the election be hacked
A few weeks after Election Night 2002, Roxanne Jekot, a computer programmer who lives in a northeastern suburb of Atlanta, Ga., began fearing demons lingering in the state voting machines. The midterm election had been a historic one: Georgia became the first state to use electronic touch screen voting machines in every one of its precincts. The 51 year old Jekot, who has a grandmotherly bearing but describes herself as a computer geek, was initially excited about the new system.
thought it was the coolest thing we could have done, she says.
But the election also brought sweeping victories for Republicans, including, most stunningly, one for Sonny Perdue, who defeated Roy Barnes, the incumbent Democrat, to become Georgia first Republican governor in 135 years, while Rep. Saxby Chambliss upset Vietnam veteran Sen. Max Cleland. The convergence of these two developments the introduction of new voting machines and the surprising GOP wins began to eat away at Roxanne Jekot. Like many of her fellow angry Democrats on the Internet discussion forums she frequented, she had a hard time believing the Republicans won legitimately. Instead, Jekot began searching for her explanation in the source code used in the new voting machines.
What she found alarmed her. The machines were state of the art products from an Ohio company called Diebold. But the code which a friend of Jekot had found on the Internet was anything but flawless, Jekot says. It was amateurish and pocked with security problems. expected sophistication and some fairly difficult to understand advanced coding, Jekot said one evening this fall at a restaurant near her home. But she saw hodgepodge of commands thrown all over the source code, an indication, she said, that the programmers were careless. Along with technical commands, Diebold engineers had written English comments documenting the various functions their software performed and these comments my hair stand on end, Jekot said. The programmers would say things like doesn work because that doesn work and neither one of them work together. They seemed to know that their software was flawed.
To Jekot, there appeared to be method in the incompetence. Professional programmers could not be so sloppy; it had to be deliberate. specifically opened doors that need not be opened, Jekot said, suggesting the possibility that Diebold wanted to leave its voting machines open to fraud. And, ominously, the electronic voting systems used in Georgia, like most of the new machines installed in the United States since the 2000 election, do not produce a trail every vote cast in the state midterm election was recorded, tabulated, checked and stored by computers whose internal workings are owned by Diebold, a private corporation.
Jekot was particularly alarmed and outraged to learn that company CEO Walden O is one of the GOP biggest fundraisers in his home state of Ohio and nationally. Right after the Georgia elections, an O e mail began making the rounds of Web logs and other Internet sites that were tracking the Diebold security flaws, in which the CEO bragged that he to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year. What better way to deliver electoral votes for President Bush, some reasoned, than to control the equipment Americans use to cast their ballots?
believe that the 2002 election in Georgia was rigged, Jekot insists today. don believe that Saxby Chambliss or Sonny Perdue how much is a hermes handbag won their races legally.
Despite Jekot technical expertise, officials in Georgia consider her theories baseless. Roy Barnes, the defeated Democratic governor, says that blaming his loss on voting machines is And, to be sure, there is no evidence proving malfeasance, and there probably never will be. The only trouble is, the state cannot furnish any definitive evidence to show that the 2002 election was not fraudulent. Proving that the machines didn malfunction, or that they weren hacked, is impossible. And since scores of computer scientists say that voting systems are vulnerable to attack, and because activists have raised legitimate concerns about election equipment vendors politics and processes, Jekot fears have come to seem, to many, entirely reasonable.
Even a self described Christian arch conservative, former Diebold systems manager Rob Behler, says the company failed to adequately test its troubled equipment and balked when he warned them of widespread problems with the machines. Last summer, computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University found major security flaws in the Diebold machines, concluding that the Georgia system falls below even the most minimal security standards. And in January, experts at RABA Technologies, a consulting firm in Maryland, discovered additional failures in that state Diebold systems. Internal Diebold e mail shows that company engineers knew about the problems and in some instances chose to ignore them.
Some elections officials are beginning to see the profound dangers inherent in this process; California Secretary of State Kevin Shelley has ordered that all systems in his state implement a paper record by 2006. Activists hailed Shelley decision as evidence that he understands the fundamental principle at stake: Elections should be sacrosanct.
But on Election Day this November, more than 20 percent of American voters will cast their ballots on paperless electronic machines; voters across the nation will encounter them during the primaries. Critics of touch screen systems point to the controversy surrounding the vote in Georgia as a sign of things to come nationally. If there an upset in a close presidential race, will we be able to trust it? Ironically, the paperless systems were supposed to restore trust in a democracy that saw the presidency hang by a few thousand chads in Florida three years ago. In Georgia, and increasingly across the nation, Different hermes bag fake they in danger of doing quite the opposite.
Many in Georgia dismiss Jekot and her Web based acolytes as blinded partisans, conspiracy nuts, or even
But if you dismiss Roxanne Jekot as a wack job, you still have to deal with her friends. Jekot represents only the most strident quarter of an emerging national movement aimed at slowing the spread of the kind of touch screen systems that were first used in Georgia. While the movement counts as members some of the most shrill partisans on the Web, it also includes some of the most well regarded computer scientists in the world and together, these groups have been unexpectedly successful in changing the national perceptions of touch screen machines.
Until just about a year ago, these systems were considered the natural replacement to the punch card machines that so roiled the last presidential election. The new machines are easy to maintain, they can accommodate multiple languages, they can be imitiaton hermes bags used by people with disabilities, and they have the backing of influential groups like the League of Women Voters and the ACLU. The Help America Vote Act of 2002, which doles out a total of $650 million in federal money to state and local officials who upgrade their aging voting systems, has already prompted dozens of counties and a handful of states to deploy the touch screen systems.
The activists have upended the process. Fear of the voting machines is now a red meat issue not just for online lefties but also for libertarians, for many on the right, and, increasingly, for the establishment. National newspapers run Op Eds on the issue, network news shows feature the movement proponents, and officials like Shelley, in California, have been pressed to change their positions on the systems.
If you spend much time in the world of the activists, you understand why. In the fall, I sat with Jim March, an anti Diebold tech expert in Sacramento, Calif., while he showed me on his home PC how to steal an election. March, an ardent libertarian whose apartment is decorated with political posters Prefer an Unarmed Populace, one announces spent months investigating security flaws in touch screen systems. Thanks to his network of fellow geek activists, he found flaws in the system Diebold used to tally election results, a program called GEMS. The GEMS software runs on a standard PC that usually housed in a county election office. The system stores its votes in a format recognizable by Microsoft Access, a common office database program. If you got a copy of Access and can get physical access to the county machine or, some activists say, if you discover the county number and call into the machine over a phone line the vote is yours to steal.
While I sat at his computer, March helped me open a file containing actual results from a March 2002 primary election held in San Luis Obispo County, Calif. a file that March says would be accessible to anyone who worked in the county elections office on Election Day. Following March direction, I changed the vote count with a few clicks. Then, he explained how to alter the log, erasing all evidence that we tampered with the results. I saved the file. If it had been a real election, I would have been carrying out an electronic coup. It was a chilling realization.
The person who discovered the problems with the GEMS program she singularly responsible for almost every bit of attention recently paid to electronic voting machines, and for almost every juicy detail uncovered about the vote in Georgia is a middle aged publicist turned investigative journalist in Seattle named Bev Harris. Harris began thinking about voting machines in late 2002, when, after reading some claims on the Web that the election equipment firms were being infiltrated by foreign nationals, she decided, almost on a lark, to investigate the matter.
Harris had no journalistic experience, but she always harbored fantasies of uncovering something big. She turned out to be exceptionally talented at reporting. Within a few weeks of her investigation, she dug up many compelling nuggets. She found, for instance, that in the early 1990s, before he was elected to office, Sen. Chuck Hagel, the Nebraska Republican, served as the president of American Information Systems, the company that built most of the voting machines used in his state. Harris also discovered that Diebold, the firm that produced the machines used in Georgia, had left the software used to run its systems on a public server online. Harris downloaded these files and looked through them. She saw that she had the company source code as well as several other curiously named files one, for example, was called
Before Bev Harris found the files used in Georgia, the software in the machines had essentially been secret. When the computing public got a peek at the files Harris found, experts were not kind.
