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Taking the bus to work in the early morning I see them, in the long necklace of headlights backed up before the tunnel. It is the rare car among them that carries more than one person.
To watch them is to be struck by how over built and inefficient cars are for the job. These are mostly office workers going from Point A to Point B, and every one of them requires copy hermes bags several tons of steel and glass to do so.
Cars create the hell that is commuting, but and this is their self perpetuating irony what better way to escape that hell than to wrap oneself in a quiet cocoon of steel and glass while listening to the radio and sipping your morning coffee. What self indulgence. What unthinking ease. Outside it's hell, but brother, inside it's heaven.
Call a commuter on that self indulgence and you'll hear all the excuses: I need my car during the day, public transit is too slow or nonexistent, I need to get home to pick up the kids from school.
For some, that may be true. For the majority, it's just blather. It's the blithe self justification for the fact that, at heart, they just don't care to get out of their car.
None of this has entered the conversation in the debate over the coming transit plebiscite. According to the No side, the fault lies, not with human nature, but with the operation of our public transit system. To hear them, Metro Vancouver's transit is on par with Baghdad's, and so badly run that instituting a small tax to fund future projects would be throwing money down the drain.
This is, again, blather. Those rare times, for example, when the Expo line has malfunctioned have been blown way out of proportion, as if it were proof the whole system has to be abandoned and remade. It doesn't. A transit line malfunction is not a disaster. It's a glitch.
But human nature? That's way harder to fix. Motion studies show that, on average, people won't walk to a bus stop if it's more than 400 metres away. That's a five minute walk. Any longer than that and the numbers drop precipitously.
That, in our modern world, is the limit of our tolerance. That's assuming people are willing to take the bus in the first place.
Catering to such expectations is very hard to do.
Yet so far, the debate over the transit plebiscite has been all about money and the cost to taxpayers.
What you do not hear about is the cost of the havoc that cars wreak. Aside from the enormous government subsidies motorists enjoy, aside from the space they take, their societal cost is primarily environmental. It is that enormous and imminently catastrophic cost the No side ignores. But a 0.5 per cent rise in the sales tax? Horror.
Projections have a million more people coming to Metro in the next 25 years. In the absence of the proposed transit plan, projections also call for 600,000 additional cars.
With the transit plan fully realized, Metro's engineers estimate that in that time frame, the increased transit system will be able to effect an annual reduction of about 550,000 tonnes in greenhouse gases, or enough to keep it to present levels. Even with the transit plan, we'll just be treading water.
All those car commuters strung along the highway? They might cocoon themselves from their daily hell but not the unnerving thought that, incrementally, with every mile, they're hurtling themselves and their loved ones toward some greater disaster. I bet they wonder, as I do, if their car addiction isn't jeopardizing the future of their children and grandchildren.
A family affair: St Viateur Bagel celebrates 60 yearsBagels are the great equalizer. Everybody eats them, everybody loves them and everybody is invited to the bagel factory's block party on Sunday.
Vaughn Palmer: Vote verdict in Comox will clear political pictureTuesday fake Hermes bag maintenance saw the NDP lead trimmed to 12, then the Liberals pulled ahead by three and, as counting replica hermes handbags ended.
Daphne Bramham: Preserving Chinatown should be a local and national priorityGreat cities have texture. They have buildings, places and communities that reflect their unique character.
Daphne Bramham: Granville Island reboot lacks a daring vision for the futureGranville Island was one bold, big idea. Never before had industrial land been reclaimed as public space.
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Postmedia wants to improve your reading experience as well as share the best deals and promotions from our advertisers with you. The information below will be used to optimize the content and make ads fake hermes leather handbags across the network more relevant to you. You can always change the information you share with us by editing your profile.
Taking the bus to work in the early morning I see them, in the long necklace of headlights backed up before the tunnel. It is the rare car among them that carries more than one person.
To watch them is to be struck by how over built and inefficient cars are for the job. These are mostly office workers going from Point A to Point B, and every one of them requires copy hermes bags several tons of steel and glass to do so.
Cars create the hell that is commuting, but and this is their self perpetuating irony what better way to escape that hell than to wrap oneself in a quiet cocoon of steel and glass while listening to the radio and sipping your morning coffee. What self indulgence. What unthinking ease. Outside it's hell, but brother, inside it's heaven.
