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But Malaysia tempt fate before prevailing
KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia lived dangerously in the final against China before lifting the World Hockey League Round Two in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Malaysia won through a penalty shootout (5 3) after both teams failed to break the 2 2 deadlock in regulation time at the Maulana Bhasani National Hockey Stadium yesterday.
Malaysia, ranked 13th in the world,oyster perpetual datejust replica, were trailing 2 0 against world No. 18 China in the first 22 minutes before they fought back in the fourth quarter to level the score.
Malaysia also squandered a penalty stroke in the 25th minute when Najmi Farizal Jazlan flick was saved by goalkeeper Ming Cheng.
Du Talake gave China the lead off a penalty corner before Su Jun doubled the score in the 22nd minute.
But Malaysia came back strongly to convert two penalty corner goals through Shahril Saabah in the 46th minute and Najmi Farizal Jazlan in the 55th minute.
In the penalty shootout, Nik Aiman Nik Rozemi,rolex perpetual datejust replica, Faiz Helmi Jali, Mohd Marhan Mohd Jalil, Tengku Ahmad Tajuddin Tengku Abdul Jalil and Mohd Fitri Saari did well to get past their opponents goalkeeper.
China only managed to score through E Liguang, Ao Suozhu and Gua Zixiang.
Both finalists have booked their place in the World League Semi Finals to be played at two venues London from June 15 25 and Johannesburg, South Africa from July 9 23.
The World League Semi finals also doubles up as the qualifying tournament for next year World Cup in New Delhi,mens rolex oyster perpetual datejust replica.
National coach Stephen van Huizen praised his players for their fighting spirit.
know my boys will never give up until the last minute. The turning point in the match was when Shahril scored off a penalty corner and I knew we will get the equaliser,rolex gold oyster perpetual datejust replica, said Stephen.
KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia lived dangerously in the final against China before lifting the World Hockey League Round Two in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Malaysia won through a penalty shootout (5 3) after both teams failed to break the 2 2 deadlock in regulation time at the Maulana Bhasani National Hockey Stadium yesterday.
Malaysia, ranked 13th in the world,oyster perpetual datejust replica, were trailing 2 0 against world No. 18 China in the first 22 minutes before they fought back in the fourth quarter to level the score.
Malaysia also squandered a penalty stroke in the 25th minute when Najmi Farizal Jazlan flick was saved by goalkeeper Ming Cheng.
Du Talake gave China the lead off a penalty corner before Su Jun doubled the score in the 22nd minute.
But Malaysia came back strongly to convert two penalty corner goals through Shahril Saabah in the 46th minute and Najmi Farizal Jazlan in the 55th minute.
In the penalty shootout, Nik Aiman Nik Rozemi,rolex perpetual datejust replica, Faiz Helmi Jali, Mohd Marhan Mohd Jalil, Tengku Ahmad Tajuddin Tengku Abdul Jalil and Mohd Fitri Saari did well to get past their opponents goalkeeper.
China only managed to score through E Liguang, Ao Suozhu and Gua Zixiang.
Both finalists have booked their place in the World League Semi Finals to be played at two venues London from June 15 25 and Johannesburg, South Africa from July 9 23.
The World League Semi finals also doubles up as the qualifying tournament for next year World Cup in New Delhi,mens rolex oyster perpetual datejust replica.
National coach Stephen van Huizen praised his players for their fighting spirit.
know my boys will never give up until the last minute. The turning point in the match was when Shahril scored off a penalty corner and I knew we will get the equaliser,rolex gold oyster perpetual datejust replica, said Stephen.
Celebrity birthdays for the week of May 28
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Reevely: Ontario's hydro plan will cost $21 billion more than it saves it's terrible public policyThe jiggery pokery the Ontario Liberals are using to cut hydro bills will eventually,rolex watch oyster perpetual datejust replica.
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Glavin: We're shedding idiotic talk about terrorismThe most dramatic event that occurred in Britain this week may or may not have been.
Reevely: Ontario's hydro plan will cost $21 billion more than it saves it's terrible public policyThe jiggery pokery the Ontario Liberals are using to cut hydro bills will eventually.
Reevely: Ontario's hydro plan will cost $21 billion more than it saves it's terrible public policyThe jiggery pokery the Ontario Liberals are using to cut hydro bills will eventually,rolex watch oyster perpetual datejust replica.
Multimillion dollar mixed use, mixed income village coming to Preston Street areaA vibrant urban village will sprout up in Little Italy in the coming years,rolex oyster perpetual datejust watch replica, with.
Hobnails and Hemp Rope: Ottawa photographer helps recreate historic mountain ascentLast year, an expedition that included Ottawa photographer and alpinist Ivan Petrov.
Facebook secures dog rescue page,replica rolex oyster perpetual datejust value, personal accounts attackedFacebook has concluded its investigation and secured the account ofthe operators.
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Arsenal's Robin van Persie in Juventus' sights again as Italians prepare to offer club record wages of,fake rolex datejust oyster
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Juventus are also prepared to make Van Persie the highest paid player in their history, with wages of around 190,000 a week on a potential five year deal. Manchester United and Manchester City have also had respective offers of around 10 million and 12 million rejected, but are yet to return with second bids.
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The Italian champions have already had a 10 million offer rejected but are emerging as an increasingly serious threat to the two Manchester clubs in the battle for Van Persie, particularly as the Arsenal captain himself is understood to be attracted by a move to Serie A.
No formal second offer has gone in but, according to sources in Italy, Juventus have remained in contact with Arsenal and will make a significantly improved offer.
Juventus are also prepared to make Van Persie the highest paid player in their history, with wages of around 190,000 a week on a potential five year deal. Manchester United and Manchester City have also had respective offers of around 10 million and 12 million rejected, but are yet to return with second bids.