In July, a team of four computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University announced that they uncovered major security flaws in the machines used in Georgia elections. analysis shows that this voting system is far below even the most minimal security standards applicable in other contexts, the team wrote. Diebold has long boasted that votes in its system are stored in an encrypted manner, hidden to anyone who didn have a valid password; the computer scientists found that Diebold programmers left the to decrypt the votes written into the code, which is a bit like locking your door and placing the key on the welcome mat. The Hopkins/Rice scientists also said that they saw no adequate mechanism to prevent voters from casting multiple ballots, viewing partial election results, or terminating an election early.
On Jan. 19, a team of computer scientists working with RABA Technologies set up a red team exercise a one day attempt to hack into Diebold machines configured as they would be on Election Day. They were successful. In a short time, the hackers managed to guess the passwords securing the voting system, allowing them to cast multiple ballots. They found that with a standard lock pick set, they could inconspicuously open up each machine sometimes in less than 10 seconds and remove or attach various pieces of hardware, letting them erase or change replica hermes handbags outlet electronic ballots. They concluded that Diebold touch screen machines contain security risks, and they suggested that Maryland put in place stringent safeguards before its March 2 primary, and that the state overhaul the system before the presidential election.
Diebold fiercely disputes that its technology is vulnerable to attacks. Mark Radke, a spokesman for Diebold, says that the RABA study pointed out some areas in which Maryland could improve its voting procedures, and he pleased that Maryland is instituting those changes. As for the Hopkins study, Radke says the scientists who looked at the system erred in their assessment by examining only a small bit of the code and by neglecting the and balances that occur in an actual election. He pointed to a study of the company system that was performed by Science Applications International Corp., a consulting firm, at the behest of the state of Maryland. The SAIC report gives Diebold a clean bill of health, and Georgia officials say it proves their system is safe. (The study is available here in PDF format.)
There is no evidence that someone tampered with the votes in Georgia. But certainly it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that someone could do so in the future. The history of American democracy is replete with allegations of vote fixing and stolen elections from Rutherford Hayes disputed victory over Samuel Tilden in 1876 to Illinois in 1960 (there were vote fraud allegations against both Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy) to the Florida debacle in 2000. Leaving the security of such a crucial government function in the hands of private companies motivated primarily by a desire to make a quick buck seems like a loopy idea to many people. And the more one listens to the activists complaints about how Diebold does business, the more one comes to understand their worries about election security.
Bev Harris says that in August, a former employee at Diebold handed her a trove of documents from the company, representing years of discussions on an internal company Web site. In one e mail, Ken Clark, a programmer at the company, acknowledges that vote data can be viewed with Microsoft Access, but he says that fixing the problem will be difficult, and it would be easier to feel out the testing labs and out what it is going to take to make them happy. In another e mail, Clark recommends to his co workers that if the state of Maryland which has also purchased the company touch screen machines decides to require a paper trail in its voting systems, the company should exact a high price for the required upgrades. Diebold should charge Maryland the yin, Clark wrote. In yet another e mail, Clark does an impression of how voters in Georgia might react to touch screen machines: votin thingamajig sure looks purdy, he writes. office. While the company concedes that the memos are authentic, it disputes Harris claim that the files came from a Diebold employee. Instead, says Mark Radke, Diebold computers were hacked. The firm initially threatened to sue people who posted the files on the Web, but it has backed off that threat.)
In the spring of 2003, Harris received an e mail that read, think I may be the Rob in rob georgia. The message was from Rob Behler, a laid off telecom worker who found a contract job at Diebold Atlanta warehouse in the summer before the midterm election. Behler, a friendly fellow in his 30s who speaks with a disarming Southern drawl, paints a disastrously unflattering picture of the company that provided his state with its voting equipment. He told Harris that his time at Diebold was marked by confusion and chaos, a month of 16 hour days in which he did nothing but fix broken machines, broken management techniques, and deal with incompetent people.
On his first day on the job, Behler, who had never worked on election systems before, was promoted to a manager position and put in charge of the team assembling, testing and deploying all of the voting machines in the state. He says that when he checked the machines that employees had been assembling for months, he discovered that large numbers of them were defective.
During the few weeks that followed, Behler spent his time fixing the machines. He says that each time he discovered a new problem with the systems, he would call up the tech experts at Diebold, and they would determine a way to fix it. we just tell them we updating? Behler wondered in the meeting. like, no, no, no, no, you can do that. It has to be certified. And I say, So we don want them to know that we fixing a problem? So I was like, we can tell them that we doing a quality check and that we making sure that they all the same. And that exactly what we did.
A few weeks after Election Night 2002, Roxanne Jekot, a computer programmer who lives in a northeastern suburb of Atlanta, Ga., began fearing demons lingering in the state voting machines. The midterm election had been a historic one: Georgia became the first state to use electronic touch screen voting machines in every one of its precincts. The 51 year old Jekot, who has a grandmotherly bearing but describes herself as a computer geek, was initially excited about the new system.
thought it was the coolest thing we could have done, she says.
But the election also brought sweeping victories for Republicans, including, most stunningly, one for Sonny Perdue, who defeated Roy Barnes, the incumbent Democrat, to become Georgia first Republican governor in 135 years, while Rep. Saxby Chambliss upset Vietnam veteran Sen. Max Cleland. The convergence of these two developments the introduction of new voting machines and the surprising GOP wins began to eat away at Roxanne Jekot. Like many of her fellow angry Democrats on the Internet discussion forums she frequented, she had a hard time believing the Republicans won legitimately. Instead, Jekot began searching for her explanation in the source code used in the new voting machines.
What she found alarmed her. The machines were state of the art products from an Ohio company called Diebold. But the code which a friend of Jekot had found on the Internet was anything but flawless, Jekot says. It was amateurish and pocked with security problems. expected sophistication and some fairly difficult to understand advanced coding, Jekot said one evening this fall at a restaurant near her home. But she saw hodgepodge of commands thrown all over the source code, an indication, she said, that the programmers were careless. Along with technical commands, Diebold engineers had written English comments documenting the various functions their software performed and these comments my hair stand on end, Jekot said. The programmers would say things like doesn work because that doesn work and neither one of them work together. They seemed to know that their software was flawed.
To Jekot, there appeared to be method in the incompetence. Professional programmers could not be so sloppy; it had to be deliberate. specifically opened doors that need not be opened, Jekot said, suggesting the possibility that Diebold wanted to leave its voting machines open to fraud. And, ominously, the electronic voting systems used in Georgia, like most of the new machines installed in the United States since the 2000 election, do not produce a trail every vote cast in the state midterm election was recorded, tabulated, checked and stored by computers whose internal workings are owned by Diebold, a private corporation.
Jekot was particularly alarmed and outraged to learn that company CEO Walden O is one of the GOP biggest fundraisers in his home state of Ohio and nationally. Right after the Georgia elections, an O e mail began making the rounds of Web logs and other Internet sites that were tracking the Diebold security flaws, in which the CEO bragged that he to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year. What better way to deliver electoral votes for President Bush, some reasoned, than to control the equipment Americans use to cast their ballots?
believe that the 2002 election in Georgia was rigged, Jekot insists today. don believe that Saxby Chambliss or Sonny Perdue how much is a hermes handbag won their races legally.
Despite Jekot technical expertise, officials in Georgia consider her theories baseless. Roy Barnes, the defeated Democratic governor, says that blaming his loss on voting machines is And, to be sure, there is no evidence proving malfeasance, and there probably never will be. The only trouble is, the state cannot furnish any definitive evidence to show that the 2002 election was not fraudulent. Proving that the machines didn malfunction, or that they weren hacked, is impossible. And since scores of computer scientists say that voting systems are vulnerable to attack, and because activists have raised legitimate concerns about election equipment vendors politics and processes, Jekot fears have come to seem, to many, entirely reasonable.