Call a commuter on that self indulgence and you'll hear all the excuses: I need my car during the day, public transit is too slow or nonexistent, I need to get home to pick up the kids from school.
For some, that may be true. For the majority, it's just blather. It's the blithe self justification for the fact that, at heart, they just don't care to get out of their car.
None of this has entered the conversation in the debate over the coming transit plebiscite. According to the No side, the fault lies, not with human nature, but with the operation of our public transit system. To hear them, Metro Vancouver's transit is on par with Baghdad's, and so badly run that instituting a small tax to fund future projects would be throwing money down the drain.
This is, again, blather. Those rare times, for example, when the Expo line has malfunctioned have been blown way out of proportion, as if it were proof the whole system has to be abandoned and remade. It doesn't. A transit line malfunction is not a disaster. It's a glitch.
But human nature? That's way harder to fix. Motion studies show that, on average, people won't walk to a bus stop if it's more than 400 metres away. That's a five minute walk. Any longer than that and the numbers drop precipitously.
That, in our modern world, is the limit of our tolerance. That's assuming people are willing to take the bus in the first place.
Catering to such expectations is very hard to do.
Yet so far, the debate over the transit plebiscite has been all about money and the cost to taxpayers.
What you do not hear about is the cost of the havoc that cars wreak. Aside from the enormous government subsidies motorists enjoy, aside from the space they take, their societal cost is primarily environmental. It is that enormous and imminently catastrophic cost the No side ignores. But a 0.5 per cent rise in the sales tax? Horror.
Projections have a million more people coming to Metro in the next 25 years. In the absence of the proposed transit plan, projections also call for 600,000 additional cars.
With the transit plan fully realized, Metro's engineers estimate that in that time frame, the increased transit system will be able to effect an annual reduction of about 550,000 tonnes in greenhouse gases, or enough to keep it to present levels. Even with the transit plan, we'll just be treading water.
All those car commuters strung along the highway? They might cocoon themselves from their daily hell but not the unnerving thought that, incrementally, with every mile, they're hurtling themselves and their loved ones toward some greater disaster. I bet they wonder, as I do, if their car addiction isn't jeopardizing the future of their children and grandchildren.
A family affair: St Viateur Bagel celebrates 60 yearsBagels are the great equalizer. Everybody eats them, everybody loves them and everybody is invited to the bagel factory's block party on Sunday.
Vaughn Palmer: Vote verdict in Comox will clear political pictureTuesday fake Hermes bag maintenance saw the NDP lead trimmed to 12, then the Liberals pulled ahead by three and, as counting replica hermes handbags ended.
Daphne Bramham: Preserving Chinatown should be a local and national priorityGreat cities have texture. They have buildings, places and communities that reflect their unique character.
Daphne Bramham: Granville Island reboot lacks a daring vision for the futureGranville Island was one bold, big idea. Never before had industrial land been reclaimed as public space.
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Sorrow for Princes as friend dies in car crash
Henry van Straubenzee, 18, was killed instantly when the car in which he was a passenger hit a tree outside the exclusive prep school where all three boys were once pupils.
The 19 year old male driver of the car is critically ill in hospital.
St James's Palace said both Princes had been told on Sunday about the accident near 7,500 a year Ludgrove School in Wokingham, Berkshire.
'They are both very, very upset,' said a spokesman.
William and Harry were pupils at Ludgrove with Henry and his elder brother Thomas. Harry and Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring copy Henry were classmates.
'They have known the van Straubenzees for years through their uncle, Willie, who was a great friend of Princess Diana,' said one family source.
The accident happened in the early hours of Saturday morning when the red Ford Fiesta slammed into a tree outside the school in Luckley Lane, Wokingham.
Henry, who was in the front passenger seat, had been returning to the school, where he and the driver were both working for part of their gap year.
Henry was working for a term as a junior master at Ludgrove and was due to spend three months teaching English in Uganda before going on to Newcastle University.
He had gained an Army scholarship and intended Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring fake to follow a military career.
Police, paramedics and firefighters had to use the school playground in order to gain access to the crash scene and free the teenagers from the wrecked car.
The driver, who has not been named, is said to be in a critical but stable condition at the Royal Berkshire Hospital, in Reading, after suffering multiple fractures to both legs, a broken pelvis, plus head and chest injuries.
No other vehicle was involved Van Cleef ring replica in the crash and Thames Valley Police are appealing for witnesses.
