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Weet de juiste zandzak krachttraining
Sommige oefeningen met uw zandzak zijn best gedaan voor bepaalde functies, hoewel, er is nog steeds ruimte voor flexibiliteit en ruimte voor bepaalde typen en wil. Krachttraining is het best bereikt met verschillende oefeningen afgezien van conditionering. Bijvoorbeeld, gaat dit artikel over een aantal van de meest krachtige zandzak krachttraining benaderingen, hoewel er verschillende meer te wachten om ontdekt te worden. Zandzakken zijn beter geschikt voor het opbouwen van werkelijke spierkracht (in plaats van een paar "display spieren") in vergelijking Hermes birkin bags fake met de meeste training apparatuur omdat hun verschuiven gewicht uw lichaam dwingt met de hele reeks van spieren te compenseren. Dus, het feit dat zandzak opleiding maakt gebruik van een onevenwichtige, meestal asymmetrische gewicht een zegen voor een sterkte trainer die vastbesloten is is over het krijgen van echte fysieke gezondheid en fitness, dus met behulp van zandzakken in plaats van halters of iets dergelijks is een essentile handeling in de juiste richting.
De meest zichtbare techniek te maken gebruik van uw zandzak te bouwen kracht is om het omhoog boven je hoofd met beide handen, van een staande start. Hoe sneller u til deze omhoog, hoe krachtiger de oefening zal worden op de ontwikkeling van spieren, hoewel zoals gebruikelijk, u zou niet de opleiding zo snel dat je de controle verliezen fake hermes bag en jezelf pijn zou doen. Een andere effectieve techniek is om de zandzak op je schouder als u plat op je rug op de vloer liggen. Rollen op de andere kant, gebruik maken van uw arm plus uw andere spieren aan jezelf doen opstaan terwijl ervoor te zorgen dat de zandzak nog in zijn juiste plaats is en verplaatsen als geleidelijk mogelijk. Het moment dat u hebt volledig stond op, ga terug naar uw liggende positie, terwijl het houden van uw lichaam zo recht mogelijk, en vervolgens de zandzak naar de andere schouder heffen en ga naar staande positie met behulp van de tegenovergestelde arm voor hefboomeffect. Alternatieve dergelijke bewegingen tot het moment dat u een volledige reeks hebt bereikt.
Lunges, squats en liften, ofwel vereisen de zandzak van dichtbij vloerniveau verhogen, of met de zandzak reeds opgeheven om te passen spier ontwikkeling stress op replica hermes handbags outlet de borst, rug en armen zijn alle krachtige manieren van zandzak krachttraining en zijn meestal oneindige in verscheidenheid. Uw zandzak gewicht moet worden gezet in volgorde in om voor u te doen ongeveer vijf vertegenwoordigers van een bepaalde training voor nodig om een korte rust te nemen. Hef en uit te breiden uw zandzak is de sleutel tot zandzak opleiding die kracht in uw hele lichaam bouwen zou, versterking van de grootte van uw spieren en krijgt u voorbereid waar fysieke uitdagingen dan de kunstspieren gemaakt door het doen van herhalingen in opleiding machines.
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Sommige oefeningen met uw zandzak zijn best gedaan voor bepaalde functies, hoewel, er is nog steeds ruimte voor flexibiliteit en ruimte voor bepaalde typen en wil. Krachttraining is het best bereikt met verschillende oefeningen afgezien van conditionering. Bijvoorbeeld, gaat dit artikel over een aantal van de meest krachtige zandzak krachttraining benaderingen, hoewel er verschillende meer te wachten om ontdekt te worden. Zandzakken zijn beter geschikt voor het opbouwen van werkelijke spierkracht (in plaats van een paar "display spieren") in vergelijking Hermes birkin bags fake met de meeste training apparatuur omdat hun verschuiven gewicht uw lichaam dwingt met de hele reeks van spieren te compenseren. Dus, het feit dat zandzak opleiding maakt gebruik van een onevenwichtige, meestal asymmetrische gewicht een zegen voor een sterkte trainer die vastbesloten is is over het krijgen van echte fysieke gezondheid en fitness, dus met behulp van zandzakken in plaats van halters of iets dergelijks is een essentile handeling in de juiste richting.
De meest zichtbare techniek te maken gebruik van uw zandzak te bouwen kracht is om het omhoog boven je hoofd met beide handen, van een staande start. Hoe sneller u til deze omhoog, hoe krachtiger de oefening zal worden op de ontwikkeling van spieren, hoewel zoals gebruikelijk, u zou niet de opleiding zo snel dat je de controle verliezen fake hermes bag en jezelf pijn zou doen. Een andere effectieve techniek is om de zandzak op je schouder als u plat op je rug op de vloer liggen. Rollen op de andere kant, gebruik maken van uw arm plus uw andere spieren aan jezelf doen opstaan terwijl ervoor te zorgen dat de zandzak nog in zijn juiste plaats is en verplaatsen als geleidelijk mogelijk. Het moment dat u hebt volledig stond op, ga terug naar uw liggende positie, terwijl het houden van uw lichaam zo recht mogelijk, en vervolgens de zandzak naar de andere schouder heffen en ga naar staande positie met behulp van de tegenovergestelde arm voor hefboomeffect. Alternatieve dergelijke bewegingen tot het moment dat u een volledige reeks hebt bereikt.
Lunges, squats en liften, ofwel vereisen de zandzak van dichtbij vloerniveau verhogen, of met de zandzak reeds opgeheven om te passen spier ontwikkeling stress op replica hermes handbags outlet de borst, rug en armen zijn alle krachtige manieren van zandzak krachttraining en zijn meestal oneindige in verscheidenheid. Uw zandzak gewicht moet worden gezet in volgorde in om voor u te doen ongeveer vijf vertegenwoordigers van een bepaalde training voor nodig om een korte rust te nemen. Hef en uit te breiden uw zandzak is de sleutel tot zandzak opleiding die kracht in uw hele lichaam bouwen zou, versterking van de grootte van uw spieren en krijgt u voorbereid waar fysieke uitdagingen dan de kunstspieren gemaakt door het doen van herhalingen in opleiding machines.
Verwante artikelen in Bodybuilding Build Muscle
Mensen die genteresseerd zijn in het bovenstaande artikel zijn ook genteresseerd in de aanverwante artikelen hieronder:
We willen allemaal om spier te bouwen, hetzij om te kijken groter, sterker of gewoon slanker. Het ding is, de meesten van ons zal gaan over de bouw van de spier op volledig de verkeerde manier. Het is verre van een eenvoudig proces, maar met de volgende punten kunt u de meest voorkomende fouten vermijden. Deze vijf punten zal u helpen uw training schema evenwicht en tegelijkertijd versnellen uw spier bouwproces.
Hoewel, verminderen van het gewicht is de gemeenschappelijke zorg voor veel mensen van over de hele wereld, zijn er ook mensen, die worstelen om gewicht te verhogen. Als het gaat om het verhogen van gewicht, toe te replica birkin handbags voegen spier massa kunnen het uitstekende idee tegenover de verhoging van het vetgehalte in het lichaam. Het is mogelijk om het lichaamsgewicht te verhogen op een natuurlijke wijze zonder kiezen voor enkele onveilige methoden. FitOFat capsule is n van de natuurlijke manieren om te bouwen van lichaamsgewicht.
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Protesters descended on central London for the start of the demonstration just after midday wielding a rainbow of homemade signs with slogans referring to gender equality or President Trump.
The march, which ended with a rally in Trafalgar Square, was described as "incredible" by one attendee, but another added: "It's crazy to think marches like this still have to happen in 2017."
Just 37 per cent of US citizens say they approve of President Trump, compared to the 80 per cent support which Obama enjoyed at this stage in his own presidency in 2009.
'The air was thick with determination and energy'
Janet Oganah, a social media business owner, said she felt powerless after Mr Trump's election victory
Janet Oganah, 33, a former barrister turned social media business owner from Shoreditch, said: "The election result as well as the political events of 2016 have left me feeling powerless, disenfranchised and under attack.
"The march was the first time in months that I have felt positive about the state of the world. The air was thick with determination and energy.
"I saw placards on race equality, gender equality, LGBT rights, climate change, abortion rights, immigration refugee causes and the list goes on.
"It is profoundly disappointing that one person, who is now one of the most powerful people in the world, can pose such a real and direct risk fake hermes bag to all of these groups and causes."
Georgie White Aldworth, 30, an artist and gallery worker from Walthamstow, said: "I needed to march for equality, for freedom, for trust and honesty, for respect, to be heard, to be listened to to feel in control and really simply for some common courtesy which I think has been forgotten in politics.
"The march was fantastic, incredible in fact. It felt empowering that everyone was out in the freezing but sunny streets of London knowing we all believed the same thing. I welled up several times."
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"It matters because America is the world's leading global super power politically, militarily and economically. It matters because fear, division and inequality are universal issues. It matters because global warming is real. It matters because it affects all of us.