Arsenal will not listen to offers below 20 million and, having got 24 million for Samir Nasri in similar circumstances last year, regard the first round of offers for Van Persie as completely unrealistic.
If it is decided to sell Van Persie and Juventus are now massively out bid, however, there is an obvious attraction in sending him to Serie A rather than a Premier League rival.
It all leaves City and United with a major decision to make. Roberto Mancini, the City manager,buy rolex oyster perpetual datejust replica, regards Van Persie as one of his transfer priorities but has been told that he must first reduce the wage bill and move on some of his existing strikers.
United are cautious about getting drawn into a bidding war with their neighbours but are still understood to be Van Persie preferred option in England.
Time, though, would appear to be of the essence, with Wenger having hinted at setting internal deadline that would come well before end of the transfer window.
If no acceptable offer arrives before any self imposed deadline,rolex datejust fake, Wenger believes that Van Persie would still perform with the same professionalism for Arsenal over the final year of his contract.
Although it would be a similarly depressing blow to lose their captain and star player for a second successive year, Arsenal overall position this summer is also stronger.
Wenger has already recruited two new strikers in Lukas Podolski and Olivier Giroud and is seriously considering a bid for Malaga and Spain winger Santi Cazorla,rolex datejust 2 fake.
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analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies
AbstractObjective To investigate the relation between total fat intake and body weight in adults and children.Inclusion criteria Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies of adults or children that compared lower versus usual total fat intake and assessed the effects on measures of body fatness (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference) after at least six months (randomised controlled trials) or one year (in cohorts). Randomised controlled trials with any intention to reduce weight in participants or confounded by additional medical or lifestyle interventions were excluded.Data extraction Data were extracted and validity was assessed independently and in duplicate. Random effects meta analyses, subgroups, sensitivity analyses, and metaregression were done.Results 33 randomised controlled trials (73589 participants) and 10 cohort studies were included, all from developed countries. Meta analysis of data from the trials suggested that diets lower in total fat were associated with lower relative body weight (by 1.6 kg, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 1.2 kg, I2=75%, 57735 participants). Lower weight gain in the low fat arm compared with the control arm was consistent across trials, but the size of the effect varied. Metaregression suggested that greater reduction in total fat intake and lower baseline fat intake were associated with greater relative weight loss, explaining most of the heterogeneity. The significant effect of a low fat diet on weight was not lost in sensitivity analyses (including removing trials that expended greater time and attention on low fat groups). Lower total fat intake also led to lower body mass index (0.51 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.26, nine trials, I2=77%) and waist circumference (by 0.3 cm, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.02, 15671 women, one trial). There was no suggestion of negative effects on other cardiovascular risk factors (lipid levels or blood pressure). GRADE assessment suggested high quality evidence for the relation between total fat intake and body weight in adults. Only one randomised controlled trial and three cohort studies were found in children and young people, but these confirmed a positive relation between total fat intake and weight gain.Conclusions There is high quality, consistent evidence that reduction of total fat intake has been achieved in large numbers of both healthy and at risk trial participants over many years. Lower total fat intake leads to small but statistically significant and clinically meaningful, sustained reductions in body weight in adults in studies with baseline fat intakes of 28 43% of energy intake and durations from six months to over eight years. Evidence supports a similar effect in children and young people.IntroductionThe optimal intake of total fat was debated at the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization expert consultation on fats and fatty acids in human nutrition held in November 2008. It was agreed that any effect of total fat intake on body weight was crucial to making global recommendations (in the context of increasing overweight and obesity, in particular in low and middle income countries undergoing rapid transition in nutrition). Overweight and obesity increase the risk of many cancers, coronary heart disease, and stroke.1 2 3Although a previous systematic review found no randomised controlled trials of lower total fat intake that aimed to assess effects on body weight,4 metaregression within a systematic review assessing randomised controlled trials on the effects of step I and II diets (diets designed by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute national cholesterol education programme to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general public and those at increased cardiovascular risk, respectively), found a strong relation between total fat intake and body weight.5 That review,fake rolex oyster perpetual lady datejust, however, included studies of as short as three weeks' duration and studies in which weight loss was a goal of the intervention, which may have overstated any relation because advice was to lower both fat and energy intake, and it excluded many trials of reduction in total fat intake that did not fit the step I or II criteria. To fulfill the requirements of the development process for the new guideline, a systematic review was needed of all available evidence of longer term effects of total fat intake on body fatness, in studies not intending that participants lose weight. WHO therefore commissioned a systematic review and meta analysis to assess the relation between total fat intake and indicators of body fatness (including obesity, waist circumference, and body mass index) using all appropriate randomised controlled trials and cohort studies in adults and children. The expert advisory group aimed to generate a recommendation on the population impact of total fat intake in the development of obesity. The group agreed that populations recruited specifically for weight loss studies and interventions intended to result in weight loss would be excluded. This was because they were potentially confounded by the implicit objective of reducing calorie intake to produce weight loss and would therefore lead to an overemphasis on studies carried out in highly selected obese populations in North America and Europe, which may have limited application to non obese populations or those in developing countries or in countries in transition.MethodsWe followed the methods of the Cochrane Collaboration, with a view to development of WHO guidance according to WHO's process for the development of guidelines.6 7We included randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies in apparently healthy children or adults from any country. Randomised controlled trials had to compare an intervention intended to reduce total fat intake by reducing percentage energy from fat or total fat in g/day with a usual fat intake arm and to continue the intervention for at least 26 weeks. The intervention could include dietary advice or provision of foods or whole diet but should not be confounded by effects of other lifestyle or medical interventions. We included studies where a low fat diet was compared with usual diet, or a low fat diet plus any non dietary intervention was compared with usual diet plus the same non dietary intervention, but we excluded studies where a low fat diet plus any non dietary intervention was compared with usual diet alone. Studies of interventions where weight loss was intended (in either or both arms or in any proportion of participants) were excluded. Some measure of body fatness (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference) had to be assessed as change from baseline or at study end. Cohort studies had to assess the relation between total fat intake at baseline and change in a measure of body fatness from baseline over at least one year, or body fatness at least a year later.Study identificationWe ran two independent searches to June 2010. The first search through Medline, Embase (both on OvidSP), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials focused on randomised controlled trials in adults (see supplementary table 1a8). The other search through Medline, Embase, and CINAHL focused on randomised controlled trials and cohort studies in adults and children (see supplementary table 1b9). Neither search was limited by