Henry's parents, Alexander and Claire, were last night being comforted at their 1 million country home near Kimpton, in Hertfordshire.
Mr van Straubenzee spoke of his 'enthusiastic' son who loved life.
He said: 'Henry had a fantastic sense of humour. That was his biggest attribute. Everyone will miss that. His trip to Uganda would have been typical of him. He was a very, very energetic person and had done excellently in his A levels.'
He added: 'We have been amazed by how many of his friends have called. We have had hundreds of text messages of support.'
Mr van Straubenzee added that it was a very difficult time for Henry's brothers, Thomas, 20, and 14 year old Charlie.
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Terrifying scenes inside Manchester Arena as crowd flee concert Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Girls scream and climb over barriers as they evacuate Manchester Arena Ariana Grande fans running away from venue after an explosion Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber no problems here Manchester Arena announcement urges no panic Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. Father of Manchester Arena bomber Salman Abedi claims his. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande's hero mom who helped bring. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of teen, 18, killed in Manchester terror attack. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
Henry van Straubenzee, 18, was killed instantly when the car in which he was a passenger hit a tree outside the exclusive prep school where all three boys were once pupils.
The 19 year old male driver of the car is critically ill in hospital.
St James's Palace said both Princes had been told on Sunday about the accident near 7,500 a year Ludgrove School in Wokingham, Berkshire.
'They are both very, very upset,' said a spokesman.
William and Harry were pupils at Ludgrove with Henry and his elder brother Thomas. Harry and Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring copy Henry were classmates.
'They have known the van Straubenzees for years through their uncle, Willie, who was a great friend of Princess Diana,' said one family source.
The accident happened in the early hours of Saturday morning when the red Ford Fiesta slammed into a tree outside the school in Luckley Lane, Wokingham.
Henry, who was in the front passenger seat, had been returning to the school, where he and the driver were both working for part of their gap year.
Henry was working for a term as a junior master at Ludgrove and was due to spend three months teaching English in Uganda before going on to Newcastle University.
He had gained an Army scholarship and intended Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring fake to follow a military career.
Police, paramedics and firefighters had to use the school playground in order to gain access to the crash scene and free the teenagers from the wrecked car.
The driver, who has not been named, is said to be in a critical but stable condition at the Royal Berkshire Hospital, in Reading, after suffering multiple fractures to both legs, a broken pelvis, plus head and chest injuries.
No other vehicle was involved Van Cleef ring replica in the crash and Thames Valley Police are appealing for witnesses.
Henry's parents, Alexander and Claire, were last night being comforted at their 1 million country home near Kimpton, in Hertfordshire.
Mr van Straubenzee spoke of his 'enthusiastic' son who loved life.
He said: 'Henry had a fantastic sense of humour. That was his biggest attribute. Everyone will miss that. His trip to Uganda would have been typical of him. He was a very, very energetic person and had done excellently in his A levels.'
He added: 'We have been amazed by how many of his friends have called. We have had hundreds of text messages of support.'
Mr van Straubenzee added that it was a very difficult time for Henry's brothers, Thomas, 20, and 14 year old Charlie.
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Terrifying scenes inside Manchester Arena as crowd flee concert Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Girls scream and climb over barriers as they evacuate Manchester Arena Ariana Grande fans running away from venue after an explosion Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber no problems here Manchester Arena announcement urges no panic Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. Father of Manchester Arena bomber Salman Abedi claims his. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande's hero mom who helped bring. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of teen, 18, killed in Manchester terror attack. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. More than 24 hours on, desperate families still search. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
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The 112th Congress is Now in Session
On November 2, 2010, as part of a widespread Republican electoral wave that swept both chambers of Congress and many state legislatures, Republicans reclaimed a majority in the House of Representatives.
Today, as the 112th Congress convenes for the first time, the GOP will officially assume control. Stay tuned as we continue to follow all of the congressional proceedings right here. (You can also watch a live stream of the session here.)
4:24PM ET: A heated debate over the Republican rules package is drawing to an end on the House floor, where Democrats and Republicans have gone back and forth on whether the proposed rules, which largely affect budgetary and procedural matters, will serve as the savior or detriment to economic recovery.
Van Hollen lambasted what he described as a "loophole" and said the American people had not bargained for such provisions.
Incoming House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy argued, however, that Republicans had not only "reached out to both sides" in their formulation of the rules, but also "beyond the House" to the American people. "That's what the people asked for and that's what we were sent here to do," McCarthy said.