"I feel sorry for the poor man [Trump] if he thinks we're going to go quietly into the night."
'It's not just about the presidency'
Liza van der Smissen argued President Trump mattered in Britain too
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"It's about creating a feeling of solidarity with one another wherever you are in the world."
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
The action was planned in solidarity with similar demonstrations taking place in Washington DC and the rest of the world in the wake of Donald Trump's inauguration.
Organisers called for people to join them "as part of replica hermes handbags outlet an international day of action in solidarity" aimed at promoting women's and human rights.
Protesters descended on central London for the start of the demonstration just after midday wielding a rainbow of homemade signs with slogans referring to gender equality or President Trump.
The march, which ended with a rally in Trafalgar Square, was described as "incredible" by one attendee, but another added: "It's crazy to think marches like this still have to happen in 2017."
Just 37 per cent of US citizens say they approve of President Trump, compared to the 80 per cent support which Obama enjoyed at this stage in his own presidency in 2009.
'The air was thick with determination and energy'
Janet Oganah, a social media business owner, said she felt powerless after Mr Trump's election victory
Janet Oganah, 33, a former barrister turned social media business owner from Shoreditch, said: "The election result as well as the political events of 2016 have left me feeling powerless, disenfranchised and under attack.
"The march was the first time in months that I have felt positive about the state of the world. The air was thick with determination and energy.
"I saw placards on race equality, gender equality, LGBT rights, climate change, abortion rights, immigration refugee causes and the list goes on.
"It is profoundly disappointing that one person, who is now one of the most powerful people in the world, can pose such a real and direct risk fake hermes bag to all of these groups and causes."
Georgie White Aldworth, 30, an artist and gallery worker from Walthamstow, said: "I needed to march for equality, for freedom, for trust and honesty, for respect, to be heard, to be listened to to feel in control and really simply for some common courtesy which I think has been forgotten in politics.
"The march was fantastic, incredible in fact. It felt empowering that everyone was out in the freezing but sunny streets of London knowing we all believed the same thing. I welled up several times."
Louisa Connolly Burnham, 24, an actress from Barnet, said: "The atmosphere was fashion cheap hermes handbags electric, but amongst all the excitement there were also emotional moments because it's crazy to think marches like this still have to happen in 2017.
"It matters because America is the world's leading global super power politically, militarily and economically. It matters because fear, division and inequality are universal issues. It matters because global warming is real. It matters because it affects all of us.
"I feel sorry for the poor man [Trump] if he thinks we're going to go quietly into the night."
'It's not just about the presidency'
Liza van der Smissen argued President Trump mattered in Britain too
Actress Liza van der Smissen added: "This matters in Britain as I believe it's not just about the replica birkin handbags presidency in the US.
"It's about creating a feeling of solidarity with one another wherever you are in the world."
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
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Who died in 2016
William Christopher A look back at the esteemed personalities who left us this year, who touched us with their innovation, creativity and humanity. The Associated Press contributed to this report.
A Methodist, actor William Christopher (October 20, 1932 December 31, 2016) was best known for playing the kindly and gentle Catholic priest Father Francis Mulcahy, maneuvering amid the secular goings on of his fellow service members near the Korean War front, on the TV series After the show ended in 1983, he appeared in the spinoff series, MASH. He also played Fr. Tobias on of Our Lives in 2012.
Fellow castmember Loretta Swit called Christopher Father Mulcahy most perfect casting ever known. his wife Barbara, Christopher wrote the 1985 book Blessings, about the joys and challenges of having a child with autism, and was well known for his work with the autism community.
Debbie Reynolds Debbie Reynolds (April 1, 1932 December 28, 2016) was a show biz triple threat an actress, singer and dancer who vaulted into Hollywood fame after being picked by Gene Kelly at age 19 to star in his classic, in the Rain (pictured). She starred in dozens of films in the 1950s and including Tender Trap and and the Bachelor had her own sitcom, Debbie Reynolds Show and became a bright light on the Vegas Strip.
Her personal life also dominated headlines; her highly publicized breakup in 1958 with husband Eddie Fisher (who left her for her friend Elizabeth Taylor) was the Pitt Aniston Jolie scandal of its day. Reynolds eventually forgave Taylor and wrote in her memoir, the long run, Elizabeth did me a favor. later marriages, which both ended in divorce, left Reynolds financially ruined. She was forced to auction off her vast collection of Hollywood memorabilia, which she started amassing when the studios began dumping their costume and prop departments. And she continued acting through the 2000s, including a recurring role on and Grace and the HBO film the Candelabra.
No other Hollywood role (including in Blues Brothers, and Her Sisters or Harry Met Sally would equal the rebel leader, appearing in four of the saga episodes, most recently in 2015 Force Awakens. She became a top script doctor, and recently published her sixth book, Princess Diarist, about her years long alcoholism and drug abuse, while becoming a forceful speaker to her struggles with mental illness.
Of her Princess Leia character, her low point was in of the Jedi, when, as captive of the notorious gangster Jabba the Hutt, Fisher was required to wear a super revealing gold bikini. naked, which is not a style choice for me, she told NPR earlier this year. redeems it is I get to kill him, which was so enjoyable. Credit: Lucasfilm/20th Century Fox
George Michael Born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, Grammy winning singer George Michael (June 25, 1963 December 25, 2016) rose to fame as part of the duo Wham!, with such hits as Guns, Whisper, It Big, Me Up Before You Go Go and Did Your Heart Go. Michael would sell 100 million albums throughout his four decade career, including his debut solo album, and the singles Want Your Sex, to a Child, and 1987 duet with Aretha Franklin, Knew You Were Waiting, was one of many noted collaborations, including Let the Sun Go Down on Me (with Elton John), to Love (with Queen), (with Mary J. Blige), I Told You That (with Whitney Houston), and Is Not Real Love (with Mutya Buena).
A near fatal bout of pneumonia in 2011 affected Michael with accent syndrome, speaking with a West Country accent when he awoke from a coma. doctors were worried that I had this condition where some people wake up speaking French or some language they learned at school, Michael told London LBC radio. nothing wrong with a West Country accent, but it a bit weird when you from north London. Credit: JOERG KOCH/AFP/Getty Images
Vera Rubin Vera Rubin (July 23, 1928 December 25, 2016) developed her interest in astronomy as a young girl; her father helped her build a telescope and took her to meetings of amateur astronomers. She was the only astronomy major to graduate from Vassar College in 1948, only to learn when she applied to graduate school at Princeton that women were not allowed in that university graduate astronomy program. She would eventually earn her doctorate from Georgetown, on whose faculty she later worked before joining the Carnegie Institution, a nonprofit scientific research center in Washington.
During her career, Rubin examined more than 200 galaxies, and observed that galaxies don quite rotate the way they were predicted. That lent support to the theory that some other force matter was at work. It was but one of her breakthrough discoveries.
In her 1997 book, Galaxies, Dark Matters, Rubin wrote, one promised that we would live in the era that would unravel the mysteries of the cosmos. The edge of the universe is far beyond our grasp. Like Columbus, perhaps like the Vikings, we have peered into a new world and have seen that it is more mysterious and more complex than we had imagined. Still more mysteries of the universe remain hidden. Their discovery awaits the adventurous scientists of the future. I like it this way. Credit: Vassar College Library
Zsa Zsa Gabor A social butterfly before the era of social media, Hungarian born actress and socialite Zsa Zsa Gabor (February 6, 1917 December 18, 2016) was, with sisters Eva and Magda, one of a trio of Gabors who became stars after emigrating to the United States. Zsa Zsa appeared in such films as of Evil, Girl in the Kremlin, Baby! of Outer Space, and John Huston Rouge. she became even better known for glamour than for acting, and was a regular and sparkling presence on TV talk shows, bantering and joking about her lifestyle, including her nine marriages. And her celebrity led to even more film and TV appearances playing herself, including a memorable cameo in the 1991 film Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear, parodying her real life slap of a traffic cop.
Craig Sager Sports broadcaster Craig Sager (June 29, 1951 Dec. 15, 2016), famous for his flashy suits and probing questions, covered the Olympics, Major League Baseball playoffs, the NFL and NCAA Tournaments. But he was indelibly connected to the NBA, working basketball games for TNT for nearly a quarter century,
Sager persistence was on display early in his career in 1974, when the then 22 year old news director at WSPB (an AM radio station in Sarasota, Fla.) risked getting fired for deciding to hop a flight to Atlanta for a game with Hank Aaron a home run away from breaking Babe Ruth career record. As the historic hermes men belt replica homer sailed out of the park, Sager, without thinking, sprinted onto the field and wound up chasing Aaron down the third base line.
Sager sported suits in every color of the rainbow and beyond, from teal to fuchsia to magenta. He would match plaid blazers with paisley ties or striped shirts all in bold hues.