language. For further trials we checked the bibliography of a related systematic review.10 We also asked members of the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health for relevant local studies, and six regional offices of WHO sent official letters to member states to solicit relevant studies carried out in their countries.Study assessmentFor each search we independently assessed the titles and abstracts and determined the eligibility of full text papers for inclusion (each independently and in duplicate). We also independently and in duplicate extracted data and assessed the validity of the studies. Differences between the reviewers were resolved by discussion and, if necessary, in consultation with a third reviewer.For randomised controlled trials we extracted data on participants, interventions, outcomes (body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference) and characteristics of trial quality. Where possible we also collected data on potential effect modifiers, including health status; cardiovascular risk; age; sex; country; baseline body mass index; mean years in trial; number of participants randomised and analysed; type of comparison; total and saturated fat intake during intervention period; energy, carbohydrate, sugar, protein, and alcohol intake; baseline total fat intake; information on intention to treat analyses; and difference in total fat intake (as a percentage of energy) between randomised arms at the latest time point. For dichotomous outcomes in each randomised arm we extracted the number of participants experiencing an outcome and total number of participants randomised. For continuous outcomes we extracted the number of participants assessed and the means and standard deviations of the change in, or final readings of, each treatment arm; where data were available on both change and final readings we used the data on change. Data were extracted at the latest time point within 6 11 months, 12 23 months, 24 59 months, and 60 or more months.For cohort studies we collected data on setting, design, measurement of the exposure to total fat, characteristics of the participants, similarity at baseline between high and low fat exposure groups, participant flow, and endpoint criteria. We also collected any assessment of the relation between outcome (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference) and total fat intake, and the most adjusted and any non energy adjusted assessments.Assessment of validityFor the randomised controlled trials we used the Cochrane criteria6 to examine study validity, including sequence generation; allocation concealment; blinding of participants, staff, and outcome assessors; incomplete outcome data; and selective outcome reporting. Additional review specific criteria included presence or not of dietary interventions over and above alteration of total dietary fat,old rolex oyster perpetual datejust fake, and similarity or not of type and intensity of intervention in both arms.For cohort studies we used the Newcastle Ottawa criteria11 modified after consideration of the crucial factors for this review. These criteria included whether the design used a control group that was chosen from the collated cohort (internal) or chosen as a separate group (external); number lost to follow up; baseline similarity of the most and least exposed groups; factors adjusted for in analysis; and method of assessment of total fat intake. Moderate risk of bias was suggested where less than 20% were lost to follow up, up to two major factors were unadjusted for in the design or analysis, and diet was assessed using a 24 hour recall or diet diary: all other studies were at high risk of bias.Data analysisWhere P6 We excluded intervention arms not appropriate for this review or that were less appropriate than other arms. When two arms were appropriate for different subgroups then we used the control group once with each intervention arm, but we did not pool the subgroups overall. When outcomes were assessed at more than one time point, for general analyses we used data from the latest time point available, but all relevant time points were used in subgroups by study duration. We used the I2 test to examine heterogeneity, with more than 50% heterogeneity considered to be important.6 12 The possibility of publication bias was examined by funnel plots.13 14Prespecified subgroupings included mean follow up time, difference in fat intake between intervention and control groups (dose effect, difference of up to 5% of energy from fat, >5% to 10%, >10% to 15%, and >15%),rolex lady datejust fake, total fat intake of control group, year results were first published, and sex. After discussion of the preliminary results with the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health at its second meeting in March 2011, we added the following subgroupings for randomised controlled trials in adults: difference in level of attention given to participants in intervention and control arms, goal for percentage of energy from total fat in intervention arm, intervention resulted in more or less than 30% energy from fat, and baseline body mass index (mean 2)). A difference in the level of attention given to the intervention and control groups meant any variation, including any difference in the amount of health professional or training time or number or timing or duration of follow ups. Journal referees requested that subgroupings by health status (healthy people not recruited on the basis of health status, those with risk factors such as high lipid levels or breast cancer risk, and current illness such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, or intestinal polyps) and by degree of energy reduction in the low fat group compared with the control or usual fat group were added. The NUGAG subgroup on diet and health also requested metaregression, which was run in STATA/IC 11.2 to assess the effects of study duration, amount of reduction in total fat in the intervention arm compared with the control arm (as percentage of energy), and fat intake in the control group as subgrouping suggested that these factors may relate to degree of weight loss (multiple regression model, all three assessed together). Finally, the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health requested that data on serum lipid levels and blood pressure outcome be collected from the included randomised controlled trials on adults to ensure that the reduction in fat was not associated with harmful effects on other major cardiovascular risk factors, and that data on changes in other dietary components be collated to help with understanding any mechanisms of action.Sensitivity analyses assessed the effects of running fixed effects meta analyses and excluding the largest randomised controlled trial, trials not free of systematic differences in care (or that were unclear), trials not free of dietary differences other than fat (or that were unclear), trials without or with unclear allocation concealment (an important indicator of study validity), and trials using intention to treat analyses.Where feasible we intended to use meta analysis on the results of cohort studies, but given the small number of included cohorts and differences in the durations between studies, the measures of body fatness, and the assessment methods of correlation between total fat intake and outcomes, meta analysis was not appropriate. Instead, we used vote counting to describe the relation between total fat intake and body fatness in each study. We noted a positive or negative statistically significant relation between total fat intake at baseline and change in weight or body mass index over time.We rated the quality of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, which provides an explicit and comprehensive method to rate quality of evidence in health)15 in GRADEpro Version 3.2 for Windows, which was debated, agreed, and the wording refined by the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health.ResultsThe search for randomised controlled trials in adults identified 22012 titles and abstracts and the search for randomised controlled trials in adults and children and cohort studies identified 10208 (fig 1). Supplementary tables 1a and b give the search strategies in full. Of 465 full text papers assessed, 34 randomised controlled trials (33 in adults,fake rolex datejust oyster perpetual, one in children) and 13 prospective cohort studies (10 in adults and three in children) were included.Fig 1 Flow of papers through studyRandomised controlled trials in adultsOf the 33 randomised controlled trials in adults (73589 participants), 20 were in North America, 12 in Europe, and one in New Zealand, with none from developing or transitional countries. The duration of the trials varied from six months to more than eight years. In four trials the participants were all men, in 15 all women, and in 14 both sexes (one of which reported outcomes by sex), with varying mean ages and states of health (low, moderate, or high risk of cardiovascular disease or breast cancer). See table 1 and supplementary table 2 for the characteristics of the trials in adults.