Rep. Paul Ryan, the newly minted chair of Van Cleef ring fake the House Budget Committee, defended the plan as a way to fend off what he described as an imminent debt crisis. "The debt crisis is coming, mark my words," he said. "It's a good day because we're bringing some fiscal sanity back to the institution."
2:33PM ET: Following a brief speech before the House of Representatives, Republican Congressman John Boehner has been sworn in as the Speaker of the House. Upon taking the oath of office, Boehner promptly proceeded to swear in the remaining House Representatives.
In his remarks, Boehner noted that Democrats and Republicans had much ground to make up on the front of bipartisan "hard work and tough decisions" awaited the 112th Congress. "No longer can we fall short," Boehner said. "No longer can we kick the can down the road. The people voted to end Van Cleef & Arpels ring imitation business as usual, and today we begin carrying out their imitation Van Cleef & Arpels ring instructions."
Boehner urged compromise between the two parties despite the fact that "a great deal of scar tissue [has] been built up" between Republicans and Democrats.
2:05PM ET: After delivering final remarks as Speaker to the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi has passed the gavel symbolizing House Leadership over to an emotional John Boehner.
Pelosi, in her remarks, boasted of recent Democratic accomplishments like health care reform and the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, and noted that she was proud to have been given "the historic honor of serving as the first woman Speaker of the House." She also urged Congress to strive to overcome any political differences in order to serve effectively as "trustees of the American people" and "custodians of the American heritage."
1:48PM ET: Flanked by a bipartisan caravan of leading Congressmen, as well as members from the Ohio delegation, Speaker elect John Boehner is escorted amid applause to the floor of the House of Representatives for his official swearing in. Observers noted that Boehner, who has a history of showing emotion, appeared to be shed tears as he made his way to the rostrum.
1:27PM ET: Ohio Republican John Boehner has been officially elected Speaker of the House by the 112th Congress. He received 241 votes. Democrat Nancy Pelosi garnered 173 votes, but 19 Democrats voted against her. Notably, the Blue Dog Democrat Heath Shuler, of North Carolina, garnered 11 votes in a symbolic challenge against Nancy Pelosi for the Democratic leadership position.
An image from the House floor as the 112th Congress convenes for the first time on Jan. 5, 2010.
1:15PM ET: So far, several representatives have opted to vote for neither Pelosi nor Boehner for the Speaker of the House.
On November 2, 2010, as part of a widespread Republican electoral wave that swept both chambers of Congress and many state legislatures, Republicans reclaimed a majority in the House of Representatives.
Today, as the 112th Congress convenes for the first time, the GOP will officially assume control. Stay tuned as we continue to follow all of the congressional proceedings right here. (You can also watch a live stream of the session here.)
4:24PM ET: A heated debate over the Republican rules package is drawing to an end on the House floor, where Democrats and Republicans have gone back and forth on whether the proposed rules, which largely affect budgetary and procedural matters, will serve as the savior or detriment to economic recovery.
Van Hollen lambasted what he described as a "loophole" and said the American people had not bargained for such provisions.
Incoming House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy argued, however, that Republicans had not only "reached out to both sides" in their formulation of the rules, but also "beyond the House" to the American people. "That's what the people asked for and that's what we were sent here to do," McCarthy said.
Rep. Paul Ryan, the newly minted chair of Van Cleef ring fake the House Budget Committee, defended the plan as a way to fend off what he described as an imminent debt crisis. "The debt crisis is coming, mark my words," he said. "It's a good day because we're bringing some fiscal sanity back to the institution."
2:33PM ET: Following a brief speech before the House of Representatives, Republican Congressman John Boehner has been sworn in as the Speaker of the House. Upon taking the oath of office, Boehner promptly proceeded to swear in the remaining House Representatives.
In his remarks, Boehner noted that Democrats and Republicans had much ground to make up on the front of bipartisan "hard work and tough decisions" awaited the 112th Congress. "No longer can we fall short," Boehner said. "No longer can we kick the can down the road. The people voted to end Van Cleef & Arpels ring imitation business as usual, and today we begin carrying out their imitation Van Cleef & Arpels ring instructions."
Boehner urged compromise between the two parties despite the fact that "a great deal of scar tissue [has] been built up" between Republicans and Democrats.
2:05PM ET: After delivering final remarks as Speaker to the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi has passed the gavel symbolizing House Leadership over to an emotional John Boehner.