In a 2016 interview with HBO Sports, Sager recalled how San Antonio Spurs coach Gregg Popovich reproached him for trying to stand out. Sager explained to him: you don understand. If I not wearing bright colors and if I don feel lively, it not me. Credit: Ronald Martinez/Getty Images
Alan Thicke Canadian born actor Alan Thicke (March 1, 1947 Hermes replica belt paris Dec. 13, 2016), who starred as iconic TV dad Dr. Jason Seaver in the series Pains (1985 1992), had a prolific career, including a late night talk show, of the Night, and guest appearances on I Met Your Mother and House. always felt that you need to treat your career like a business at any given time, I would always have an idea or two to pitch, he said.
got Pains exactly like that. My talk show had just been cancelled, and I went to meet with some executives at ABC to discuss ideas. They were interested, but they had this other show where they were looking for an actor to play the husband and dad. Maybe you go in to talk about one thing, and you walk out with something else. The secret is being there and being open to opportunity. Credit: Michael Buckner, Getty Images
John Glenn On February 20, 1962, astronaut John Glenn (July 18, 1921 December 8, 2016) became the first American to orbit the Earth. A combat fighter pilot in World War II and the Korean War, Glenn was one of the seven original Mercury astronauts, and the last surviving member of the team that took America first steps off of Earth, at a time when the Soviet Union was making momentous advances into space. Senator from Ohio, Glenn was also a onetime Democratic presidential candidate, and the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1998, Glenn then 77 returned to orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, becoming the oldest person ever to fly in space.
think people need heroes, Glenn told CBS News in 2012, on the 50th anniversary of his historic flight aboard Friendship 7. don know whether I am one or not . but if we can help encourage some of the young people of today in [their] education and technical matters also, it well worth the effort. Credit: NASA
Greg Lake Guitarist and singer Greg Lake (November 10, 1947 December 7, 2016) was a co founder (with guitarist Robert Fripp) of King Crimson, the influential late progressive rock band. tour, King Crimson disbanded while appearing at San Francisco Filmore West. On the same bill was another British progressive rock band, The Nice, with keyboardist Keith Emerson. That band was also splitting up, and so was born Emerson, Lake and Palmer, one of the genre most successful groups.
very weird, but there you go strange things happen sometimes. Lake told Rolling Stone magazine in 2013. and the music business is sort of very fortuitous. It very circumstantial.
With Emerson (who died in March 2016) and drummer Carl Palmer, ELP released six platinum selling albums characterized by replica Hermes belt france songs of epic length, classical influence and ornate imagery, and toured with elaborate light shows and theatrical staging. With the rise in punk in the mid to late progressive rock bands suffered a backlash. ELP broke up in 1979, reunited in 1991, disbanded again, and then reunited for a 2010 tour.
Palmer, the group sole survivor, said soaring voice and skill as a musician will be remembered by all who knew his hermes brown belt imitation music. Lake photographed by Jean Luc Ourlin at Toronto Maple Leaf Gardens, Feb. 3, 1978.
William Christopher A look back at the esteemed personalities who left us this year, who touched us with their innovation, creativity and humanity. The Associated Press contributed to this report.
A Methodist, actor William Christopher (October 20, 1932 December 31, 2016) was best known for playing the kindly and gentle Catholic priest Father Francis Mulcahy, maneuvering amid the secular goings on of his fellow service members near the Korean War front, on the TV series After the show ended in 1983, he appeared in the spinoff series, MASH. He also played Fr. Tobias on of Our Lives in 2012.
Fellow castmember Loretta Swit called Christopher Father Mulcahy most perfect casting ever known. his wife Barbara, Christopher wrote the 1985 book Blessings, about the joys and challenges of having a child with autism, and was well known for his work with the autism community.
Debbie Reynolds Debbie Reynolds (April 1, 1932 December 28, 2016) was a show biz triple threat an actress, singer and dancer who vaulted into Hollywood fame after being picked by Gene Kelly at age 19 to star in his classic, in the Rain (pictured). She starred in dozens of films in the 1950s and including Tender Trap and and the Bachelor had her own sitcom, Debbie Reynolds Show and became a bright light on the Vegas Strip.
Her personal life also dominated headlines; her highly publicized breakup in 1958 with husband Eddie Fisher (who left her for her friend Elizabeth Taylor) was the Pitt Aniston Jolie scandal of its day. Reynolds eventually forgave Taylor and wrote in her memoir, the long run, Elizabeth did me a favor. later marriages, which both ended in divorce, left Reynolds financially ruined. She was forced to auction off her vast collection of Hollywood memorabilia, which she started amassing when the studios began dumping their costume and prop departments. And she continued acting through the 2000s, including a recurring role on and Grace and the HBO film the Candelabra.
No other Hollywood role (including in Blues Brothers, and Her Sisters or Harry Met Sally would equal the rebel leader, appearing in four of the saga episodes, most recently in 2015 Force Awakens. She became a top script doctor, and recently published her sixth book, Princess Diarist, about her years long alcoholism and drug abuse, while becoming a forceful speaker to her struggles with mental illness.
Of her Princess Leia character, her low point was in of the Jedi, when, as captive of the notorious gangster Jabba the Hutt, Fisher was required to wear a super revealing gold bikini. naked, which is not a style choice for me, she told NPR earlier this year. redeems it is I get to kill him, which was so enjoyable. Credit: Lucasfilm/20th Century Fox
George Michael Born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, Grammy winning singer George Michael (June 25, 1963 December 25, 2016) rose to fame as part of the duo Wham!, with such hits as Guns, Whisper, It Big, Me Up Before You Go Go and Did Your Heart Go. Michael would sell 100 million albums throughout his four decade career, including his debut solo album, and the singles Want Your Sex, to a Child, and 1987 duet with Aretha Franklin, Knew You Were Waiting, was one of many noted collaborations, including Let the Sun Go Down on Me (with Elton John), to Love (with Queen), (with Mary J. Blige), I Told You That (with Whitney Houston), and Is Not Real Love (with Mutya Buena).
A near fatal bout of pneumonia in 2011 affected Michael with accent syndrome, speaking with a West Country accent when he awoke from a coma. doctors were worried that I had this condition where some people wake up speaking French or some language they learned at school, Michael told London LBC radio. nothing wrong with a West Country accent, but it a bit weird when you from north London. Credit: JOERG KOCH/AFP/Getty Images
Vera Rubin Vera Rubin (July 23, 1928 December 25, 2016) developed her interest in astronomy as a young girl; her father helped her build a telescope and took her to meetings of amateur astronomers. She was the only astronomy major to graduate from Vassar College in 1948, only to learn when she applied to graduate school at Princeton that women were not allowed in that university graduate astronomy program. She would eventually earn her doctorate from Georgetown, on whose faculty she later worked before joining the Carnegie Institution, a nonprofit scientific research center in Washington.
During her career, Rubin examined more than 200 galaxies, and observed that galaxies don quite rotate the way they were predicted. That lent support to the theory that some other force matter was at work. It was but one of her breakthrough discoveries.
In her 1997 book, Galaxies, Dark Matters, Rubin wrote, one promised that we would live in the era that would unravel the mysteries of the cosmos. The edge of the universe is far beyond our grasp. Like Columbus, perhaps like the Vikings, we have peered into a new world and have seen that it is more mysterious and more complex than we had imagined. Still more mysteries of the universe remain hidden. Their discovery awaits the adventurous scientists of the future. I like it this way. Credit: Vassar College Library
Zsa Zsa Gabor A social butterfly before the era of social media, Hungarian born actress and socialite Zsa Zsa Gabor (February 6, 1917 December 18, 2016) was, with sisters Eva and Magda, one of a trio of Gabors who became stars after emigrating to the United States. Zsa Zsa appeared in such films as of Evil, Girl in the Kremlin, Baby! of Outer Space, and John Huston Rouge. she became even better known for glamour than for acting, and was a regular and sparkling presence on TV talk shows, bantering and joking about her lifestyle, including her nine marriages. And her celebrity led to even more film and TV appearances playing herself, including a memorable cameo in the 1991 film Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear, parodying her real life slap of a traffic cop.
Craig Sager Sports broadcaster Craig Sager (June 29, 1951 Dec. 15, 2016), famous for his flashy suits and probing questions, covered the Olympics, Major League Baseball playoffs, the NFL and NCAA Tournaments. But he was indelibly connected to the NBA, working basketball games for TNT for nearly a quarter century,
Sager persistence was on display early in his career in 1974, when the then 22 year old news director at WSPB (an AM radio station in Sarasota, Fla.) risked getting fired for deciding to hop a flight to Atlanta for a game with Hank Aaron a home run away from breaking Babe Ruth career record. As the historic hermes men belt replica homer sailed out of the park, Sager, without thinking, sprinted onto the field and wound up chasing Aaron down the third base line.
Sager sported suits in every color of the rainbow and beyond, from teal to fuchsia to magenta. He would match plaid blazers with paisley ties or striped shirts all in bold hues.