AbstractObjective To investigate the relation between total fat intake and body weight in adults and children.Inclusion criteria Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies of adults or children that compared lower versus usual total fat intake and assessed the effects on measures of body fatness (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference) after at least six months (randomised controlled trials) or one year (in cohorts). Randomised controlled trials with any intention to reduce weight in participants or confounded by additional medical or lifestyle interventions were excluded.Data extraction Data were extracted and validity was assessed independently and in duplicate. Random effects meta analyses, subgroups, sensitivity analyses, and metaregression were done.Results 33 randomised controlled trials (73589 participants) and 10 cohort studies were included, all from developed countries. Meta analysis of data from the trials suggested that diets lower in total fat were associated with lower relative body weight (by 1.6 kg, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 1.2 kg, I2=75%, 57735 participants). Lower weight gain in the low fat arm compared with the control arm was consistent across trials, but the size of the effect varied. Metaregression suggested that greater reduction in total fat intake and lower baseline fat intake were associated with greater relative weight loss, explaining most of the heterogeneity. The significant effect of a low fat diet on weight was not lost in sensitivity analyses (including removing trials that expended greater time and attention on low fat groups). Lower total fat intake also led to lower body mass index (0.51 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.26, nine trials, I2=77%) and waist circumference (by 0.3 cm, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.02, 15671 women, one trial). There was no suggestion of negative effects on other cardiovascular risk factors (lipid levels or blood pressure). GRADE assessment suggested high quality evidence for the relation between total fat intake and body weight in adults. Only one randomised controlled trial and three cohort studies were found in children and young people, but these confirmed a positive relation between total fat intake and weight gain.Conclusions There is high quality, consistent evidence that reduction of total fat intake has been achieved in large numbers of both healthy and at risk trial participants over many years. Lower total fat intake leads to small but statistically significant and clinically meaningful, sustained reductions in body weight in adults in studies with baseline fat intakes of 28 43% of energy intake and durations from six months to over eight years. Evidence supports a similar effect in children and young people.IntroductionThe optimal intake of total fat was debated at the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization expert consultation on fats and fatty acids in human nutrition held in November 2008. It was agreed that any effect of total fat intake on body weight was crucial to making global recommendations (in the context of increasing overweight and obesity, in particular in low and middle income countries undergoing rapid transition in nutrition). Overweight and obesity increase the risk of many cancers, coronary heart disease, and stroke.1 2 3Although a previous systematic review found no randomised controlled trials of lower total fat intake that aimed to assess effects on body weight,4 metaregression within a systematic review assessing randomised controlled trials on the effects of step I and II diets (diets designed by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute national cholesterol education programme to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general public and those at increased cardiovascular risk, respectively), found a strong relation between total fat intake and body weight.5 That review,fake rolex oyster perpetual lady datejust, however, included studies of as short as three weeks' duration and studies in which weight loss was a goal of the intervention, which may have overstated any relation because advice was to lower both fat and energy intake, and it excluded many trials of reduction in total fat intake that did not fit the step I or II criteria. To fulfill the requirements of the development process for the new guideline, a systematic review was needed of all available evidence of longer term effects of total fat intake on body fatness, in studies not intending that participants lose weight. WHO therefore commissioned a systematic review and meta analysis to assess the relation between total fat intake and indicators of body fatness (including obesity, waist circumference, and body mass index) using all appropriate randomised controlled trials and cohort studies in adults and children. The expert advisory group aimed to generate a recommendation on the population impact of total fat intake in the development of obesity. The group agreed that populations recruited specifically for weight loss studies and interventions intended to result in weight loss would be excluded. This was because they were potentially confounded by the implicit objective of reducing calorie intake to produce weight loss and would therefore lead to an overemphasis on studies carried out in highly selected obese populations in North America and Europe, which may have limited application to non obese populations or those in developing countries or in countries in transition.MethodsWe followed the methods of the Cochrane Collaboration, with a view to development of WHO guidance according to WHO's process for the development of guidelines.6 7We included randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies in apparently healthy children or adults from any country. Randomised controlled trials had to compare an intervention intended to reduce total fat intake by reducing percentage energy from fat or total fat in g/day with a usual fat intake arm and to continue the intervention for at least 26 weeks. The intervention could include dietary advice or provision of foods or whole diet but should not be confounded by effects of other lifestyle or medical interventions. We included studies where a low fat diet was compared with usual diet, or a low fat diet plus any non dietary intervention was compared with usual diet plus the same non dietary intervention, but we excluded studies where a low fat diet plus any non dietary intervention was compared with usual diet alone. Studies of interventions where weight loss was intended (in either or both arms or in any proportion of participants) were excluded. Some measure of body fatness (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference) had to be assessed as change from baseline or at study end. Cohort studies had to assess the relation between total fat intake at baseline and change in a measure of body fatness from baseline over at least one year, or body fatness at least a year later.Study identificationWe ran two independent searches to June 2010. The first search through Medline, Embase (both on OvidSP), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials focused on randomised controlled trials in adults (see supplementary table 1a8). The other search through Medline, Embase, and CINAHL focused on randomised controlled trials and cohort studies in adults and children (see supplementary table 1b9). Neither search was limited by language. For further trials we checked the bibliography of a related systematic review.10 We also asked members of the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health for relevant local studies, and six regional offices of WHO sent official letters to member states to solicit relevant studies carried out in their countries.Study assessmentFor each search we independently assessed the titles and abstracts and determined the eligibility of full text papers for inclusion (each independently and in duplicate). We also independently and in duplicate extracted data and assessed the validity of the studies. Differences between the reviewers were resolved by discussion and, if necessary, in consultation with a third reviewer.For randomised controlled trials we extracted data on participants, interventions, outcomes (body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference) and characteristics of trial quality. Where possible we also collected data on potential effect modifiers, including health status; cardiovascular risk; age; sex; country; baseline body mass index; mean years in trial; number of participants randomised and analysed; type of comparison; total and saturated fat intake during intervention period; energy, carbohydrate, sugar, protein, and alcohol intake; baseline total fat intake; information on intention to treat analyses; and difference in total fat intake (as a percentage of energy) between randomised arms at the latest time point. For dichotomous outcomes in each randomised arm we extracted the number of participants experiencing an outcome and total number of participants randomised. For continuous outcomes we extracted the number of participants assessed and the means and standard deviations of the change in, or final readings of, each treatment arm; where data were available on both change and final readings we used the data on change. Data were extracted at the latest time point within 6 11 months, 12 23 months, 24 59 months, and 60 or more months.For cohort studies we collected data on setting, design, measurement of the exposure to total fat, characteristics of the participants, similarity at baseline between high and low fat exposure groups, participant flow, and endpoint criteria. We also collected any assessment of the relation between outcome (body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference) and total fat intake, and the most adjusted and any non energy adjusted assessments.Assessment of validityFor the randomised controlled trials we used the Cochrane criteria6 to examine study validity, including sequence generation; allocation concealment; blinding of participants, staff, and outcome assessors; incomplete outcome data; and selective outcome reporting. Additional review specific criteria included presence or not of dietary interventions over and above alteration of total dietary fat,old rolex oyster perpetual datejust fake, and similarity or not of type and intensity of intervention in both arms.For cohort studies we used the Newcastle Ottawa criteria11 modified after consideration of the crucial factors for this review. These criteria included whether the design used a control group that was chosen from the collated cohort (internal) or chosen as a separate group (external); number lost to follow up; baseline similarity of the most and least exposed groups; factors adjusted for in analysis; and method of assessment of total fat intake. Moderate risk of bias was suggested where less than 20% were lost to follow up, up to two major factors were unadjusted for in the design or analysis, and diet was assessed using a 24 hour recall or diet diary: all other studies were at high risk of bias.Data analysisWhere P6 We excluded intervention arms not appropriate for this review or that were less appropriate than other arms. When two arms were appropriate for different subgroups then we used the control group once with each intervention arm, but we did not pool the subgroups overall. When outcomes were assessed at more than one time point, for general analyses we used data from the latest time point available, but all relevant time points were used in subgroups by study duration. We used the I2 test to examine heterogeneity, with more than 50% heterogeneity considered to be important.6 12 The possibility of publication bias was examined by funnel plots.13 14Prespecified subgroupings included mean follow up time, difference in fat intake between intervention and control groups (dose effect, difference of up to 5% of energy from fat, >5% to 10%, >10% to 15%, and >15%),rolex lady datejust fake, total fat intake of control group, year results were first published, and sex. After discussion of the preliminary results with the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health at its second meeting in March 2011, we added the following subgroupings for randomised controlled trials in adults: difference in level of attention given to participants in intervention and control arms, goal for percentage of energy from total fat in intervention arm, intervention resulted in more or less than 30% energy from fat, and baseline body mass index (mean 2)). A difference in the level of attention given to the intervention and control groups meant any variation, including any difference in the amount of health professional or training time or number or timing or duration of follow ups. Journal referees requested that subgroupings by health status (healthy people not recruited on the basis of health status, those with risk factors such as high lipid levels or breast cancer risk, and current illness such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, or intestinal polyps) and by degree of energy reduction in the low fat group compared with the control or usual fat group were added. The NUGAG subgroup on diet and health also requested metaregression, which was run in STATA/IC 11.2 to assess the effects of study duration, amount of reduction in total fat in the intervention arm compared with the control arm (as percentage of energy), and fat intake in the control group as subgrouping suggested that these factors may relate to degree of weight loss (multiple regression model, all three assessed together). Finally, the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health requested that data on serum lipid levels and blood pressure outcome be collected from the included randomised controlled trials on adults to ensure that the reduction in fat was not associated with harmful effects on other major cardiovascular risk factors, and that data on changes in other dietary components be collated to help with understanding any mechanisms of action.Sensitivity analyses assessed the effects of running fixed effects meta analyses and excluding the largest randomised controlled trial, trials not free of systematic differences in care (or that were unclear), trials not free of dietary differences other than fat (or that were unclear), trials without or with unclear allocation concealment (an important indicator of study validity), and trials using intention to treat analyses.Where feasible we intended to use meta analysis on the results of cohort studies, but given the small number of included cohorts and differences in the durations between studies, the measures of body fatness, and the assessment methods of correlation between total fat intake and outcomes, meta analysis was not appropriate. Instead, we used vote counting to describe the relation between total fat intake and body fatness in each study. We noted a positive or negative statistically significant relation between total fat intake at baseline and change in weight or body mass index over time.We rated the quality of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, which provides an explicit and comprehensive method to rate quality of evidence in health)15 in GRADEpro Version 3.2 for Windows, which was debated, agreed, and the wording refined by the NUGAG subgroup on diet and health.ResultsThe search for randomised controlled trials in adults identified 22012 titles and abstracts and the search for randomised controlled trials in adults and children and cohort studies identified 10208 (fig 1). Supplementary tables 1a and b give the search strategies in full. Of 465 full text papers assessed, 34 randomised controlled trials (33 in adults,fake rolex datejust oyster perpetual, one in children) and 13 prospective cohort studies (10 in adults and three in children) were included.Fig 1 Flow of papers through studyRandomised controlled trials in adultsOf the 33 randomised controlled trials in adults (73589 participants), 20 were in North America, 12 in Europe, and one in New Zealand, with none from developing or transitional countries. The duration of the trials varied from six months to more than eight years. In four trials the participants were all men, in 15 all women, and in 14 both sexes (one of which reported outcomes by sex), with varying mean ages and states of health (low, moderate, or high risk of cardiovascular disease or breast cancer). See table 1 and supplementary table 2 for the characteristics of the trials in adults.