Even a self described Christian arch conservative, former Diebold systems manager Rob Behler, says the company failed to adequately test its troubled equipment and balked when he warned them of widespread problems with the machines. Last summer, computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University found major security flaws in the Diebold machines, concluding that the Georgia system falls below even the most minimal security standards. And in January, experts at RABA Technologies, a consulting firm in Maryland, discovered additional failures in that state Diebold systems. Internal Diebold e mail shows that company engineers knew about the problems and in some instances chose to ignore them.
Some elections officials are beginning to see the profound dangers inherent in this process; California Secretary of State Kevin Shelley has ordered that all systems in his state implement a paper record by 2006. Activists hailed Shelley decision as evidence that he understands the fundamental principle at stake: Elections should be sacrosanct.
But on Election Day this November, more than 20 percent of American voters will cast their ballots on paperless electronic machines; voters across the nation will encounter them during the primaries. Critics of touch screen systems point to the controversy surrounding the vote in Georgia as a sign of things to come nationally. If there an upset in a close presidential race, will we be able to trust it? Ironically, the paperless systems were supposed to restore trust in a democracy that saw the presidency hang by a few thousand chads in Florida three years ago. In Georgia, and increasingly across the nation, Different hermes bag fake they in danger of doing quite the opposite.
Many in Georgia dismiss Jekot and her Web based acolytes as blinded partisans, conspiracy nuts, or even
But if you dismiss Roxanne Jekot as a wack job, you still have to deal with her friends. Jekot represents only the most strident quarter of an emerging national movement aimed at slowing the spread of the kind of touch screen systems that were first used in Georgia. While the movement counts as members some of the most shrill partisans on the Web, it also includes some of the most well regarded computer scientists in the world and together, these groups have been unexpectedly successful in changing the national perceptions of touch screen machines.
Until just about a year ago, these systems were considered the natural replacement to the punch card machines that so roiled the last presidential election. The new machines are easy to maintain, they can accommodate multiple languages, they can be imitiaton hermes bags used by people with disabilities, and they have the backing of influential groups like the League of Women Voters and the ACLU. The Help America Vote Act of 2002, which doles out a total of $650 million in federal money to state and local officials who upgrade their aging voting systems, has already prompted dozens of counties and a handful of states to deploy the touch screen systems.
The activists have upended the process. Fear of the voting machines is now a red meat issue not just for online lefties but also for libertarians, for many on the right, and, increasingly, for the establishment. National newspapers run Op Eds on the issue, network news shows feature the movement proponents, and officials like Shelley, in California, have been pressed to change their positions on the systems.
If you spend much time in the world of the activists, you understand why. In the fall, I sat with Jim March, an anti Diebold tech expert in Sacramento, Calif., while he showed me on his home PC how to steal an election. March, an ardent libertarian whose apartment is decorated with political posters Prefer an Unarmed Populace, one announces spent months investigating security flaws in touch screen systems. Thanks to his network of fellow geek activists, he found flaws in the system Diebold used to tally election results, a program called GEMS. The GEMS software runs on a standard PC that usually housed in a county election office. The system stores its votes in a format recognizable by Microsoft Access, a common office database program. If you got a copy of Access and can get physical access to the county machine or, some activists say, if you discover the county number and call into the machine over a phone line the vote is yours to steal.
While I sat at his computer, March helped me open a file containing actual results from a March 2002 primary election held in San Luis Obispo County, Calif. a file that March says would be accessible to anyone who worked in the county elections office on Election Day. Following March direction, I changed the vote count with a few clicks. Then, he explained how to alter the log, erasing all evidence that we tampered with the results. I saved the file. If it had been a real election, I would have been carrying out an electronic coup. It was a chilling realization.
The person who discovered the problems with the GEMS program she singularly responsible for almost every bit of attention recently paid to electronic voting machines, and for almost every juicy detail uncovered about the vote in Georgia is a middle aged publicist turned investigative journalist in Seattle named Bev Harris. Harris began thinking about voting machines in late 2002, when, after reading some claims on the Web that the election equipment firms were being infiltrated by foreign nationals, she decided, almost on a lark, to investigate the matter.
Harris had no journalistic experience, but she always harbored fantasies of uncovering something big. She turned out to be exceptionally talented at reporting. Within a few weeks of her investigation, she dug up many compelling nuggets. She found, for instance, that in the early 1990s, before he was elected to office, Sen. Chuck Hagel, the Nebraska Republican, served as the president of American Information Systems, the company that built most of the voting machines used in his state. Harris also discovered that Diebold, the firm that produced the machines used in Georgia, had left the software used to run its systems on a public server online. Harris downloaded these files and looked through them. She saw that she had the company source code as well as several other curiously named files one, for example, was called
Before Bev Harris found the files used in Georgia, the software in the machines had essentially been secret. When the computing public got a peek at the files Harris found, experts were not kind.
In July, a team of four computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University announced that they uncovered major security flaws in the machines used in Georgia elections. analysis shows that this voting system is far below even the most minimal security standards applicable in other contexts, the team wrote. Diebold has long boasted that votes in its system are stored in an encrypted manner, hidden to anyone who didn have a valid password; the computer scientists found that Diebold programmers left the to decrypt the votes written into the code, which is a bit like locking your door and placing the key on the welcome mat. The Hopkins/Rice scientists also said that they saw no adequate mechanism to prevent voters from casting multiple ballots, viewing partial election results, or terminating an election early.
On Jan. 19, a team of computer scientists working with RABA Technologies set up a red team exercise a one day attempt to hack into Diebold machines configured as they would be on Election Day. They were successful. In a short time, the hackers managed to guess the passwords securing the voting system, allowing them to cast multiple ballots. They found that with a standard lock pick set, they could inconspicuously open up each machine sometimes in less than 10 seconds and remove or attach various pieces of hardware, letting them erase or change replica hermes handbags outlet electronic ballots. They concluded that Diebold touch screen machines contain security risks, and they suggested that Maryland put in place stringent safeguards before its March 2 primary, and that the state overhaul the system before the presidential election.
Diebold fiercely disputes that its technology is vulnerable to attacks. Mark Radke, a spokesman for Diebold, says that the RABA study pointed out some areas in which Maryland could improve its voting procedures, and he pleased that Maryland is instituting those changes. As for the Hopkins study, Radke says the scientists who looked at the system erred in their assessment by examining only a small bit of the code and by neglecting the and balances that occur in an actual election. He pointed to a study of the company system that was performed by Science Applications International Corp., a consulting firm, at the behest of the state of Maryland. The SAIC report gives Diebold a clean bill of health, and Georgia officials say it proves their system is safe. (The study is available here in PDF format.)
There is no evidence that someone tampered with the votes in Georgia. But certainly it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that someone could do so in the future. The history of American democracy is replete with allegations of vote fixing and stolen elections from Rutherford Hayes disputed victory over Samuel Tilden in 1876 to Illinois in 1960 (there were vote fraud allegations against both Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy) to the Florida debacle in 2000. Leaving the security of such a crucial government function in the hands of private companies motivated primarily by a desire to make a quick buck seems like a loopy idea to many people. And the more one listens to the activists complaints about how Diebold does business, the more one comes to understand their worries about election security.
Bev Harris says that in August, a former employee at Diebold handed her a trove of documents from the company, representing years of discussions on an internal company Web site. In one e mail, Ken Clark, a programmer at the company, acknowledges that vote data can be viewed with Microsoft Access, but he says that fixing the problem will be difficult, and it would be easier to feel out the testing labs and out what it is going to take to make them happy. In another e mail, Clark recommends to his co workers that if the state of Maryland which has also purchased the company touch screen machines decides to require a paper trail in its voting systems, the company should exact a high price for the required upgrades. Diebold should charge Maryland the yin, Clark wrote. In yet another e mail, Clark does an impression of how voters in Georgia might react to touch screen machines: votin thingamajig sure looks purdy, he writes. office. While the company concedes that the memos are authentic, it disputes Harris claim that the files came from a Diebold employee. Instead, says Mark Radke, Diebold computers were hacked. The firm initially threatened to sue people who posted the files on the Web, but it has backed off that threat.)