Pelosi, in her remarks, boasted of recent Democratic accomplishments like health care reform and the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, and noted that she was proud to have been given "the historic honor of serving as the first woman Speaker of the House." She also urged Congress to strive to overcome any political differences in order to serve effectively as "trustees of the American people" and "custodians of the American heritage."
1:48PM ET: Flanked by a bipartisan caravan of leading Congressmen, as well as members from the Ohio delegation, Speaker elect John Boehner is escorted amid applause to the floor of the House of Representatives for his official swearing in. Observers noted that Boehner, who has a history of showing emotion, appeared to be shed tears as he made his way to the rostrum.
1:27PM ET: Ohio Republican John Boehner has been officially elected Speaker of the House by the 112th Congress. He received 241 votes. Democrat Nancy Pelosi garnered 173 votes, but 19 Democrats voted against her. Notably, the Blue Dog Democrat Heath Shuler, of North Carolina, garnered 11 votes in a symbolic challenge against Nancy Pelosi for the Democratic leadership position.
An image from the House floor as the 112th Congress convenes for the first time on Jan. 5, 2010.
1:15PM ET: So far, several representatives have opted to vote for neither Pelosi nor Boehner for the Speaker of the House.
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What's the appeal of a caliphate
In June the leader of Islamic State declared the creation of a caliphate stretching across parts of Syria and Iraq Abu Bakr al Baghdadi named himself the caliph or leader. Edward Stourton examines the historical parallels and asks what is a caliphate, and what is its appeal?
When Islamic State (IS) declared itself a caliphate in June this year, and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi claimed the title of caliph, it seemed confirmation of the group's reputation for megalomania and atavistic fantasy. Al Baghdadi insisted that pledging allegiance to this caliphate was a religious obligation on all Muslims an appeal which was immediately greeted brown hermes belt replica by a chorus of condemnation across the Middle East.
But is it dangerous to underestimate the appeal of IS? Al Baghdadi's brutal regime does not, of course, remotely conform to the classical Muslim understanding of what a caliphate should be, but it does evoke an aspiration with a powerful and increasingly urgent resonance in the wider Muslim world.
The last caliphate that of the Ottomans was officially abolished 90 years ago this spring. Yet in a 2006 Gallup survey of Muslims living in Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia and Pakistan, two thirds of respondents said they supported the goal of "unifying all Islamic countries" into a new caliphate.
Why do so many Muslims subscribe to this apparently unrealisable dream? The answer lies in the caliphate's history.
The Arabic khalifa means a representative or successor, and in the Koran it is linked to the idea of just government Adam, and then David and Solomon, are each said to be God's khalifa on earth. And when the Prophet Mohammed died in 632 the title was bestowed on his successor as the leader of the Muslim community, the first of the Rashidun, the four so called "Rightly Guided Caliphs" who ruled for the first three decades of the new Islamic era. He argues that their era established an ideal of a caliph as "the choice of the people appointed in order to be responsible to them, apply Islamic law and ensure it's executed". He adds that the true caliph "is not above the law".
Find out more
Listen to The Idea of the Caliphate, broadcast on Analysis on BBC Radio 4 or download the podcast
Shia Muslims challenge this version of history they believe that the first two caliphs effectively staged a coup to frustrate the leadership claims of the Prophet's cousin Ali and this dispute about the hermes black belt knockoff early caliphate is the source of Islam's most enduring schism. But to today's Sunni Muslims, many of them living under autocratic regimes, the ideal of a caliphate built on the principle of government by consent is likely to have a powerful appeal.
Another significant source of the caliphate's appeal today is the memory it stirs of Muslim greatness. The era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs was followed by the imperial caliphates of the Umayyads and Abbasids.
"Seventy years after the Prophet's death, this Muslim world stretched from Spain and Morocco right the way to Central Asia and to the southern bits of Pakistan, so a huge empire that was all under the control of a single Muslim leader," says historian Prof Hugh Kennedy. "And it's this Muslim unity, the extent of Muslim sovereignty, that people above all look back to."
This Islamic Golden Age was also marked by great intellectual and cultural creativity the Abbasid court in Baghdad valued literature and music, and fostered world changing advances in medicine, science and mathematics.