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Christiaan van Heijst and Daan Krans' photos taken from inside a plane's cockpit
These astonishing pictures taken from an airplane cockpit reveal what pilots see from above. This image shows a cloud illuminated with lightning between Beijing and Shanghai. Van Heijst said: 'The cloud here seen on our left started to appear on our weather radar only a few minutes before and started to show off an amazing display of lightning that grew ever more intense. When we got closer,rolex lady datejust oyster perpetual fake, we saw that the cloud was going to burst through our flight path and we had to deviate up to 10km to avoid flying into this cell'
Flying large cargo planes around the world, Van Heijst takes photos from the cockpit when his fellow pilots are flying, and when the thunderstorms are not so severe as to greatly affect the flying
Flying large cargo planes around the world, Van Heijst takes photos from the cockpit when his fellow pilots are flying, and when the thunderstorms are not so severe as to greatly affect the flying.
Van Heijst,rolex datejust lady fake, who began learning to fly as a 14 year old, said: 'Ever since I started my first job as a pilot,fake mens rolex oyster perpetual datejust watch, I felt the need to capture the atmosphere of the unique views that I had from the cockpit.
'My colleagues were very supportive since they could now show their loved ones at home what our job was like from the cockpit.
'I know very well that trying to take a perfect picture is an eternal and fruitless goal, but I do my best and allow my viewers the sometimes jaw dropping views that I share with them.'
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker Armed police prepare to raid of Manchester suicide bomber Threat level now CRITICAL: PM raises terror level Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Mum of Manchester attack victim Georgina Callander releases balloons Man is arrested by police outside Buckingham Palace
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Revealed: Manchester bomber returned to Britain from. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on,fake datejust rolex, desperate families still search. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. Mother of child actress pictured hugging a female police. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. Bomber from a red brick semi who 'knew an ISIS. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
These astonishing pictures taken from an airplane cockpit reveal what pilots see from above. This image shows a cloud illuminated with lightning between Beijing and Shanghai. Van Heijst said: 'The cloud here seen on our left started to appear on our weather radar only a few minutes before and started to show off an amazing display of lightning that grew ever more intense. When we got closer,rolex lady datejust oyster perpetual fake, we saw that the cloud was going to burst through our flight path and we had to deviate up to 10km to avoid flying into this cell'
Flying large cargo planes around the world, Van Heijst takes photos from the cockpit when his fellow pilots are flying, and when the thunderstorms are not so severe as to greatly affect the flying
Flying large cargo planes around the world, Van Heijst takes photos from the cockpit when his fellow pilots are flying, and when the thunderstorms are not so severe as to greatly affect the flying.
Van Heijst,rolex datejust lady fake, who began learning to fly as a 14 year old, said: 'Ever since I started my first job as a pilot,fake mens rolex oyster perpetual datejust watch, I felt the need to capture the atmosphere of the unique views that I had from the cockpit.
'My colleagues were very supportive since they could now show their loved ones at home what our job was like from the cockpit.
'I know very well that trying to take a perfect picture is an eternal and fruitless goal, but I do my best and allow my viewers the sometimes jaw dropping views that I share with them.'
Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Moment armed police storm of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker Armed police prepare to raid of Manchester suicide bomber Threat level now CRITICAL: PM raises terror level Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Mum of Manchester attack victim Georgina Callander releases balloons Man is arrested by police outside Buckingham Palace
EXCLUSIVE: First photos of Ariana Grande since Manchester. Help for the homeless heroes: Millionaire West Ham owner. The schoolgirls massacred by ISIS coward: Five teenagers. Revealed: Manchester bomber returned to Britain from. Theresa May warns a fresh terror attack is feared to be. 'Like bits of fire': Mother and daughter share photos of. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. Aaron Hernandez's hell behind bars: NFL star killed. More than 24 hours on,fake datejust rolex, desperate families still search. She STILL doesn't wanna hold his hand: Melania leaves. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. Mother of child actress pictured hugging a female police. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Terrorist's brother arrested: Dramatic moment armed. Bomber from a red brick semi who 'knew an ISIS. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
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Business news in brief,replica van cleef and arpels four leaf clover necklace
UK insurance body launches flood insurance for businesses
The British Insurance Brokers'Association (BIBA) said it had launched an insurance scheme that provided flood cover for businesses, after the Government backed a similar scheme for homeowners earlier this year.