In the spring of 2003, Harris received an e mail that read, think I may be the Rob in rob georgia. The message was from Rob Behler, a laid off telecom worker who found a contract job at Diebold Atlanta warehouse in the summer before the midterm election. Behler, a friendly fellow in his 30s who speaks with a disarming Southern drawl, paints a disastrously unflattering picture of the company that provided his state with its voting equipment. He told Harris that his time at Diebold was marked by confusion and chaos, a month of 16 hour days in which he did nothing but fix broken machines, broken management techniques, and deal with incompetent people.
On his first day on the job, Behler, who had never worked on election systems before, was promoted to a manager position and put in charge of the team assembling, testing and deploying all of the voting machines in the state. He says that when he checked the machines that employees had been assembling for months, he discovered that large numbers of them were defective.
During the few weeks that followed, Behler spent his time fixing the machines. He says that each time he discovered a new problem with the systems, he would call up the tech experts at Diebold, and they would determine a way to fix it. we just tell them we updating? Behler wondered in the meeting. like, no, no, no, no, you can do that. It has to be certified. And I say, So we don want them to know that we fixing a problem? So I was like, we can tell them that we doing a quality check and that we making sure that they all the same. And that exactly what we did.
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scoffs at Vancouver mayor
While "The Donald" moved ever closer to being "The Nominee," another Donald was landing in Vancouver.
Donald Trump Jr. left the campaign trail and travelled here just as his father became the presumptive Republican Party presidential nominee after a victory in the Indiana primary forced Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their campaigns.
The magnate eldest son was in town on Thursday to visit, vet and, of course, "Trump" the shiny new Trump International Hotel and Tower in downtown Vancouver, which is to be up and running by the end of August.
In true Trump fashion, the son echoed the father's voice when Frivole necklace replica it came to assessing the quick, successful sale of the residential part of the project, which put $363 million into Holborn Development coffers.
not surprised because I have seen us do this time and time again, Trump Jr., wearing a blue blazer, checked monogrammed dress shirt, jeans and dusty black running shoes, said as he sat in a downtown boardroom.
The sales come on the Van Cleef & Arpels necklace imitation heels of you guessed it a very successful build.
budget and ahead of schedule it the only way we do things, said Trump.
The hotel will be run by the Trump Organization, and will hire 300 employees from a pool of a purported 10,000 resumes.
"When you have the accolades we been able to aggregate as a hotel company, I think (potential employees) see that as a good catapult for their careers, said Trump.
As for the controversy a few months back when Mayor Gregor Robertson sent a letter and a petition with 50,000 signatures asking Holborn Development to dump the Trump name over his remarks about Mexicans, women and Muslims, Trump Jr. said: "That's just the nature of politics."
days, when you get into politics, there is a lot of faux outrage that is created. politics. Jr. said that his father is speaking for Americans who want an accountable immigration policy and an fake Van Cleef & Arpels butterfly necklace diamonds end to debt and influence by special interest groups.
"Politicians usually don have the guts to have an original thought or to actually challenge the system and I think my father has changed that," said Trump Jr. "He has given a voice to a lot of people who haven had a voice, who haven had the benefits of his soap box, which is rather large. That why he has won more votes on the GOP side in the history of any politician in a GOP primary."
So who is voting for his dad? It's been said that, and footage from the rallies back it up, the Trump voter is an angry white guy. So what are they so angry about?
think it is a convenient sound bite," said Trump Jr. "I think (the left) try to make everything about race today. You can say anything without being called a racist.
"You have to be able to have dialogue, you have to be able to talk about it. We should be enforcing immigration laws actually understand who is coming into our country.
"I can come into Canada without going through a process. that racist. No, it not. You have to talk about it."
Trump Jr., a father of five kids under the age of nine, isn't rushing back to the campaign trail to stump for dad. downtime first. have spent a lot of time here and the Yukon. I a big outdoorsman, big fisherman, all that stuff. I spent a lot of time camping in Canada. also an outdoorsman who has spent time hunting in Africa. Social media users may have come across photos of him holding a severed elephant's tail and posing with his brother and a dead cheetah.
But he's a Trump, and it's clear one of the family mottoes is to make no apologies.
an outdoorsman. I a hunter. What started up as an uproar is, we went over to Zimbabwe and we weren't poaching. We were doing everything legally. We are big hunters and we big conservationists. All the public land we have in America all started because of hunters, so that is an important thing."
Trump Jr. said he's not afraid of the increased attacks that will come now that his father is the presumptive Republican nominee.
"Yes, we be scrutinized but, honestly, when the establishment candidates and a candidate with Hillary track record, when they start attacking you and they show how scared they are of you, that a good thing," he said.
While "The Donald" moved ever closer to being "The Nominee," another Donald was landing in Vancouver.
Donald Trump Jr. left the campaign trail and travelled here just as his father became the presumptive Republican Party presidential nominee after a victory in the Indiana primary forced Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their campaigns.
The magnate eldest son was in town on Thursday to visit, vet and, of course, "Trump" the shiny new Trump International Hotel and Tower in downtown Vancouver, which is to be up and running by the end of August.
In true Trump fashion, the son echoed the father's voice when Frivole necklace replica it came to assessing the quick, successful sale of the residential part of the project, which put $363 million into Holborn Development coffers.
not surprised because I have seen us do this time and time again, Trump Jr., wearing a blue blazer, checked monogrammed dress shirt, jeans and dusty black running shoes, said as he sat in a downtown boardroom.
The sales come on the Van Cleef & Arpels necklace imitation heels of you guessed it a very successful build.
budget and ahead of schedule it the only way we do things, said Trump.
The hotel will be run by the Trump Organization, and will hire 300 employees from a pool of a purported 10,000 resumes.
"When you have the accolades we been able to aggregate as a hotel company, I think (potential employees) see that as a good catapult for their careers, said Trump.
As for the controversy a few months back when Mayor Gregor Robertson sent a letter and a petition with 50,000 signatures asking Holborn Development to dump the Trump name over his remarks about Mexicans, women and Muslims, Trump Jr. said: "That's just the nature of politics."
days, when you get into politics, there is a lot of faux outrage that is created. politics. Jr. said that his father is speaking for Americans who want an accountable immigration policy and an fake Van Cleef & Arpels butterfly necklace diamonds end to debt and influence by special interest groups.
"Politicians usually don have the guts to have an original thought or to actually challenge the system and I think my father has changed that," said Trump Jr. "He has given a voice to a lot of people who haven had a voice, who haven had the benefits of his soap box, which is rather large. That why he has won more votes on the GOP side in the history of any politician in a GOP primary."
So who is voting for his dad? It's been said that, and footage from the rallies back it up, the Trump voter is an angry white guy. So what are they so angry about?
think it is a convenient sound bite," said Trump Jr. "I think (the left) try to make everything about race today. You can say anything without being called a racist.
"You have to be able to have dialogue, you have to be able to talk about it. We should be enforcing immigration laws actually understand who is coming into our country.
"I can come into Canada without going through a process. that racist. No, it not. You have to talk about it."
Trump Jr., a father of five kids under the age of nine, isn't rushing back to the campaign trail to stump for dad. downtime first. have spent a lot of time here and the Yukon. I a big outdoorsman, big fisherman, all that stuff. I spent a lot of time camping in Canada. also an outdoorsman who has spent time hunting in Africa. Social media users may have come across photos of him holding a severed elephant's tail and posing with his brother and a dead cheetah.
But he's a Trump, and it's clear one of the family mottoes is to make no apologies.
an outdoorsman. I a hunter. What started up as an uproar is, we went over to Zimbabwe and we weren't poaching. We were doing everything legally. We are big hunters and we big conservationists. All the public land we have in America all started because of hunters, so that is an important thing."
Trump Jr. said he's not afraid of the increased attacks that will come now that his father is the presumptive Republican nominee.
"Yes, we be scrutinized but, honestly, when the establishment candidates and a candidate with Hillary track record, when they start attacking you and they show how scared they are of you, that a good thing," he said.