In a 2016 interview with HBO Sports, Sager recalled how San Antonio Spurs coach Gregg Popovich reproached him for trying to stand out. Sager explained to him: you don understand. If I not wearing bright colors and if I don feel lively, it not me. Credit: Ronald Martinez/Getty Images
Alan Thicke Canadian born actor Alan Thicke (March 1, 1947 Hermes replica belt paris Dec. 13, 2016), who starred as iconic TV dad Dr. Jason Seaver in the series Pains (1985 1992), had a prolific career, including a late night talk show, of the Night, and guest appearances on I Met Your Mother and House. always felt that you need to treat your career like a business at any given time, I would always have an idea or two to pitch, he said.
got Pains exactly like that. My talk show had just been cancelled, and I went to meet with some executives at ABC to discuss ideas. They were interested, but they had this other show where they were looking for an actor to play the husband and dad. Maybe you go in to talk about one thing, and you walk out with something else. The secret is being there and being open to opportunity. Credit: Michael Buckner, Getty Images
John Glenn On February 20, 1962, astronaut John Glenn (July 18, 1921 December 8, 2016) became the first American to orbit the Earth. A combat fighter pilot in World War II and the Korean War, Glenn was one of the seven original Mercury astronauts, and the last surviving member of the team that took America first steps off of Earth, at a time when the Soviet Union was making momentous advances into space. Senator from Ohio, Glenn was also a onetime Democratic presidential candidate, and the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1998, Glenn then 77 returned to orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, becoming the oldest person ever to fly in space.
think people need heroes, Glenn told CBS News in 2012, on the 50th anniversary of his historic flight aboard Friendship 7. don know whether I am one or not . but if we can help encourage some of the young people of today in [their] education and technical matters also, it well worth the effort. Credit: NASA
Greg Lake Guitarist and singer Greg Lake (November 10, 1947 December 7, 2016) was a co founder (with guitarist Robert Fripp) of King Crimson, the influential late progressive rock band. tour, King Crimson disbanded while appearing at San Francisco Filmore West. On the same bill was another British progressive rock band, The Nice, with keyboardist Keith Emerson. That band was also splitting up, and so was born Emerson, Lake and Palmer, one of the genre most successful groups.
very weird, but there you go strange things happen sometimes. Lake told Rolling Stone magazine in 2013. and the music business is sort of very fortuitous. It very circumstantial.
With Emerson (who died in March 2016) and drummer Carl Palmer, ELP released six platinum selling albums characterized by replica Hermes belt france songs of epic length, classical influence and ornate imagery, and toured with elaborate light shows and theatrical staging. With the rise in punk in the mid to late progressive rock bands suffered a backlash. ELP broke up in 1979, reunited in 1991, disbanded again, and then reunited for a 2010 tour.
Palmer, the group sole survivor, said soaring voice and skill as a musician will be remembered by all who knew his hermes brown belt imitation music. Lake photographed by Jean Luc Ourlin at Toronto Maple Leaf Gardens, Feb. 3, 1978.
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When did the middle finger become offensive
extended her middle finger during Sunday night's Super Bowl halftime show. What does the gesture mean, and when did it become offensive?
A public intellectual, expressing his contempt for a gas bag politician, reaches for a familiar gesture. He extends his middle finger and declares: "This is the great demagogue."
The episode occurred not on a chat show nor in the salons of New York or London, but in 4th imitiaton hermes bags Century BC Athens, when the philosopher Diogenes told a group of visitors exactly what he thought about the orator Demosthenes, according to a later Greek historian.
The middle finger, extended with the other fingers held beneath the thumb, is thus documented to have expressed insult and belittlement for more replica hermes handbags outlet than two millennia.
'Phallic gesture'Ancient Greek philosophers, Latin poets hoping to sell copies of their works, soldiers, athletes and pop stars, schoolchildren, peevish policemen and skittish network executives have all been aware of the gesture's particular power to insult and inflame.
"It's one of the most ancient insult gestures known," says anthropologist Desmond Morris.
"The middle finger is the penis and the curled fingers on either side are the testicles. By doing it, you are offering someone a phallic gesture. extended the finger Different hermes bag fake during a performance of Madonna's Give Me All Your Luvin'.
The NFL and NBC television, which broadcast the game and the half time show, apologised.
"The obscene gesture in the performance was completely inappropriate," said Brian McCarthy, a spokesman for the NFL.
The gesture is widely known to Americans as flipping the bird, or just giving someone the finger.
The Romans had their own name for it: digitus impudicus the shameless, indecent or offensive finger.
In the Epigrammata of First Century AD by the Latin poet Martial, a character who has always enjoyed good health extends a finger, "the indecent one", at three doctors.
Monkeys' obscene gestureThe Roman historian Tacitus wrote that German tribesmen gave the middle finger to advancing Roman soldiers, says Thomas Conley, a professor emeritus of communication and classics at the University of Illinois, who has written about the rhetoric of insults.
Earlier, the Greeks used the middle finger as an explicit reference to the male genitalia.
In 419BC, the playwright Aristophanes puns in his comedy The Clouds about dactylic (finger) rhythm, with a character gesturing first with his middle finger and subsequently with his crotch.
The gesture's origins may extend even further back: male squirrel monkeys of South America are known to gesture with the erect penis, says Dr Morris.
The middle finger, which Dr Morris says probably arrived in the US with Italian immigrants, is documented in the US as early as 1886, when a pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters gave it in classic hermes bags fake a joint team photograph with the rival New York Giants.
Expression of 'displeasure'The French have their own phallic salute, says Dr Morris.
In performing the "bras d'honneur" (arm of honour), one raises the forearm with the back of the hand facing outward, while slapping or gripping the inside of the elbow with the other hand.
The British gesture the two fingered "v" with the palm facing inward is a "double phallus", Dr Morris quips.
Although scholars and historians continue to debate its origins, according to legend it was first displayed at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, although this is widely regarded as mythology.
The story goes that English soldiers waved their fingers at French soldiers who had threatened to cut off captured archers' first two fingers to prevent them shooting arrows. The English were thus boasting they were still capable of doing so.
The middle finger's offensive meaning seems to have overtaken cultural, linguistic and national boundaries and can now be seen at protests, on football pitches, and at rock concerts across the world.
In December, Liverpool striker Luis Suarez was photographed giving an American style middle finger to Fulham fans after his club's 1 0 loss there.
The FA cited him for improper conduct and suspended him for one game.
Protest, rage, excitementIn 2004, a Canadian MP from Calgary was accused of pointing his middle finger at a member from another party who he said had been heckling him in the House of Commons.
"I expressed my displeasure to him, let's put it this way," Deepak Obhrai told a Canadian newspaper.
Two years earlier, pop star Britney Spears gave the finger to a group of photographers in Mexico who she complained had been chasing her. Some of her fans thought the gesture was aimed at them, and Spears later apologised.
extended her middle finger during Sunday night's Super Bowl halftime show. What does the gesture mean, and when did it become offensive?
A public intellectual, expressing his contempt for a gas bag politician, reaches for a familiar gesture. He extends his middle finger and declares: "This is the great demagogue."
The episode occurred not on a chat show nor in the salons of New York or London, but in 4th imitiaton hermes bags Century BC Athens, when the philosopher Diogenes told a group of visitors exactly what he thought about the orator Demosthenes, according to a later Greek historian.
The middle finger, extended with the other fingers held beneath the thumb, is thus documented to have expressed insult and belittlement for more replica hermes handbags outlet than two millennia.
'Phallic gesture'Ancient Greek philosophers, Latin poets hoping to sell copies of their works, soldiers, athletes and pop stars, schoolchildren, peevish policemen and skittish network executives have all been aware of the gesture's particular power to insult and inflame.
"It's one of the most ancient insult gestures known," says anthropologist Desmond Morris.
"The middle finger is the penis and the curled fingers on either side are the testicles. By doing it, you are offering someone a phallic gesture. extended the finger Different hermes bag fake during a performance of Madonna's Give Me All Your Luvin'.
The NFL and NBC television, which broadcast the game and the half time show, apologised.
"The obscene gesture in the performance was completely inappropriate," said Brian McCarthy, a spokesman for the NFL.
The gesture is widely known to Americans as flipping the bird, or just giving someone the finger.
The Romans had their own name for it: digitus impudicus the shameless, indecent or offensive finger.
In the Epigrammata of First Century AD by the Latin poet Martial, a character who has always enjoyed good health extends a finger, "the indecent one", at three doctors.
Monkeys' obscene gestureThe Roman historian Tacitus wrote that German tribesmen gave the middle finger to advancing Roman soldiers, says Thomas Conley, a professor emeritus of communication and classics at the University of Illinois, who has written about the rhetoric of insults.
Earlier, the Greeks used the middle finger as an explicit reference to the male genitalia.
In 419BC, the playwright Aristophanes puns in his comedy The Clouds about dactylic (finger) rhythm, with a character gesturing first with his middle finger and subsequently with his crotch.