BIBA said the scheme, available only to its members and backed by Lloyd's underwriting, will provide insurance for commercial sites and rental properties in areas at risk from flooding. The scheme was developed with risk information provider Landmark, broker Guy Carpenter and Randall Quilter Investment Holdings.
BIBA started working on the insurance cover following criticism that the Government backed Flood Rereinsurance scheme focussed only on household insurance.
Flood damage in Britain from winter storms last year resulted in claims from more than 15,000 homes and businesses and could lead to pay outs of 1.3bn, the Association of British Insurers estimated in May.
Americans should get used to a "new normal" of slow economic growth, business economists say. The median estimate from economists surveyed by the National Association for Business Economics calls for the American economy to grow 2.2 per cent in 2017, up from a forecast 1.6 per cent this year and unchanged from the previous survey in September.
The improved number is still lacklustre by historical standards. US economic growth averaged 3.1 per cent a year from 1948 to 2015, according to the Congressional Research Service. But the business economists say Americans need to get used to slow growth: 80 per cent of those surveyed believe the potential growth rate of the American economy will remain at 2.5 per cent or lower over the next five years.
The economy has been hobbled by an aging work force and weak gains in productivity. Still, the economists see the risk of a recession as remote; 90 per cent expect the current economic expansion to continue until at least 2018. They expect employers to add an average 168,000 jobs a month in 2017, down from 180,000 a month so far this year.
A Johannesburg startup is set to become the first company ever to manufacture smartphones in Africa, taking advantage of low costs and growing local demand to build handsets, tablets and other devices based on Google's Android system.
Onyx Connect, a privately backed company that's raised 150m rand (8.5m), will begin production in the first quarter, according to Andre Van der Merwe, its sales director. The company is licensed to load Google software like Android and Chrome onto devices sold under its own brand or products it makes for others.
"We are talking to companies to manufacture handsets,replica van cleef and arpels sweet alhambra necklace, laptops and possibly Android TV boxes," Van der Merwe said in an interview. Those talks include Google itself and Johannesburg based Vodacom, the South African unit of Vodafone, he said.
Vodacom would "welcome the opportunity" to offer high quality devices made in South Africa, Jorge Mendes, a Vodacom consumer sales and distribution executive, said in an email, declining to comment on Onyx specifically.
A German business group says it's worried about the potential risks to the economy and Europe's currency union posed by the outcome of Italy's constitutional referendum. The head of the Federation of German Industries, or BDI,replica van cleef and arpels turquoise alhambra necklace, says that "Italy must not put off resolving its pressing problems." Ulrich Grillo said that the Italian state and economy need to be modernised to create jobs.
Grillo said that German industry is worried about the consequences of the referendum, which prompted Premier Matteo Renzi to announce his resignation. He said that "the risks of a new political instability for economic development, the financial markets and the currency union are increasing further."
British new car registrations rose by 2.9 per cent year on year in November, an industry body said on Monday, putting the sector on course for record sales in 2016,replica van cleef necklace wholesale, although demand from retail customers fell for the eighth month in a row.
Strong demand from businesses for fleet vehicles compensated for a fall from individual buyers, lifting overall sales to 184,101 vehicles last month, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. It is the first time the industry has sold more than 2.5m vehicles in the first eleven months of the year, putting it on course to beat the 2.63m sold last year, despite uncertainty created by Brexit.
Cambian offloads adult services in 377m deal with Cygnet
Mental healthcare operator Cambian is to offload its adult services business for 377m to help pay down its debt. The deal, which will see the division snapped up by rival Cygnet, will see Cambian's shareholders snaffle 40m with the remainder going towards paying off its 293m debt pile. It will leave a slimmed down Cambian with a focus on children's services.
Boss Saleem Asaria said: "We recently took the strategic decision to develop our Children's Services Business around a differentiated integrated recovery model incorporating care, education and therapy for children with the highest needs. "The proposed disposal will enable us to focus fully on the development of the business and realise its potential as one of the UK's leading specialist providers."
Cambian believes there is significant opportunity for organic growth and bolt on acquisitions in its children's arm. The group added that current trading is in line with expectations. Shares were up 7.37 per centto 140.3 per centin morning trading.
SFO probes Israeli billionaire, Ex ENRC directors on Congo deals
The UK Serious Fraud Office is investigating Israeli billionaire Dan Gertler and four former Eurasian Natural Resources Corp. executives as part of its three year probe into the Kazakh company's acquisition of copper and cobalt mining projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo. They include ex chief executive Felix Vulis; the former head of its Africa unit, Victor Hanna; two other ENRC executives; Gertler and two of his associates, according to a letter from the SFO to the Congolese government. The letter was shown to Bloomberg by a person who asked not to be identified because it hasn't been released publicly.
The SFO's investigation relates to three sets of transactions through which ENRC, then listed on the London Stock Exchange, acquired five mining projects in Congo between 2010 and 2012. The deals may have violated UK laws including the 2010 Bribery Act and the 2006 Fraud Act, for which individual offenses carry penalties of as long as 10 years in prison or an unlimited fine, the anti fraud agency said in the Sept. 2 letter. It was signed by SFO Director David Green.
Monsanto says next breakthrough for farmers is a friendly fungus
St. Louis based Monsanto, which earlier this year agreed to be acquired by Germany's Bayer, is hailing the product as a breakthrough for microbial technology, in which scientists look to fungi and other organisms such as bacteria to help farmers. Corn crops treated with the new Monsanto Novozymes microbial officially known as Acceleron B 300 SAT had better yields than those without the treatment, the companies said in a statement Monday. The product stays on seeds longer and is compatible with other chemical treatments, unlike previous versions. It could be applied to more than 90m acres (36m hectares) by 2025.