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Vans skate shoes, like most other things these days, began with the dream of one person. This person was Paul Van Doren, and with his dream of manufacturing shoes and selling them directly to the public.
Paul Van Doren actually began to make sneakers when he worked in a factory on the east cost. He also teamed up with people who had experience in the business of making shoes. They were Jim Van Doren, Gordy Lee, and Serge D'Elia. Unfortunately none of them actually had any experience van cleef alhambra mother of necklace imitation in retail.
Despite that little setback they managed to open their first store in the year of 1966 on the 15 of March. That was the very first Vans Shoe store and it was located on 704 east Broadway in Anaheim, California. At this point they only offered three styles of shoes. They were priced at $2.49, $4.49, and $4.99 but they were sold as display only shoes.
The very first day that they were open they got 12 costumers. Since they didn't actually have that many shoes they asked the costumers to come back later in the afternoon and then rushed into their factory and made each of the selected shoes. There was one little problem. When each of the 12 costumers came to pay for their newly made shoes they needed change, and since nobody on their group had retail experience replica Van Cleef & Arpels butterfly necklace they didn't actually expect this, so they gave the costumers their shoes and asked them to come back later and pay. Luckily fir them, all 12 of their costumers were good honest people who did indeed come back to pay for their shoes.
In the beginning the Vans shoes had a diamond patter sole, however it was quickly found that that case them to crack around the balls of the outside easily that way. They didn't lie this, so they decided to try something different. It was decided that the ball area would have vertical lines added so that the shoe would be stronger and able to handle more. The waffled like sole design of Vans shoes set theirs apart from others.
In the year 1976 skateboarders began to use Vans shoes as skate shoes. On March 19th of that year the very first Vans skate shoes were designed and made. The were the Vans Era and they were in red and blue. The pro skaters Tony Alva and Stacey Peralta are the designers of these early Vans skate shoes. Pretty soon there were new colors and even slip on Vans skate shoes, and they became the latest craze of California. And, after the nation saw Jeff Spicoli the Californian surfer dude wearing a pair of their checkered slip on Vans Skate shoes during the movie "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" they were a must have across the United States.
Vans skate shoes, like most other things these days, began with the dream of one person. This person was Paul Van Doren, and with his dream of manufacturing shoes and selling them directly to the public.
Paul Van Doren actually began to make sneakers when he worked in a factory on the east cost. He also teamed up with people who had experience in the business of making shoes. They were Jim Van Doren, Gordy Lee, and Serge D'Elia. Unfortunately none of them actually had any experience van cleef alhambra mother of necklace imitation in retail.
Despite that little setback they managed to open their first store in the year of 1966 on the 15 of March. That was the very first Vans Shoe store and it was located on 704 east Broadway in Anaheim, California. At this point they only offered three styles of shoes. They were priced at $2.49, $4.49, and $4.99 but they were sold as display only shoes.
The very first day that they were open they got 12 costumers. Since they didn't actually have that many shoes they asked the costumers to come back later in the afternoon and then rushed into their factory and made each of the selected shoes. There was one little problem. When each of the 12 costumers came to pay for their newly made shoes they needed change, and since nobody on their group had retail experience replica Van Cleef & Arpels butterfly necklace they didn't actually expect this, so they gave the costumers their shoes and asked them to come back later and pay. Luckily fir them, all 12 of their costumers were good honest people who did indeed come back to pay for their shoes.
In the beginning the Vans shoes had a diamond patter sole, however it was quickly found that that case them to crack around the balls of the outside easily that way. They didn't lie this, so they decided to try something different. It was decided that the ball area would have vertical lines added so that the shoe would be stronger and able to handle more. The waffled like sole design of Vans shoes set theirs apart from others.
In the year 1976 skateboarders began to use Vans shoes as skate shoes. On March 19th of that year the very first Vans skate shoes were designed and made. The were the Vans Era and they were in red and blue. The pro skaters Tony Alva and Stacey Peralta are the designers of these early Vans skate shoes. Pretty soon there were new colors and even slip on Vans skate shoes, and they became the latest craze of California. And, after the nation saw Jeff Spicoli the Californian surfer dude wearing a pair of their checkered slip on Vans Skate shoes during the movie "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" they were a must have across the United States.
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Why So Many Women Are Ditching Their Underwear
It seems that I've been Sharon Van Winkle, snoozing for years and suddenly waking to a world where a lot of women have ditched their underwear. Commando appears to be en vogue and some of my girlfriends, people in my 45 54 demographic, are choosing to go sans panties.I grew up with Brooke Shields. I didn't know her personally, but we were two years apart in age, we both grew up in New Jersey, we both sported bushy eyebrows on our adolescent faces. In 1980, Brooke asked, "Want to know what comes between me and my Calvins?" and then she answered, "Nothing." It was effective advertising, because I took to buying Calvin Klein underwear.Flash forward a few decades and though my preferred brand has changed I wear underwear. All. The. Time. I'm a big fan of Soma's bikini Vanishing Edge underwear so there is nothing granny about my replica hermes handbags outlet panties. They're my daily accessory.Sharon Van Winkle discovered that's not the case for everyone.During the past year, three different friends have given me their undie busting advice. Panty Raider Number One told me to stop wearing them altogether, but especially when I run. I'm an avid runner, have run marathons, and I warily listened to her rationale of no visible panty lines with exercise shorts.Recently, I've taken up biking. A month ago, I bought bike shorts, which are super comfy and like riding with a mattress in my pants. After pedaling fifteen to twenty miles, that's a good thing. Panty Raider Number Two advised me to stop wearing underwear with my bike shorts. It was a suggestion she'd been given when she started biking. She tried it, she liked it. I haven't tried it.On a not long ago shopping trip, Panty Raider Number Three and I were wandering through a high end boutique when she whispered, "I hermes bags replica have underwear in my purse in case I try on pants."I stopped short between racks of designer jeans. "Why are they in your purse and not on your body?" Of course, I should have whispered my response, but surprise trumped volume control.She spoke quietly, "I almost never wear underwear."She nodded. "It's more comfortable. You should go commando."It may be that the third time's the charm, but I still wasn't convinced that trashing my knickers was something I wanted to do. I needed more information.First, I took a rudimentary survey of 10 girlfriends who were all around my age. The result: At least on occasion exercise being the predominant occasion 60 percent of these ladies went commando. In 2015, I of course turned to the Internet and Google to round out my research. A number of articles touted the health benefits of commando life. An article at Elite Daily listed things like comfort and feeling sexy as reasons for turning your body into a no underwear zone.I didn't need an article to point out potential economic benefits. Some brands are pricey. Swearing off underwear could pad my wallet, though not lift my butt.I chewed on all the well intentioned advice from friends and the information I found online. Most of those I'd queried leaned toward ditching their underwear before exercising. Using that as my guide, I tried going commando for two of my runs. I didn't like it, preferring an extra layer between the world, my spandex and my fake hermes leather handbags sweaty self. And though I'm not a stage performer, after Lenny Kravitz's in concert commando wardrobe malfunction, I think underwear is replica hermes handbags a key piece of clothing for women and "dudes". penisgate
It seems that I've been Sharon Van Winkle, snoozing for years and suddenly waking to a world where a lot of women have ditched their underwear. Commando appears to be en vogue and some of my girlfriends, people in my 45 54 demographic, are choosing to go sans panties.I grew up with Brooke Shields. I didn't know her personally, but we were two years apart in age, we both grew up in New Jersey, we both sported bushy eyebrows on our adolescent faces. In 1980, Brooke asked, "Want to know what comes between me and my Calvins?" and then she answered, "Nothing." It was effective advertising, because I took to buying Calvin Klein underwear.Flash forward a few decades and though my preferred brand has changed I wear underwear. All. The. Time. I'm a big fan of Soma's bikini Vanishing Edge underwear so there is nothing granny about my replica hermes handbags outlet panties. They're my daily accessory.Sharon Van Winkle discovered that's not the case for everyone.During the past year, three different friends have given me their undie busting advice. Panty Raider Number One told me to stop wearing them altogether, but especially when I run. I'm an avid runner, have run marathons, and I warily listened to her rationale of no visible panty lines with exercise shorts.Recently, I've taken up biking. A month ago, I bought bike shorts, which are super comfy and like riding with a mattress in my pants. After pedaling fifteen to twenty miles, that's a good thing. Panty Raider Number Two advised me to stop wearing underwear with my bike shorts. It was a suggestion she'd been given when she started biking. She tried it, she liked it. I haven't tried it.On a not long ago shopping trip, Panty Raider Number Three and I were wandering through a high end boutique when she whispered, "I hermes bags replica have underwear in my purse in case I try on pants."I stopped short between racks of designer jeans. "Why are they in your purse and not on your body?" Of course, I should have whispered my response, but surprise trumped volume control.She spoke quietly, "I almost never wear underwear."She nodded. "It's more comfortable. You should go commando."It may be that the third time's the charm, but I still wasn't convinced that trashing my knickers was something I wanted to do. I needed more information.First, I took a rudimentary survey of 10 girlfriends who were all around my age. The result: At least on occasion exercise being the predominant occasion 60 percent of these ladies went commando. In 2015, I of course turned to the Internet and Google to round out my research. A number of articles touted the health benefits of commando life. An article at Elite Daily listed things like comfort and feeling sexy as reasons for turning your body into a no underwear zone.I didn't need an article to point out potential economic benefits. Some brands are pricey. Swearing off underwear could pad my wallet, though not lift my butt.I chewed on all the well intentioned advice from friends and the information I found online. Most of those I'd queried leaned toward ditching their underwear before exercising. Using that as my guide, I tried going commando for two of my runs. I didn't like it, preferring an extra layer between the world, my spandex and my fake hermes leather handbags sweaty self. And though I'm not a stage performer, after Lenny Kravitz's in concert commando wardrobe malfunction, I think underwear is replica hermes handbags a key piece of clothing for women and "dudes". penisgate
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Wikipedia charity chairman resigns after pornography row
Ashley van Haeften resigned as chairman of Wikimedia UK today, citing concerns the controversy over his ban could cause divisions among Wikipedia supporters.