The gesture's origins may extend even further back: male squirrel monkeys of South America are known to gesture with the erect penis, says Dr Morris.
The middle finger, which Dr Morris says probably arrived in the US with Italian immigrants, is documented in the US as early as 1886, when a pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters gave it in classic hermes bags fake a joint team photograph with the rival New York Giants.
Expression of 'displeasure'The French have their own phallic salute, says Dr Morris.
In performing the "bras d'honneur" (arm of honour), one raises the forearm with the back of the hand facing outward, while slapping or gripping the inside of the elbow with the other hand.
The British gesture the two fingered "v" with the palm facing inward is a "double phallus", Dr Morris quips.
Although scholars and historians continue to debate its origins, according to legend it was first displayed at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, although this is widely regarded as mythology.
The story goes that English soldiers waved their fingers at French soldiers who had threatened to cut off captured archers' first two fingers to prevent them shooting arrows. The English were thus boasting they were still capable of doing so.
The middle finger's offensive meaning seems to have overtaken cultural, linguistic and national boundaries and can now be seen at protests, on football pitches, and at rock concerts across the world.
In December, Liverpool striker Luis Suarez was photographed giving an American style middle finger to Fulham fans after his club's 1 0 loss there.
The FA cited him for improper conduct and suspended him for one game.
Protest, rage, excitementIn 2004, a Canadian MP from Calgary was accused of pointing his middle finger at a member from another party who he said had been heckling him in the House of Commons.
"I expressed my displeasure to him, let's put it this way," Deepak Obhrai told a Canadian newspaper.
Two years earlier, pop star Britney Spears gave the finger to a group of photographers in Mexico who she complained had been chasing her. Some of her fans thought the gesture was aimed at them, and Spears later apologised.
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Will the election be hacked
A few weeks after Election Night 2002, Roxanne Jekot, a computer programmer who lives in a northeastern suburb of Atlanta, Ga., began fearing demons lingering in the state voting machines. The midterm election had been a historic one: Georgia became the first state to use electronic touch screen voting machines in every one of its precincts. The 51 year old Jekot, who has a grandmotherly bearing but describes herself as a computer geek, was initially excited about the new system.
thought it was the coolest thing we could have done, she says.
But the election also brought sweeping victories for Republicans, including, most stunningly, one for Sonny Perdue, who defeated Roy Barnes, the incumbent Democrat, to become Georgia first Republican governor in 135 years, while Rep. Saxby Chambliss upset Vietnam veteran Sen. Max Cleland. The convergence of these two developments the introduction of new voting machines and the surprising GOP wins began to eat away at Roxanne Jekot. Like many of her fellow angry Democrats on the Internet discussion forums she frequented, she had a hard time believing the Republicans won legitimately. Instead, Jekot began searching for her explanation in the source code used in the new voting machines.
What she found alarmed her. The machines were state of the art products from an Ohio company called Diebold. But the code which a friend of Jekot had found on the Internet was anything but flawless, Jekot says. It was amateurish and pocked with security problems. expected sophistication and some fairly difficult to understand advanced coding, Jekot said one evening this fall at a restaurant near her home. But she saw hodgepodge of commands thrown all over the source code, an indication, she said, that the programmers were careless. Along with technical commands, Diebold engineers had written English comments documenting the various functions their software performed and these comments my hair stand on end, Jekot said. The programmers would say things like doesn work because that doesn work and neither one of them work together. They seemed to know that their software was flawed.
To Jekot, there appeared to be method in the incompetence. Professional programmers could not be so sloppy; it had to be deliberate. specifically opened doors that need not be opened, Jekot said, suggesting the possibility that Diebold wanted to leave its voting machines open to fraud. And, ominously, the electronic voting systems used in Georgia, like most of the new machines installed in the United States since the 2000 election, do not produce a trail every vote cast in the state midterm election was recorded, tabulated, checked and stored by computers whose internal workings are owned by Diebold, a private corporation.
Jekot was particularly alarmed and outraged to learn that company CEO Walden O is one of the GOP biggest fundraisers in his home state of Ohio and nationally. Right after the Georgia elections, an O e mail began making the rounds of Web logs and other Internet sites that were tracking the Diebold security flaws, in which the CEO bragged that he to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year. What better way to deliver electoral votes for President Bush, some reasoned, than to control the equipment Americans use to cast their ballots?
believe that the 2002 election in Georgia was rigged, Jekot insists today. don believe that Saxby Chambliss or Sonny Perdue how much is a hermes handbag won their races legally.
Despite Jekot technical expertise, officials in Georgia consider her theories baseless. Roy Barnes, the defeated Democratic governor, says that blaming his loss on voting machines is And, to be sure, there is no evidence proving malfeasance, and there probably never will be. The only trouble is, the state cannot furnish any definitive evidence to show that the 2002 election was not fraudulent. Proving that the machines didn malfunction, or that they weren hacked, is impossible. And since scores of computer scientists say that voting systems are vulnerable to attack, and because activists have raised legitimate concerns about election equipment vendors politics and processes, Jekot fears have come to seem, to many, entirely reasonable.
Even a self described Christian arch conservative, former Diebold systems manager Rob Behler, says the company failed to adequately test its troubled equipment and balked when he warned them of widespread problems with the machines. Last summer, computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University found major security flaws in the Diebold machines, concluding that the Georgia system falls below even the most minimal security standards. And in January, experts at RABA Technologies, a consulting firm in Maryland, discovered additional failures in that state Diebold systems. Internal Diebold e mail shows that company engineers knew about the problems and in some instances chose to ignore them.
Some elections officials are beginning to see the profound dangers inherent in this process; California Secretary of State Kevin Shelley has ordered that all systems in his state implement a paper record by 2006. Activists hailed Shelley decision as evidence that he understands the fundamental principle at stake: Elections should be sacrosanct.
But on Election Day this November, more than 20 percent of American voters will cast their ballots on paperless electronic machines; voters across the nation will encounter them during the primaries. Critics of touch screen systems point to the controversy surrounding the vote in Georgia as a sign of things to come nationally. If there an upset in a close presidential race, will we be able to trust it? Ironically, the paperless systems were supposed to restore trust in a democracy that saw the presidency hang by a few thousand chads in Florida three years ago. In Georgia, and increasingly across the nation, Different hermes bag fake they in danger of doing quite the opposite.
Many in Georgia dismiss Jekot and her Web based acolytes as blinded partisans, conspiracy nuts, or even
But if you dismiss Roxanne Jekot as a wack job, you still have to deal with her friends. Jekot represents only the most strident quarter of an emerging national movement aimed at slowing the spread of the kind of touch screen systems that were first used in Georgia. While the movement counts as members some of the most shrill partisans on the Web, it also includes some of the most well regarded computer scientists in the world and together, these groups have been unexpectedly successful in changing the national perceptions of touch screen machines.
Until just about a year ago, these systems were considered the natural replacement to the punch card machines that so roiled the last presidential election. The new machines are easy to maintain, they can accommodate multiple languages, they can be imitiaton hermes bags used by people with disabilities, and they have the backing of influential groups like the League of Women Voters and the ACLU. The Help America Vote Act of 2002, which doles out a total of $650 million in federal money to state and local officials who upgrade their aging voting systems, has already prompted dozens of counties and a handful of states to deploy the touch screen systems.
The activists have upended the process. Fear of the voting machines is now a red meat issue not just for online lefties but also for libertarians, for many on the right, and, increasingly, for the establishment. National newspapers run Op Eds on the issue, network news shows feature the movement proponents, and officials like Shelley, in California, have been pressed to change their positions on the systems.
If you spend much time in the world of the activists, you understand why. In the fall, I sat with Jim March, an anti Diebold tech expert in Sacramento, Calif., while he showed me on his home PC how to steal an election. March, an ardent libertarian whose apartment is decorated with political posters Prefer an Unarmed Populace, one announces spent months investigating security flaws in touch screen systems. Thanks to his network of fellow geek activists, he found flaws in the system Diebold used to tally election results, a program called GEMS. The GEMS software runs on a standard PC that usually housed in a county election office. The system stores its votes in a format recognizable by Microsoft Access, a common office database program. If you got a copy of Access and can get physical access to the county machine or, some activists say, if you discover the county number and call into the machine over a phone line the vote is yours to steal.
While I sat at his computer, March helped me open a file containing actual results from a March 2002 primary election held in San Luis Obispo County, Calif. a file that March says would be accessible to anyone who worked in the county elections office on Election Day. Following March direction, I changed the vote count with a few clicks. Then, he explained how to alter the log, erasing all evidence that we tampered with the results. I saved the file. If it had been a real election, I would have been carrying out an electronic coup. It was a chilling realization.