Yet these dynasties extended their rule so far, and so fast, that it became increasingly difficult for any one lineage to control all Muslim lands. As power fragmented, it was not just a political dilemma for any particular dynasty, but also a theological challenge to the very idea of the caliphate. The power of unity was closely linked to the idea of a caliph yet it only took just over a century of the Muslim faith for the world to see parallel and even competing caliphates emerge.
The Sunni theologian Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed argues: "While you do have two caliphs on earth proclaiming that they're the representatives of the Muslim community at this point, and more deeply that they are the shadow of God on earth, Muslims at that point were very pragmatic, and they acknowledged the fact that there could be more than one caliph representing the benefits and the concerns of the Muslim community and that was also understood and accepted by Muslim theologians."
The Abbasid caliphate lasted for half a millennium before coming to a brutal end in 1258. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the last of the city's caliphs was rolled in a carpet and trampled to death under the hooves of Mongol horses this was, bizarrely, a mark of respect, as the Mongols believed that people of rank should be killed without their blood being shed.
The institution of the caliphate, however, survived. Members of the Abbasid family were installed as titular caliphs in Cairo by the Mamluks, the main Sunni Islamic power of the day. They were more ornaments to the Mamluk court than anything else, but merely by existing they preserved the ideal of a single leader behind whom all Muslims could unite. So the title was still there for the taking when a new Islamic empire arose. Early in the 16th Century it passed in slightly murky circumstances to the Ottoman sultans, who ruled a new Islamic world power for a further 400 years.
The caliphate was finally extinguished by Kemal Ataturk, the father of modern Turkey, in 1924. He believed the abolition of the institution was essential to his campaign to turn what was left of the empire into a 20th Century secular nation state. The last Ottoman caliph was expelled from Istanbul to live out a life of cultured exile in Paris and on the Cote d'Azur.
But the institution he represented had by then existed for nearly 1300 years, and the impact of its abolition on Muslim intellectual life was profound. In the same way, he says, Muslim thinkers in the 1920s suddenly found they had to ask fundamental questions they had never confronted before: "Do Muslims need to live in an Islamic State? What should that state be like?"
By the mid 20th Century leaders like Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser had come up with an answer to those questions the ideology known as pan Arabism offered a kind of secular caliphate, and during the 1950s Nasser even established something called the United Arab Republic, which joined Egypt and Syria.
But everything changed in the Middle East with the foundation of the State of Israel, and Pankhurst argues that Pan Arabism was wrecked on the rock of Israeli military might. "Pan Arabism drew its legitimacy from the fact that it was going to return the Arabs to their position of glory and liberate Palestine," he says. "When we had the abject defeat of 1967 (the Six hermes belt price replica Day War) it exposed a hollowness to the ideology."
Pankhurst belongs to Hizb ut Tahrir, an organisation founded in the 1950s to campaign for the restoration of the caliphate, and he argues that the revival of the idea has been driven by a general disenchantment with the political systems under which most Muslims have been living. "When people talk about a caliphate they are talking about a leader who's accountable, about justice and accountability according to Islamic law," he says. "That stands in stark contrast to the motley crew of dictators, kings, and oppressive state security type regimes you have, which have no popular legitimacy at all."
The regimes that dominated the Middle East during the late 20th Century did not like Hizb ut Tahrir unsurprisingly, in view of its ideology. Pankhurst spent nearly four years in an Egyptian jail.
In the early days of the Arab Spring, the revolutions in countries like Tunisia, Egypt and Libya were interpreted in Western capitals as evidence that the Muslim future lay with democracy. Then in Egypt came the overthrow of the democratically elected Muslim Brotherhood government by the army under General Abdel Fatah al Sisi and then came the horrors of Islamic State amid the bloody chaos of civil strife in Syria and Iraq.
"Many people will say that IS begins with al Sisi's coup," says Salman Sayyid Hermes belt replica france of Leeds University. "We right now have a growing gap of legitimacy in most governments that rule the Muslim peoples and that gap isn't closing One way of thinking about the caliphate is really a quest for Muslims to have autonomy. The idea that you should have capacity to write your own history becomes very strong and for Muslims I think the caliphate is the instrument for trying to write their own history."
Many classical Sunni scholars challenge the very notion that the caliphate is a political project. Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed, for example, argues that the key to the caliphate is really spiritual. "I think the Islamic State should come from within," he says. "It should be an Islamic State first and foremost of mind and soul." And the overwhelming majority, even of those who do believe that a new caliphate is a realistic political objective, completely reject the violence espoused by the self styled Islamic State.