have discussed this matter with [Mr van Haeften] this morning, said Jon hermes bags replica Davies, the chief executive of the charity, which distributes 1m of donations from Wikipedia supporters annually.
is keen that there should be no division in the Wikimedia UK community over his role as Chair, especially at a time when so many great things are being achieved.
has therefore resigned as Chair.
The Telegraph reported this week how Mr van Haeften had been banned indefinitely from contributing to the English version of Wikipedia by ArbCom, an elected committee of senior editors.
ArbCom applied the sanction after finding he mounted personal attacks on people with concerns about how much is a hermes birkin handbags explicit material on Wikipedia, including about material he had posted. He was criticised for including a inappropriate link to pornography in the biography of a living person.
Wikipedia carries a large quantity of explicit material, despite promoting itself as an educational website suitable for schoolchildren. Critics such as Larry Sanger, a co founder of the website, and people attacked by Mr van Haeften, have argued for filters or age controls to be introduced.
Mr van Haeften, who works as an IT project manager, was also found by ArbCom to have violated a series of editing rules, including by using multiple accounts to change pages after he had asked for a start
His resignation follows a call by members of Wikimedia UK for an Extraordinary General Meeting to discuss the controversy. They said the decision of the charity board to keep Mr van Haeften on as chairman despite replica hermes handbags outlet his ban from contributing to Wikipedia a sufficient response to this situation
An EGM could still go ahead, however, as the call was for a vote on a resolution remove Ashley Van Haeften from the Board of Trustees of Wikimedia UK not only to strip him of the chairmanship.
not resigning as chair immediately after the ArbCom decision was announced I am afraid that [Mr van Haeften] made an replica hermes handbags error which can now only be corrected by his resignation from the board altogether, said one Wikimedia UK member.
Ashley van Haeften resigned as chairman of Wikimedia UK today, citing concerns the controversy over his ban could cause divisions among Wikipedia supporters.
have discussed this matter with [Mr van Haeften] this morning, said Jon hermes bags replica Davies, the chief executive of the charity, which distributes 1m of donations from Wikipedia supporters annually.
is keen that there should be no division in the Wikimedia UK community over his role as Chair, especially at a time when so many great things are being achieved.
has therefore resigned as Chair.
The Telegraph reported this week how Mr van Haeften had been banned indefinitely from contributing to the English version of Wikipedia by ArbCom, an elected committee of senior editors.
ArbCom applied the sanction after finding he mounted personal attacks on people with concerns about how much is a hermes birkin handbags explicit material on Wikipedia, including about material he had posted. He was criticised for including a inappropriate link to pornography in the biography of a living person.
Wikipedia carries a large quantity of explicit material, despite promoting itself as an educational website suitable for schoolchildren. Critics such as Larry Sanger, a co founder of the website, and people attacked by Mr van Haeften, have argued for filters or age controls to be introduced.
Mr van Haeften, who works as an IT project manager, was also found by ArbCom to have violated a series of editing rules, including by using multiple accounts to change pages after he had asked for a start
His resignation follows a call by members of Wikimedia UK for an Extraordinary General Meeting to discuss the controversy. They said the decision of the charity board to keep Mr van Haeften on as chairman despite replica hermes handbags outlet his ban from contributing to Wikipedia a sufficient response to this situation
An EGM could still go ahead, however, as the call was for a vote on a resolution remove Ashley Van Haeften from the Board of Trustees of Wikimedia UK not only to strip him of the chairmanship.
not resigning as chair immediately after the ArbCom decision was announced I am afraid that [Mr van Haeften] made an replica hermes handbags error which can now only be corrected by his resignation from the board altogether, said one Wikimedia UK member.