The person who discovered the problems with the GEMS program she singularly responsible for almost every bit of attention recently paid to electronic voting machines, and for almost every juicy detail uncovered about the vote in Georgia is a middle aged publicist turned investigative journalist in Seattle named Bev Harris. Harris began thinking about voting machines in late 2002, when, after reading some claims on the Web that the election equipment firms were being infiltrated by foreign nationals, she decided, almost on a lark, to investigate the matter.
Harris had no journalistic experience, but she always harbored fantasies of uncovering something big. She turned out to be exceptionally talented at reporting. Within a few weeks of her investigation, she dug up many compelling nuggets. She found, for instance, that in the early 1990s, before he was elected to office, Sen. Chuck Hagel, the Nebraska Republican, served as the president of American Information Systems, the company that built most of the voting machines used in his state. Harris also discovered that Diebold, the firm that produced the machines used in Georgia, had left the software used to run its systems on a public server online. Harris downloaded these files and looked through them. She saw that she had the company source code as well as several other curiously named files one, for example, was called
Before Bev Harris found the files used in Georgia, the software in the machines had essentially been secret. When the computing public got a peek at the files Harris found, experts were not kind.
In July, a team of four computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University announced that they uncovered major security flaws in the machines used in Georgia elections. analysis shows that this voting system is far below even the most minimal security standards applicable in other contexts, the team wrote. Diebold has long boasted that votes in its system are stored in an encrypted manner, hidden to anyone who didn have a valid password; the computer scientists found that Diebold programmers left the to decrypt the votes written into the code, which is a bit like locking your door and placing the key on the welcome mat. The Hopkins/Rice scientists also said that they saw no adequate mechanism to prevent voters from casting multiple ballots, viewing partial election results, or terminating an election early.
On Jan. 19, a team of computer scientists working with RABA Technologies set up a red team exercise a one day attempt to hack into Diebold machines configured as they would be on Election Day. They were successful. In a short time, the hackers managed to guess the passwords securing the voting system, allowing them to cast multiple ballots. They found that with a standard lock pick set, they could inconspicuously open up each machine sometimes in less than 10 seconds and remove or attach various pieces of hardware, letting them erase or change replica hermes handbags outlet electronic ballots. They concluded that Diebold touch screen machines contain security risks, and they suggested that Maryland put in place stringent safeguards before its March 2 primary, and that the state overhaul the system before the presidential election.
Diebold fiercely disputes that its technology is vulnerable to attacks. Mark Radke, a spokesman for Diebold, says that the RABA study pointed out some areas in which Maryland could improve its voting procedures, and he pleased that Maryland is instituting those changes. As for the Hopkins study, Radke says the scientists who looked at the system erred in their assessment by examining only a small bit of the code and by neglecting the and balances that occur in an actual election. He pointed to a study of the company system that was performed by Science Applications International Corp., a consulting firm, at the behest of the state of Maryland. The SAIC report gives Diebold a clean bill of health, and Georgia officials say it proves their system is safe. (The study is available here in PDF format.)
There is no evidence that someone tampered with the votes in Georgia. But certainly it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that someone could do so in the future. The history of American democracy is replete with allegations of vote fixing and stolen elections from Rutherford Hayes disputed victory over Samuel Tilden in 1876 to Illinois in 1960 (there were vote fraud allegations against both Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy) to the Florida debacle in 2000. Leaving the security of such a crucial government function in the hands of private companies motivated primarily by a desire to make a quick buck seems like a loopy idea to many people. And the more one listens to the activists complaints about how Diebold does business, the more one comes to understand their worries about election security.
Bev Harris says that in August, a former employee at Diebold handed her a trove of documents from the company, representing years of discussions on an internal company Web site. In one e mail, Ken Clark, a programmer at the company, acknowledges that vote data can be viewed with Microsoft Access, but he says that fixing the problem will be difficult, and it would be easier to feel out the testing labs and out what it is going to take to make them happy. In another e mail, Clark recommends to his co workers that if the state of Maryland which has also purchased the company touch screen machines decides to require a paper trail in its voting systems, the company should exact a high price for the required upgrades. Diebold should charge Maryland the yin, Clark wrote. In yet another e mail, Clark does an impression of how voters in Georgia might react to touch screen machines: votin thingamajig sure looks purdy, he writes. office. While the company concedes that the memos are authentic, it disputes Harris claim that the files came from a Diebold employee. Instead, says Mark Radke, Diebold computers were hacked. The firm initially threatened to sue people who posted the files on the Web, but it has backed off that threat.)
In the spring of 2003, Harris received an e mail that read, think I may be the Rob in rob georgia. The message was from Rob Behler, a laid off telecom worker who found a contract job at Diebold Atlanta warehouse in the summer before the midterm election. Behler, a friendly fellow in his 30s who speaks with a disarming Southern drawl, paints a disastrously unflattering picture of the company that provided his state with its voting equipment. He told Harris that his time at Diebold was marked by confusion and chaos, a month of 16 hour days in which he did nothing but fix broken machines, broken management techniques, and deal with incompetent people.
On his first day on the job, Behler, who had never worked on election systems before, was promoted to a manager position and put in charge of the team assembling, testing and deploying all of the voting machines in the state. He says that when he checked the machines that employees had been assembling for months, he discovered that large numbers of them were defective.
During the few weeks that followed, Behler spent his time fixing the machines. He says that each time he discovered a new problem with the systems, he would call up the tech experts at Diebold, and they would determine a way to fix it. we just tell them we updating? Behler wondered in the meeting. like, no, no, no, no, you can do that. It has to be certified. And I say, So we don want them to know that we fixing a problem? So I was like, we can tell them that we doing a quality check and that we making sure that they all the same. And that exactly what we did.
A few weeks after Election Night 2002, Roxanne Jekot, a computer programmer who lives in a northeastern suburb of Atlanta, Ga., began fearing demons lingering in the state voting machines. The midterm election had been a historic one: Georgia became the first state to use electronic touch screen voting machines in every one of its precincts. The 51 year old Jekot, who has a grandmotherly bearing but describes herself as a computer geek, was initially excited about the new system.
thought it was the coolest thing we could have done, she says.
But the election also brought sweeping victories for Republicans, including, most stunningly, one for Sonny Perdue, who defeated Roy Barnes, the incumbent Democrat, to become Georgia first Republican governor in 135 years, while Rep. Saxby Chambliss upset Vietnam veteran Sen. Max Cleland. The convergence of these two developments the introduction of new voting machines and the surprising GOP wins began to eat away at Roxanne Jekot. Like many of her fellow angry Democrats on the Internet discussion forums she frequented, she had a hard time believing the Republicans won legitimately. Instead, Jekot began searching for her explanation in the source code used in the new voting machines.
What she found alarmed her. The machines were state of the art products from an Ohio company called Diebold. But the code which a friend of Jekot had found on the Internet was anything but flawless, Jekot says. It was amateurish and pocked with security problems. expected sophistication and some fairly difficult to understand advanced coding, Jekot said one evening this fall at a restaurant near her home. But she saw hodgepodge of commands thrown all over the source code, an indication, she said, that the programmers were careless. Along with technical commands, Diebold engineers had written English comments documenting the various functions their software performed and these comments my hair stand on end, Jekot said. The programmers would say things like doesn work because that doesn work and neither one of them work together. They seemed to know that their software was flawed.
To Jekot, there appeared to be method in the incompetence. Professional programmers could not be so sloppy; it had to be deliberate. specifically opened doors that need not be opened, Jekot said, suggesting the possibility that Diebold wanted to leave its voting machines open to fraud. And, ominously, the electronic voting systems used in Georgia, like most of the new machines installed in the United States since the 2000 election, do not produce a trail every vote cast in the state midterm election was recorded, tabulated, checked and stored by computers whose internal workings are owned by Diebold, a private corporation.
Jekot was particularly alarmed and outraged to learn that company CEO Walden O is one of the GOP biggest fundraisers in his home state of Ohio and nationally. Right after the Georgia elections, an O e mail began making the rounds of Web logs and other Internet sites that were tracking the Diebold security flaws, in which the CEO bragged that he to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year. What better way to deliver electoral votes for President Bush, some reasoned, than to control the equipment Americans use to cast their ballots?
believe that the 2002 election in Georgia was rigged, Jekot insists today. don believe that Saxby Chambliss or Sonny Perdue how much is a hermes handbag won their races legally.
Despite Jekot technical expertise, officials in Georgia consider her theories baseless. Roy Barnes, the defeated Democratic governor, says that blaming his loss on voting machines is And, to be sure, there is no evidence proving malfeasance, and there probably never will be. The only trouble is, the state cannot furnish any definitive evidence to show that the 2002 election was not fraudulent. Proving that the machines didn malfunction, or that they weren hacked, is impossible. And since scores of computer scientists say that voting systems are vulnerable to attack, and because activists have raised legitimate concerns about election equipment vendors politics and processes, Jekot fears have come to seem, to many, entirely reasonable.