But IS has skilfully exploited the elements in the caliphate's history which best serve its purposes. The historian Hugh Kennedy has pointed out, for example, that their black uniforms and flags deliberately echo the black robes the Abbasids adopted as their court dress in the 8th Century, thus recalling Islam's Golden Age. And their original title the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant harks back to the days when there was no national border between the two countries, because both territories were part of the great Islamic caliphate.
The success of IS does, in a grim way, reflect what a powerful and urgent aspiration the Caliphate has become. The IS project is certainly megalomaniac and atavistic, but it is building on an idea that is much more than a fantasy.
In June the leader of Islamic State declared the creation of a caliphate stretching across parts of Syria and Iraq Abu Bakr al Baghdadi named himself the caliph or leader. Edward Stourton examines the historical parallels and asks what is a caliphate, and what is its appeal?
When Islamic State (IS) declared itself a caliphate in June this year, and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi claimed the title of caliph, it seemed confirmation of the group's reputation for megalomania and atavistic fantasy. Al Baghdadi insisted that pledging allegiance to this caliphate was a religious obligation on all Muslims an appeal which was immediately greeted brown hermes belt replica by a chorus of condemnation across the Middle East.
But is it dangerous to underestimate the appeal of IS? Al Baghdadi's brutal regime does not, of course, remotely conform to the classical Muslim understanding of what a caliphate should be, but it does evoke an aspiration with a powerful and increasingly urgent resonance in the wider Muslim world.
The last caliphate that of the Ottomans was officially abolished 90 years ago this spring. Yet in a 2006 Gallup survey of Muslims living in Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia and Pakistan, two thirds of respondents said they supported the goal of "unifying all Islamic countries" into a new caliphate.
Why do so many Muslims subscribe to this apparently unrealisable dream? The answer lies in the caliphate's history.
The Arabic khalifa means a representative or successor, and in the Koran it is linked to the idea of just government Adam, and then David and Solomon, are each said to be God's khalifa on earth. And when the Prophet Mohammed died in 632 the title was bestowed on his successor as the leader of the Muslim community, the first of the Rashidun, the four so called "Rightly Guided Caliphs" who ruled for the first three decades of the new Islamic era. He argues that their era established an ideal of a caliph as "the choice of the people appointed in order to be responsible to them, apply Islamic law and ensure it's executed". He adds that the true caliph "is not above the law".
Find out more
Listen to The Idea of the Caliphate, broadcast on Analysis on BBC Radio 4 or download the podcast
Shia Muslims challenge this version of history they believe that the first two caliphs effectively staged a coup to frustrate the leadership claims of the Prophet's cousin Ali and this dispute about the hermes black belt knockoff early caliphate is the source of Islam's most enduring schism. But to today's Sunni Muslims, many of them living under autocratic regimes, the ideal of a caliphate built on the principle of government by consent is likely to have a powerful appeal.
Another significant source of the caliphate's appeal today is the memory it stirs of Muslim greatness. The era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs was followed by the imperial caliphates of the Umayyads and Abbasids.
"Seventy years after the Prophet's death, this Muslim world stretched from Spain and Morocco right the way to Central Asia and to the southern bits of Pakistan, so a huge empire that was all under the control of a single Muslim leader," says historian Prof Hugh Kennedy. "And it's this Muslim unity, the extent of Muslim sovereignty, that people above all look back to."
This Islamic Golden Age was also marked by great intellectual and cultural creativity the Abbasid court in Baghdad valued literature and music, and fostered world changing advances in medicine, science and mathematics.
Yet these dynasties extended their rule so far, and so fast, that it became increasingly difficult for any one lineage to control all Muslim lands. As power fragmented, it was not just a political dilemma for any particular dynasty, but also a theological challenge to the very idea of the caliphate. The power of unity was closely linked to the idea of a caliph yet it only took just over a century of the Muslim faith for the world to see parallel and even competing caliphates emerge.
The Sunni theologian Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed argues: "While you do have two caliphs on earth proclaiming that they're the representatives of the Muslim community at this point, and more deeply that they are the shadow of God on earth, Muslims at that point were very pragmatic, and they acknowledged the fact that there could be more than one caliph representing the benefits and the concerns of the Muslim community and that was also understood and accepted by Muslim theologians."