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Sarah Gregorius is striking it lucky
After kicking off her career on a whim, Sarah Gregorius has played in Australia, Britain (for Liverpool) and Germany as well as holding a place in New Zealand's Football Ferns. Photo / Greg BowkerSeventeen, straight out of school, and just one big idea short of a life plan. A typical teenager really, so Sarah Gregorius' parents must have been curious when she sat them down for a chat."A friend and I are moving to Sydney to play football," she told them.Now, as you might expect, several parental concerns were raised over that statement. "It was pretty funny actually," Gregorius says, "but I've always done things in my own way, so I just let them talk about it until they eventually became comfortable with the idea. As long as I'm safe they're usually with me on whatever I decide to do."Even so, not even Gregorius thought a year of running about for Manly United in Sydney would be a career kickstarter. "I wasn't thinking about making a go of sport at all. It was more that I was asked to go and I thought: 'Yeah, why not? I've got nothing else to do at the moment'."You could even say it's admirable she turned up to every game match fit, considering and this was only nine years ago woman's football barely registered on the world's sporting radar. Sure, FIFA supported a World Cup and there were leagues popping up in various parts of the world, but it struggled for media interest or to even pay its way.Even now you could be forgiven for not knowing of this now 26 year old striker. Yet she is a fair dinkum, full time professional who has made a great living from representing New Zealand in 50 international matches, including two World Cups and the 2012 Olympic Games, while also turning out in the German woman's Bundesliga and for Liverpool FC, one of the world's most famous sporting brands.All of which makes her a compelling argument for the claim that woman's football offers the best potential for success of any sport, in either gender, in the country.While a minnow sport in New Zealand when compared to netball (143,000 registered netballers against 23,500 footballers), of the present Football Ferns squad, 13 players now play overseas full time, including six undertaking football scholarships at American universities such as UCLA, Louisiana State and Syracuse. Then there are another three overseas based Ferns at present unavailable through injuries, six from the wider under 20 squad who are based at United States colleges and two former Ferns now working for FIFA."I think we've completely flown under the radar," says Gregorius, now looking for a new club after ending her stint at Liverpool. "But I think with stories like Betsy [Hassett, now playing at Manchester City] people are starting to see the opportunities that are out there. I mean playing for your country will always be the highest honour, that goes without saying. But playing as a pro in the biggest women's sport in the world, that's just amazing. It's insane that I'm paid to play football. I've already paid for my university loan and I'm making a life out of sport which is something I'd never imagined possible."How, then, did she do it?Well, it didn't start back home in Upper Hutt. Her Dutch and Haitian parents, Balt and Marie Joelle, aren't sporty types, although growing up with two older brothers did mean a trial by rough and tumble. Mostly she'd knock a ball around a bit with mates at a nearby park, but it wasn't until she was 12 that a close friend invited her to join Upper Hutt City.Until then Gregorius had been a sporting dabbler. She'd already had a crack at cricket, tennis, hockey and touch rugby but doesn't have the height for netball.Initially dropped in midfield, a few games of running in confused circles saw her pushed up front where she's stayed ever since and by her second season she'd done enough to be selected for her first rep side."I think I took to it straight away," she says, "and that was the end of me being interested in anything else. I just loved the team aspect, the physicality and that, for someone like me, it didn't discriminate against my size."That's all well and good, but one ubiquitous element of this most fake Van Cleef & Arpels Cosmos ring diamonds tribal of sports somehow passed Gregorius by she doesn't have a favourite team, and that, quite frankly, is weird. An uncle tried flooding her with all things Arsenal during the 80s, but it didn't take. She even had to learn all the words to You'll Never Walk Alone while playing at Liverpool and yet, nothing. At most, she professes an appreciation of Manchester City striker Sergio Aguero and says she'll be "interested" to see how Argentina do at the upcoming World Cup.But mostly she's interested on her own game. It's that focus which has been a big part of her success, beginning with making the Wellington Federation rep side before shifting to Sydney. She returned home as a far more mature player in 2006 and her growing ambition saw her move to Auckland where she started training with the national under 20 squad. They were off to the age group World Cup in Russia later that year and Gregorius wanted in."That was such a great year, we travelled all over the place, then to go to Russia, that was just next level. I mean you can imagine what it's going to be like, but you just have no idea. It's so huge and exciting and completely unlike anything you've done before. I find it really difficult to articulate ."For a while, though, that looked like being the end of her road the opportunities available now didn't exist back in 2006 and she turned her attention to her business degree and a potential career starting job with AA Tourism. She didn't abandon football and kept playing at club and federation level, but while former team mates began jumping to the Football Ferns, her name never featured: "That period really was a test of my resilience and it was hard not to get down about it."Her spirits rose considerably in 2009, with an email invitation for a one month trial with the Ferns as they built to their qualifiers for the 2011 World Cup in Germany. Then one month turned into several months, until she found herself selected for a tour to Japan. She hit the training ground even harder and two weeks out from leaving, felt a nasty twinge in her knee.However, that wasn't going to stop her: she blanked out the pain, got plenty of treatment and flew off only for her knee to completely fail the day before her impending debut. She'd torn her anterior cruciate ligament, meaning surgery, six months of rehabilitation and another test of how much she wanted to make it.So, it was a hugely emotional moment when she was tapped fake van cleef jewelry to play Vanuatu in a World Cup qualifier in September 2010. "Hearing my name felt like the end of longest and most difficult journey of my life with this nervousness mixed with a real sense of pride. Then you think about what it means to play for your country you start imitation van cleef & arpels jewelry to feel very patriotic and humbled . it's sort of overwhelming I guess."Her big moment came and The Ferns won 14 0 but their striker didn't get within a bull's roar of scoring."Getting my first touch felt good, like a new journey had started, and then I was just terrible, a wreck, but I guess that was all part of getting a start and I wanted more."Fortunately, the selectors saw past her nervy display and she rewarded them with seven goals over her next five matches.The following year was a blur of international travel as the team played in Cyprus, Australia, China and Switzerland before finally arriving in Germany for the World Cup finals, the biggest event in women's sport."Well, getting there is one thing, dealing with it is something else. You just have to try to soak it all up and use it to play better. But then running out for our first match against Japan it was roasting hot, just so loud, and you can't help thinking that the whole world's watching. Then you're looking around wondering what's going on and you remember, 'Oh yeah, I'm going to play football in front of all these people'."
After kicking off her career on a whim, Sarah Gregorius has played in Australia, Britain (for Liverpool) and Germany as well as holding a place in New Zealand's Football Ferns. Photo / Greg BowkerSeventeen, straight out of school, and just one big idea short of a life plan. A typical teenager really, so Sarah Gregorius' parents must have been curious when she sat them down for a chat."A friend and I are moving to Sydney to play football," she told them.Now, as you might expect, several parental concerns were raised over that statement. "It was pretty funny actually," Gregorius says, "but I've always done things in my own way, so I just let them talk about it until they eventually became comfortable with the idea. As long as I'm safe they're usually with me on whatever I decide to do."Even so, not even Gregorius thought a year of running about for Manly United in Sydney would be a career kickstarter. "I wasn't thinking about making a go of sport at all. It was more that I was asked to go and I thought: 'Yeah, why not? I've got nothing else to do at the moment'."You could even say it's admirable she turned up to every game match fit, considering and this was only nine years ago woman's football barely registered on the world's sporting radar. Sure, FIFA supported a World Cup and there were leagues popping up in various parts of the world, but it struggled for media interest or to even pay its way.Even now you could be forgiven for not knowing of this now 26 year old striker. Yet she is a fair dinkum, full time professional who has made a great living from representing New Zealand in 50 international matches, including two World Cups and the 2012 Olympic Games, while also turning out in the German woman's Bundesliga and for Liverpool FC, one of the world's most famous sporting brands.All of which makes her a compelling argument for the claim that woman's football offers the best potential for success of any sport, in either gender, in the country.While a minnow sport in New Zealand when compared to netball (143,000 registered netballers against 23,500 footballers), of the present Football Ferns squad, 13 players now play overseas full time, including six undertaking football scholarships at American universities such as UCLA, Louisiana State and Syracuse. Then there are another three overseas based Ferns at present unavailable through injuries, six from the wider under 20 squad who are based at United States colleges and two former Ferns now working for FIFA."I think we've completely flown under the radar," says Gregorius, now looking for a new club after ending her stint at Liverpool. "But I think with stories like Betsy [Hassett, now playing at Manchester City] people are starting to see the opportunities that are out there. I mean playing for your country will always be the highest honour, that goes without saying. But playing as a pro in the biggest women's sport in the world, that's just amazing. It's insane that I'm paid to play football. I've already paid for my university loan and I'm making a life out of sport which is something I'd never imagined possible."How, then, did she do it?Well, it didn't start back home in Upper Hutt. Her Dutch and Haitian parents, Balt and Marie Joelle, aren't sporty types, although growing up with two older brothers did mean a trial by rough and tumble. Mostly she'd knock a ball around a bit with mates at a nearby park, but it wasn't until she was 12 that a close friend invited her to join Upper Hutt City.Until then Gregorius had been a sporting dabbler. She'd already had a crack at cricket, tennis, hockey and touch rugby but doesn't have the height for netball.Initially dropped in midfield, a few games of running in confused circles saw her pushed up front where she's stayed ever since and by her second season she'd done enough to be selected for her first rep side."I think I took to it straight away," she says, "and that was the end of me being interested in anything else. I just loved the team aspect, the physicality and that, for someone like me, it didn't discriminate against my size."That's all well and good, but one ubiquitous element of this most fake Van Cleef & Arpels Cosmos ring diamonds tribal of sports somehow passed Gregorius by she doesn't have a favourite team, and that, quite frankly, is weird. An uncle tried flooding her with all things Arsenal during the 80s, but it didn't take. She even had to learn all the words to You'll Never Walk Alone while playing at Liverpool and yet, nothing. At most, she professes an appreciation of Manchester City striker Sergio Aguero and says she'll be "interested" to see how Argentina do at the upcoming World Cup.But mostly she's interested on her own game. It's that focus which has been a big part of her success, beginning with making the Wellington Federation rep side before shifting to Sydney. She returned home as a far more mature player in 2006 and her growing ambition saw her move to Auckland where she started training with the national under 20 squad. They were off to the age group World Cup in Russia later that year and Gregorius wanted in."That was such a great year, we travelled all over the place, then to go to Russia, that was just next level. I mean you can imagine what it's going to be like, but you just have no idea. It's so huge and exciting and completely unlike anything you've done before. I find it really difficult to articulate ."For a while, though, that looked like being the end of her road the opportunities available now didn't exist back in 2006 and she turned her attention to her business degree and a potential career starting job with AA Tourism. She didn't abandon football and kept playing at club and federation level, but while former team mates began jumping to the Football Ferns, her name never featured: "That period really was a test of my resilience and it was hard not to get down about it."Her spirits rose considerably in 2009, with an email invitation for a one month trial with the Ferns as they built to their qualifiers for the 2011 World Cup in Germany. Then one month turned into several months, until she found herself selected for a tour to Japan. She hit the training ground even harder and two weeks out from leaving, felt a nasty twinge in her knee.However, that wasn't going to stop her: she blanked out the pain, got plenty of treatment and flew off only for her knee to completely fail the day before her impending debut. She'd torn her anterior cruciate ligament, meaning surgery, six months of rehabilitation and another test of how much she wanted to make it.So, it was a hugely emotional moment when she was tapped fake van cleef jewelry to play Vanuatu in a World Cup qualifier in September 2010. "Hearing my name felt like the end of longest and most difficult journey of my life with this nervousness mixed with a real sense of pride. Then you think about what it means to play for your country you start imitation van cleef & arpels jewelry to feel very patriotic and humbled . it's sort of overwhelming I guess."Her big moment came and The Ferns won 14 0 but their striker didn't get within a bull's roar of scoring."Getting my first touch felt good, like a new journey had started, and then I was just terrible, a wreck, but I guess that was all part of getting a start and I wanted more."Fortunately, the selectors saw past her nervy display and she rewarded them with seven goals over her next five matches.The following year was a blur of international travel as the team played in Cyprus, Australia, China and Switzerland before finally arriving in Germany for the World Cup finals, the biggest event in women's sport."Well, getting there is one thing, dealing with it is something else. You just have to try to soak it all up and use it to play better. But then running out for our first match against Japan it was roasting hot, just so loud, and you can't help thinking that the whole world's watching. Then you're looking around wondering what's going on and you remember, 'Oh yeah, I'm going to play football in front of all these people'."