Even a self described Christian arch conservative, former Diebold systems manager Rob Behler, says the company failed to adequately test its troubled equipment and balked when he warned them of widespread problems with the machines. Last summer, computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University found major security flaws in the Diebold machines, concluding that the Georgia system falls below even the most minimal security standards. And in January, experts at RABA Technologies, a consulting firm in Maryland, discovered additional failures in that state Diebold systems. Internal Diebold e mail shows that company engineers knew about the problems and in some instances chose to ignore them.
Some elections officials are beginning to see the profound dangers inherent in this process; California Secretary of State Kevin Shelley has ordered that all systems in his state implement a paper record by 2006. Activists hailed Shelley decision as evidence that he understands the fundamental principle at stake: Elections should be sacrosanct.
But on Election Day this November, more than 20 percent of American voters will cast their ballots on paperless electronic machines; voters across the nation will encounter them during the primaries. Critics of touch screen systems point to the controversy surrounding the vote in Georgia as a sign of things to come nationally. If there an upset in a close presidential race, will we be able to trust it? Ironically, the paperless systems were supposed to restore trust in a democracy that saw the presidency hang by a few thousand chads in Florida three years ago. In Georgia, and increasingly across the nation, Different hermes bag fake they in danger of doing quite the opposite.
Many in Georgia dismiss Jekot and her Web based acolytes as blinded partisans, conspiracy nuts, or even
But if you dismiss Roxanne Jekot as a wack job, you still have to deal with her friends. Jekot represents only the most strident quarter of an emerging national movement aimed at slowing the spread of the kind of touch screen systems that were first used in Georgia. While the movement counts as members some of the most shrill partisans on the Web, it also includes some of the most well regarded computer scientists in the world and together, these groups have been unexpectedly successful in changing the national perceptions of touch screen machines.
Until just about a year ago, these systems were considered the natural replacement to the punch card machines that so roiled the last presidential election. The new machines are easy to maintain, they can accommodate multiple languages, they can be imitiaton hermes bags used by people with disabilities, and they have the backing of influential groups like the League of Women Voters and the ACLU. The Help America Vote Act of 2002, which doles out a total of $650 million in federal money to state and local officials who upgrade their aging voting systems, has already prompted dozens of counties and a handful of states to deploy the touch screen systems.
The activists have upended the process. Fear of the voting machines is now a red meat issue not just for online lefties but also for libertarians, for many on the right, and, increasingly, for the establishment. National newspapers run Op Eds on the issue, network news shows feature the movement proponents, and officials like Shelley, in California, have been pressed to change their positions on the systems.
If you spend much time in the world of the activists, you understand why. In the fall, I sat with Jim March, an anti Diebold tech expert in Sacramento, Calif., while he showed me on his home PC how to steal an election. March, an ardent libertarian whose apartment is decorated with political posters Prefer an Unarmed Populace, one announces spent months investigating security flaws in touch screen systems. Thanks to his network of fellow geek activists, he found flaws in the system Diebold used to tally election results, a program called GEMS. The GEMS software runs on a standard PC that usually housed in a county election office. The system stores its votes in a format recognizable by Microsoft Access, a common office database program. If you got a copy of Access and can get physical access to the county machine or, some activists say, if you discover the county number and call into the machine over a phone line the vote is yours to steal.
While I sat at his computer, March helped me open a file containing actual results from a March 2002 primary election held in San Luis Obispo County, Calif. a file that March says would be accessible to anyone who worked in the county elections office on Election Day. Following March direction, I changed the vote count with a few clicks. Then, he explained how to alter the log, erasing all evidence that we tampered with the results. I saved the file. If it had been a real election, I would have been carrying out an electronic coup. It was a chilling realization.
The person who discovered the problems with the GEMS program she singularly responsible for almost every bit of attention recently paid to electronic voting machines, and for almost every juicy detail uncovered about the vote in Georgia is a middle aged publicist turned investigative journalist in Seattle named Bev Harris. Harris began thinking about voting machines in late 2002, when, after reading some claims on the Web that the election equipment firms were being infiltrated by foreign nationals, she decided, almost on a lark, to investigate the matter.
Harris had no journalistic experience, but she always harbored fantasies of uncovering something big. She turned out to be exceptionally talented at reporting. Within a few weeks of her investigation, she dug up many compelling nuggets. She found, for instance, that in the early 1990s, before he was elected to office, Sen. Chuck Hagel, the Nebraska Republican, served as the president of American Information Systems, the company that built most of the voting machines used in his state. Harris also discovered that Diebold, the firm that produced the machines used in Georgia, had left the software used to run its systems on a public server online. Harris downloaded these files and looked through them. She saw that she had the company source code as well as several other curiously named files one, for example, was called
Before Bev Harris found the files used in Georgia, the software in the machines had essentially been secret. When the computing public got a peek at the files Harris found, experts were not kind.
In July, a team of four computer scientists at Johns Hopkins University and Rice University announced that they uncovered major security flaws in the machines used in Georgia elections. analysis shows that this voting system is far below even the most minimal security standards applicable in other contexts, the team wrote. Diebold has long boasted that votes in its system are stored in an encrypted manner, hidden to anyone who didn have a valid password; the computer scientists found that Diebold programmers left the to decrypt the votes written into the code, which is a bit like locking your door and placing the key on the welcome mat. The Hopkins/Rice scientists also said that they saw no adequate mechanism to prevent voters from casting multiple ballots, viewing partial election results, or terminating an election early.
On Jan. 19, a team of computer scientists working with RABA Technologies set up a red team exercise a one day attempt to hack into Diebold machines configured as they would be on Election Day. They were successful. In a short time, the hackers managed to guess the passwords securing the voting system, allowing them to cast multiple ballots. They found that with a standard lock pick set, they could inconspicuously open up each machine sometimes in less than 10 seconds and remove or attach various pieces of hardware, letting them erase or change replica hermes handbags outlet electronic ballots. They concluded that Diebold touch screen machines contain security risks, and they suggested that Maryland put in place stringent safeguards before its March 2 primary, and that the state overhaul the system before the presidential election.
Diebold fiercely disputes that its technology is vulnerable to attacks. Mark Radke, a spokesman for Diebold, says that the RABA study pointed out some areas in which Maryland could improve its voting procedures, and he pleased that Maryland is instituting those changes. As for the Hopkins study, Radke says the scientists who looked at the system erred in their assessment by examining only a small bit of the code and by neglecting the and balances that occur in an actual election. He pointed to a study of the company system that was performed by Science Applications International Corp., a consulting firm, at the behest of the state of Maryland. The SAIC report gives Diebold a clean bill of health, and Georgia officials say it proves their system is safe. (The study is available here in PDF format.)
There is no evidence that someone tampered with the votes in Georgia. But certainly it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that someone could do so in the future. The history of American democracy is replete with allegations of vote fixing and stolen elections from Rutherford Hayes disputed victory over Samuel Tilden in 1876 to Illinois in 1960 (there were vote fraud allegations against both Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy) to the Florida debacle in 2000. Leaving the security of such a crucial government function in the hands of private companies motivated primarily by a desire to make a quick buck seems like a loopy idea to many people. And the more one listens to the activists complaints about how Diebold does business, the more one comes to understand their worries about election security.
Bev Harris says that in August, a former employee at Diebold handed her a trove of documents from the company, representing years of discussions on an internal company Web site. In one e mail, Ken Clark, a programmer at the company, acknowledges that vote data can be viewed with Microsoft Access, but he says that fixing the problem will be difficult, and it would be easier to feel out the testing labs and out what it is going to take to make them happy. In another e mail, Clark recommends to his co workers that if the state of Maryland which has also purchased the company touch screen machines decides to require a paper trail in its voting systems, the company should exact a high price for the required upgrades. Diebold should charge Maryland the yin, Clark wrote. In yet another e mail, Clark does an impression of how voters in Georgia might react to touch screen machines: votin thingamajig sure looks purdy, he writes. office. While the company concedes that the memos are authentic, it disputes Harris claim that the files came from a Diebold employee. Instead, says Mark Radke, Diebold computers were hacked. The firm initially threatened to sue people who posted the files on the Web, but it has backed off that threat.)
In the spring of 2003, Harris received an e mail that read, think I may be the Rob in rob georgia. The message was from Rob Behler, a laid off telecom worker who found a contract job at Diebold Atlanta warehouse in the summer before the midterm election. Behler, a friendly fellow in his 30s who speaks with a disarming Southern drawl, paints a disastrously unflattering picture of the company that provided his state with its voting equipment. He told Harris that his time at Diebold was marked by confusion and chaos, a month of 16 hour days in which he did nothing but fix broken machines, broken management techniques, and deal with incompetent people.
On his first day on the job, Behler, who had never worked on election systems before, was promoted to a manager position and put in charge of the team assembling, testing and deploying all of the voting machines in the state. He says that when he checked the machines that employees had been assembling for months, he discovered that large numbers of them were defective.