The Abbasid caliphate lasted for half a millennium before coming to a brutal end in 1258. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the last of the city's caliphs was rolled in a carpet and trampled to death under the hooves of Mongol horses this was, bizarrely, a mark of respect, as the Mongols believed that people of rank should be killed without their blood being shed.
The institution of the caliphate, however, survived. Members of the Abbasid family were installed as titular caliphs in Cairo by the Mamluks, the main Sunni Islamic power of the day. They were more ornaments to the Mamluk court than anything else, but merely by existing they preserved the ideal of a single leader behind whom all Muslims could unite. So the title was still there for the taking when a new Islamic empire arose. Early in the 16th Century it passed in slightly murky circumstances to the Ottoman sultans, who ruled a new Islamic world power for a further 400 years.
The caliphate was finally extinguished by Kemal Ataturk, the father of modern Turkey, in 1924. He believed the abolition of the institution was essential to his campaign to turn what was left of the empire into a 20th Century secular nation state. The last Ottoman caliph was expelled from Istanbul to live out a life of cultured exile in Paris and on the Cote d'Azur.
But the institution he represented had by then existed for nearly 1300 years, and the impact of its abolition on Muslim intellectual life was profound. In the same way, he says, Muslim thinkers in the 1920s suddenly found they had to ask fundamental questions they had never confronted before: "Do Muslims need to live in an Islamic State? What should that state be like?"
By the mid 20th Century leaders like Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser had come up with an answer to those questions the ideology known as pan Arabism offered a kind of secular caliphate, and during the 1950s Nasser even established something called the United Arab Republic, which joined Egypt and Syria.
But everything changed in the Middle East with the foundation of the State of Israel, and Pankhurst argues that Pan Arabism was wrecked on the rock of Israeli military might. "Pan Arabism drew its legitimacy from the fact that it was going to return the Arabs to their position of glory and liberate Palestine," he says. "When we had the abject defeat of 1967 (the Six hermes belt price replica Day War) it exposed a hollowness to the ideology."
Pankhurst belongs to Hizb ut Tahrir, an organisation founded in the 1950s to campaign for the restoration of the caliphate, and he argues that the revival of the idea has been driven by a general disenchantment with the political systems under which most Muslims have been living. "When people talk about a caliphate they are talking about a leader who's accountable, about justice and accountability according to Islamic law," he says. "That stands in stark contrast to the motley crew of dictators, kings, and oppressive state security type regimes you have, which have no popular legitimacy at all."
The regimes that dominated the Middle East during the late 20th Century did not like Hizb ut Tahrir unsurprisingly, in view of its ideology. Pankhurst spent nearly four years in an Egyptian jail.
In the early days of the Arab Spring, the revolutions in countries like Tunisia, Egypt and Libya were interpreted in Western capitals as evidence that the Muslim future lay with democracy. Then in Egypt came the overthrow of the democratically elected Muslim Brotherhood government by the army under General Abdel Fatah al Sisi and then came the horrors of Islamic State amid the bloody chaos of civil strife in Syria and Iraq.
"Many people will say that IS begins with al Sisi's coup," says Salman Sayyid Hermes belt replica france of Leeds University. "We right now have a growing gap of legitimacy in most governments that rule the Muslim peoples and that gap isn't closing One way of thinking about the caliphate is really a quest for Muslims to have autonomy. The idea that you should have capacity to write your own history becomes very strong and for Muslims I think the caliphate is the instrument for trying to write their own history."
Many classical Sunni scholars challenge the very notion that the caliphate is a political project. Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed, for example, argues that the key to the caliphate is really spiritual. "I think the Islamic State should come from within," he says. "It should be an Islamic State first and foremost of mind and soul." And the overwhelming majority, even of those who do believe that a new caliphate is a realistic political objective, completely reject the violence espoused by the self styled Islamic State.
But IS has skilfully exploited the elements in the caliphate's history which best serve its purposes. The historian Hugh Kennedy has pointed out, for example, that their black uniforms and flags deliberately echo the black robes the Abbasids adopted as their court dress in the 8th Century, thus recalling Islam's Golden Age. And their original title the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant harks back to the days when there was no national border between the two countries, because both territories were part of the great Islamic caliphate.
The success of IS does, in a grim way, reflect what a powerful and urgent aspiration the Caliphate has become. The IS project is certainly megalomaniac and atavistic, but it is building on an idea that is much more than a fantasy.
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