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The Grand Caravan tours the country asking for your secrets
"Even as the performer who brings people in, I have no idea what people have said," says Dan Goronszy, the co founder and chief spruiker of The Grand Caravan (and the woman in grey).
She explains that once numerous people have had time to lay down their recordings on blood, sex or tears, her colleague, sound artist Sharyn Brand, cuts them into audio collages of six to eight minutes and plays them as a public event at the same location.
"When we were in Adelaide 80 per cent of people chose sex, which I thought was really interesting. We've never had that anywhere else before," says Ms Goronszy.
"But for them to come back and listen to it was a little risqu. They got a little giggly."
When I stumble upon the arts project cum social history repository, it's parked at the Women of the World Festival in Melbourne, having also appeared in South Australia, Geelong, and Marion Bay in Tasmania.
"I think there's something really special in being given a little space on your own to just speak without judgment or without anyone watching you," says Ms Goronszy.
The caravan itself began life in the 1980s as accommodation for a family of six, but was reborn in 2015 after a refit, debuting at the Melbourne Fringe Festival with room for 15 spectators to squeeze into fake van cleef & arpels clover diamond ring its tiny grandstand.
Though people often think they have nothing to say, according to Ms Goronszy the main problem is getting people to stop.
"We have women speaking about having miscarriages or having abortions," she says.
"People have spoken about their children dying and find this a safe space to have a moment, and come out and feel like they've had a connection."
When you enter the Grand Caravan you sit at the recording desk and Ms Goronszy asks which one of three red envelopes labelled blood, sex and tears you want to choose.
I choose blood. Ms Goronszy pulls out a card, shows me the cassette recorder and explains I only have 30 seconds to record my thoughts before the recording light goes out. Then she exits the van.
There's only one other instruction: don't use the words blood, sex and tears in your recording.
When I ask Ms Goronszy why, she explains that removing the "signifier" gives the final sound collage a sense of the universal.
"It creates opportunity for people to connect to anything that's happening in their own lives it makes it ambiguous about what people are speaking about and it draws people together."
Subscribe to the podcast Life Matters is your guide to a better life for you and those you love.
The Grand Caravan plays an unusual role. Through its recordings it's a storehouse of replica VCA ring community values and personal storytelling wherever it opens its door, but it retains confidentiality in the public performance.
Back in Adelaide, where the subject of sex got top billing, Ms Goronszy tells me that on successive nights, a man and a woman separately decided to simulate self love in the 30 seconds they had to record.
And did those moments find themselves in the final sound work?
"Oh, of course!" says Ms Goronszy, laughing.
"You've got to keep that stuff in, because that's where fake van cleef ring the conversation comes from!"
The Grand Caravan continues to tour in 2017 and its founders hope they can get the funding to take it north to the Northern Territory and Queensland.
"The personal is how we connect the world," says Ms Goronszy. "You get to offer people a way for them to have a voice where they may feel their voice is left out."
"Even as the performer who brings people in, I have no idea what people have said," says Dan Goronszy, the co founder and chief spruiker of The Grand Caravan (and the woman in grey).
She explains that once numerous people have had time to lay down their recordings on blood, sex or tears, her colleague, sound artist Sharyn Brand, cuts them into audio collages of six to eight minutes and plays them as a public event at the same location.
"When we were in Adelaide 80 per cent of people chose sex, which I thought was really interesting. We've never had that anywhere else before," says Ms Goronszy.
"But for them to come back and listen to it was a little risqu. They got a little giggly."
When I stumble upon the arts project cum social history repository, it's parked at the Women of the World Festival in Melbourne, having also appeared in South Australia, Geelong, and Marion Bay in Tasmania.
"I think there's something really special in being given a little space on your own to just speak without judgment or without anyone watching you," says Ms Goronszy.
The caravan itself began life in the 1980s as accommodation for a family of six, but was reborn in 2015 after a refit, debuting at the Melbourne Fringe Festival with room for 15 spectators to squeeze into fake van cleef & arpels clover diamond ring its tiny grandstand.
Though people often think they have nothing to say, according to Ms Goronszy the main problem is getting people to stop.
"We have women speaking about having miscarriages or having abortions," she says.
"People have spoken about their children dying and find this a safe space to have a moment, and come out and feel like they've had a connection."
When you enter the Grand Caravan you sit at the recording desk and Ms Goronszy asks which one of three red envelopes labelled blood, sex and tears you want to choose.
I choose blood. Ms Goronszy pulls out a card, shows me the cassette recorder and explains I only have 30 seconds to record my thoughts before the recording light goes out. Then she exits the van.
There's only one other instruction: don't use the words blood, sex and tears in your recording.
When I ask Ms Goronszy why, she explains that removing the "signifier" gives the final sound collage a sense of the universal.
"It creates opportunity for people to connect to anything that's happening in their own lives it makes it ambiguous about what people are speaking about and it draws people together."
Subscribe to the podcast Life Matters is your guide to a better life for you and those you love.
The Grand Caravan plays an unusual role. Through its recordings it's a storehouse of replica VCA ring community values and personal storytelling wherever it opens its door, but it retains confidentiality in the public performance.
Back in Adelaide, where the subject of sex got top billing, Ms Goronszy tells me that on successive nights, a man and a woman separately decided to simulate self love in the 30 seconds they had to record.
And did those moments find themselves in the final sound work?
"Oh, of course!" says Ms Goronszy, laughing.
"You've got to keep that stuff in, because that's where fake van cleef ring the conversation comes from!"
The Grand Caravan continues to tour in 2017 and its founders hope they can get the funding to take it north to the Northern Territory and Queensland.
"The personal is how we connect the world," says Ms Goronszy. "You get to offer people a way for them to have a voice where they may feel their voice is left out."