During the few weeks that followed, Behler spent his time fixing the machines. He says that each time he discovered a new problem with the systems, he would call up the tech experts at Diebold, and they would determine a way to fix it. we just tell them we updating? Behler wondered in the meeting. like, no, no, no, no, you can do that. It has to be certified. And I say, So we don want them to know that we fixing a problem? So I was like, we can tell them that we doing a quality check and that we making sure that they all the same. And that exactly what we did.
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Wikipedia charity chairman resigns after pornography row
Ashley van Haeften resigned as chairman of Wikimedia UK today, citing concerns the controversy over his ban could cause divisions among Wikipedia supporters.
have discussed this matter with [Mr van Haeften] this morning, said Jon hermes bags replica Davies, the chief executive of the charity, which distributes 1m of donations from Wikipedia supporters annually.
is keen that there should be no division in the Wikimedia UK community over his role as Chair, especially at a time when so many great things are being achieved.
has therefore resigned as Chair.
The Telegraph reported this week how Mr van Haeften had been banned indefinitely from contributing to the English version of Wikipedia by ArbCom, an elected committee of senior editors.
ArbCom applied the sanction after finding he mounted personal attacks on people with concerns about how much is a hermes birkin handbags explicit material on Wikipedia, including about material he had posted. He was criticised for including a inappropriate link to pornography in the biography of a living person.
Wikipedia carries a large quantity of explicit material, despite promoting itself as an educational website suitable for schoolchildren. Critics such as Larry Sanger, a co founder of the website, and people attacked by Mr van Haeften, have argued for filters or age controls to be introduced.
Mr van Haeften, who works as an IT project manager, was also found by ArbCom to have violated a series of editing rules, including by using multiple accounts to change pages after he had asked for a start
His resignation follows a call by members of Wikimedia UK for an Extraordinary General Meeting to discuss the controversy. They said the decision of the charity board to keep Mr van Haeften on as chairman despite replica hermes handbags outlet his ban from contributing to Wikipedia a sufficient response to this situation
An EGM could still go ahead, however, as the call was for a vote on a resolution remove Ashley Van Haeften from the Board of Trustees of Wikimedia UK not only to strip him of the chairmanship.
not resigning as chair immediately after the ArbCom decision was announced I am afraid that [Mr van Haeften] made an replica hermes handbags error which can now only be corrected by his resignation from the board altogether, said one Wikimedia UK member.
Ashley van Haeften resigned as chairman of Wikimedia UK today, citing concerns the controversy over his ban could cause divisions among Wikipedia supporters.
have discussed this matter with [Mr van Haeften] this morning, said Jon hermes bags replica Davies, the chief executive of the charity, which distributes 1m of donations from Wikipedia supporters annually.
is keen that there should be no division in the Wikimedia UK community over his role as Chair, especially at a time when so many great things are being achieved.
has therefore resigned as Chair.
The Telegraph reported this week how Mr van Haeften had been banned indefinitely from contributing to the English version of Wikipedia by ArbCom, an elected committee of senior editors.
ArbCom applied the sanction after finding he mounted personal attacks on people with concerns about how much is a hermes birkin handbags explicit material on Wikipedia, including about material he had posted. He was criticised for including a inappropriate link to pornography in the biography of a living person.
Wikipedia carries a large quantity of explicit material, despite promoting itself as an educational website suitable for schoolchildren. Critics such as Larry Sanger, a co founder of the website, and people attacked by Mr van Haeften, have argued for filters or age controls to be introduced.
Mr van Haeften, who works as an IT project manager, was also found by ArbCom to have violated a series of editing rules, including by using multiple accounts to change pages after he had asked for a start
His resignation follows a call by members of Wikimedia UK for an Extraordinary General Meeting to discuss the controversy. They said the decision of the charity board to keep Mr van Haeften on as chairman despite replica hermes handbags outlet his ban from contributing to Wikipedia a sufficient response to this situation
An EGM could still go ahead, however, as the call was for a vote on a resolution remove Ashley Van Haeften from the Board of Trustees of Wikimedia UK not only to strip him of the chairmanship.
not resigning as chair immediately after the ArbCom decision was announced I am afraid that [Mr van Haeften] made an replica hermes handbags error which can now only be corrected by his resignation from the board altogether, said one Wikimedia UK member.
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What Makes a Vehicle Attain Vintage Status
The makings of 'classic cars' is often a source of debate. Oftentimes, a car is considered to be classic if the public deems it to be 'collectable.' Some, however, may seem to contend that there is only a certain period for classic cars that the 'real classics' were only up to 1940's hermes bracelet replica cheap for example.
Still, some may even try to categorize car models into eras. Thus, we have the muscle car era, the bullet era, the box type era, and so on. A more precise classification h bracelet replica is one which sets up three categories according to which year the cars were manufactured. These are the antique cars, manufactured from 1880 up to the start of WWI; vintage cars, made between 1916 to 1924, and was the start of the real 'automobiles;' and classic cars, from 1925 up to the near past.
This is the easiest measure of whether a car is classic or not. You can easily know what year the car is manufactured by checking the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). Several sites on the Internet could produce all a car's details simply by entering its VIN.
If you are new to the concept of classic cars and would want to simply start your own collection, deal with the year loosely. What I mean is, don't listen to those uptight talks from car enthusiasts about the 'real' era for classics. If you find a sweet looking 10 year old car, you might as well treat it as a vintage vehicle. The reason for this is simple: car values appreciate over time. Well, that is, if you find a right car.
2. Number of Units
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A '55 T bird is an example of a high valued classic car, both for the year in which it is manufactured and the number of units released. Ford released only a little more than 10,000 models.
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Not all old cars could be considered as vintage. I personally believe that the title of 'classic' could only be conferred to those cars that have represented a generation. A Volkswagen Beetle, though many people may have it, is a good classic car simply because it carries so much history with it. Along with the Type 2 (the VW Van), it represented the hippie generation. And in contrast to that, the Beetle was also the most popular car for the Nazi elite. Those two contradicting layers simply create a very historic vehicle.
Cars could also be considered relevant if they are seen in TV and movies, as they tend to carry some fond memories of a generation. An 80's Pontiac Trans Am is not just another high performance car it will always be seen as KITT in Knight Rider.
If you have an old car in your garage, you might want to research a bit about its history. You hermes jewelry replica might be holding a valuable gem, and you're just letting it rust away. And if you just love vehicles and automobiles, maybe you ought to go retro and collect classic cars. Not only do they appreciate in value, they also carry great pieces of history.
The makings of 'classic cars' is often a source of debate. Oftentimes, a car is considered to be classic if the public deems it to be 'collectable.' Some, however, may seem to contend that there is only a certain period for classic cars that the 'real classics' were only up to 1940's hermes bracelet replica cheap for example.
Still, some may even try to categorize car models into eras. Thus, we have the muscle car era, the bullet era, the box type era, and so on. A more precise classification h bracelet replica is one which sets up three categories according to which year the cars were manufactured. These are the antique cars, manufactured from 1880 up to the start of WWI; vintage cars, made between 1916 to 1924, and was the start of the real 'automobiles;' and classic cars, from 1925 up to the near past.
This is the easiest measure of whether a car is classic or not. You can easily know what year the car is manufactured by checking the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). Several sites on the Internet could produce all a car's details simply by entering its VIN.
If you are new to the concept of classic cars and would want to simply start your own collection, deal with the year loosely. What I mean is, don't listen to those uptight talks from car enthusiasts about the 'real' era for classics. If you find a sweet looking 10 year old car, you might as well treat it as a vintage vehicle. The reason for this is simple: car values appreciate over time. Well, that is, if you find a right car.
2. Number of Units
An important measure of a car's "classic ness" is the number of units that were manufactured and are still in existence. An 80's to 90's Corolla could hardly be replica hermes jewelry defined as a classic, since it was mass produced and proliferated all over the globe. But a first generation Corolla could have some value somehow, since very few people still have it.
A '55 T bird is an example of a high valued classic car, both for the year in which it is manufactured and the number of units released. Ford released only a little more than 10,000 models.
3. Relevance
Not all old cars could be considered as vintage. I personally believe that the title of 'classic' could only be conferred to those cars that have represented a generation. A Volkswagen Beetle, though many people may have it, is a good classic car simply because it carries so much history with it. Along with the Type 2 (the VW Van), it represented the hippie generation. And in contrast to that, the Beetle was also the most popular car for the Nazi elite. Those two contradicting layers simply create a very historic vehicle.
Cars could also be considered relevant if they are seen in TV and movies, as they tend to carry some fond memories of a generation. An 80's Pontiac Trans Am is not just another high performance car it will always be seen as KITT in Knight Rider.
If you have an old car in your garage, you might want to research a bit about its history. You hermes jewelry replica might be holding a valuable gem, and you're just letting it rust away. And if you just love vehicles and automobiles, maybe you ought to go retro and collect classic cars. Not only do they appreciate in value, they also carry great pieces of history.
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