UK insurance body launches flood insurance for businesses
The British Insurance Brokers'Association (BIBA) said it had launched an insurance scheme that provided flood cover for businesses, after the Government backed a similar scheme for homeowners earlier this year.
BIBA said the scheme, available only to its members and backed by Lloyd's underwriting, will provide insurance for commercial sites and rental properties in areas at risk from flooding. The scheme was developed with risk information provider Landmark, broker Guy Carpenter and Randall Quilter Investment Holdings.
BIBA started working on the insurance cover following criticism that the Government backed Flood Rereinsurance scheme focussed only on household insurance.
Flood damage in Britain from winter storms last year resulted in claims from more than 15,000 homes and businesses and could lead to pay outs of 1.3bn, the Association of British Insurers estimated in May.
Americans should get used to a "new normal" of slow economic growth, business economists say. The median estimate from economists surveyed by the National Association for Business Economics calls for the American economy to grow 2.2 per cent in 2017, up from a forecast 1.6 per cent this year and unchanged from the previous survey in September.
The improved number is still lacklustre by historical standards. US economic growth averaged 3.1 per cent a year from 1948 to 2015, according to the Congressional Research Service. But the business economists say Americans need to get used to slow growth: 80 per cent of those surveyed believe the potential growth rate of the American economy will remain at 2.5 per cent or lower over the next five years.
The economy has been hobbled by an aging work force and weak gains in productivity. Still, the economists see the risk of a recession as remote; 90 per cent expect the current economic expansion to continue until at least 2018. They expect employers to add an average 168,000 jobs a month in 2017, down from 180,000 a month so far this year.
A Johannesburg startup is set to become the first company ever to manufacture smartphones in Africa, taking advantage of low costs and growing local demand to build handsets, tablets and other devices based on Google's Android system.
Onyx Connect, a privately backed company that's raised 150m rand (8.5m), will begin production in the first quarter, according to Andre Van der Merwe, its sales director. The company is licensed to load Google software like Android and Chrome onto devices sold under its own brand or products it makes for others.
"We are talking to companies to manufacture handsets,replica van cleef and arpels sweet alhambra necklace, laptops and possibly Android TV boxes," Van der Merwe said in an interview. Those talks include Google itself and Johannesburg based Vodacom, the South African unit of Vodafone, he said.
Vodacom would "welcome the opportunity" to offer high quality devices made in South Africa, Jorge Mendes, a Vodacom consumer sales and distribution executive, said in an email, declining to comment on Onyx specifically.
A German business group says it's worried about the potential risks to the economy and Europe's currency union posed by the outcome of Italy's constitutional referendum. The head of the Federation of German Industries, or BDI,replica van cleef and arpels turquoise alhambra necklace, says that "Italy must not put off resolving its pressing problems." Ulrich Grillo said that the Italian state and economy need to be modernised to create jobs.
Grillo said that German industry is worried about the consequences of the referendum, which prompted Premier Matteo Renzi to announce his resignation. He said that "the risks of a new political instability for economic development, the financial markets and the currency union are increasing further."
British new car registrations rose by 2.9 per cent year on year in November, an industry body said on Monday, putting the sector on course for record sales in 2016,replica van cleef necklace wholesale, although demand from retail customers fell for the eighth month in a row.
Strong demand from businesses for fleet vehicles compensated for a fall from individual buyers, lifting overall sales to 184,101 vehicles last month, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. It is the first time the industry has sold more than 2.5m vehicles in the first eleven months of the year, putting it on course to beat the 2.63m sold last year, despite uncertainty created by Brexit.
Cambian offloads adult services in 377m deal with Cygnet
Mental healthcare operator Cambian is to offload its adult services business for 377m to help pay down its debt. The deal, which will see the division snapped up by rival Cygnet, will see Cambian's shareholders snaffle 40m with the remainder going towards paying off its 293m debt pile. It will leave a slimmed down Cambian with a focus on children's services.
Boss Saleem Asaria said: "We recently took the strategic decision to develop our Children's Services Business around a differentiated integrated recovery model incorporating care, education and therapy for children with the highest needs. "The proposed disposal will enable us to focus fully on the development of the business and realise its potential as one of the UK's leading specialist providers."
Cambian believes there is significant opportunity for organic growth and bolt on acquisitions in its children's arm. The group added that current trading is in line with expectations. Shares were up 7.37 per centto 140.3 per centin morning trading.
SFO probes Israeli billionaire, Ex ENRC directors on Congo deals
The UK Serious Fraud Office is investigating Israeli billionaire Dan Gertler and four former Eurasian Natural Resources Corp. executives as part of its three year probe into the Kazakh company's acquisition of copper and cobalt mining projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo. They include ex chief executive Felix Vulis; the former head of its Africa unit, Victor Hanna; two other ENRC executives; Gertler and two of his associates, according to a letter from the SFO to the Congolese government. The letter was shown to Bloomberg by a person who asked not to be identified because it hasn't been released publicly.
The SFO's investigation relates to three sets of transactions through which ENRC, then listed on the London Stock Exchange, acquired five mining projects in Congo between 2010 and 2012. The deals may have violated UK laws including the 2010 Bribery Act and the 2006 Fraud Act, for which individual offenses carry penalties of as long as 10 years in prison or an unlimited fine, the anti fraud agency said in the Sept. 2 letter. It was signed by SFO Director David Green.
Monsanto says next breakthrough for farmers is a friendly fungus
St. Louis based Monsanto, which earlier this year agreed to be acquired by Germany's Bayer, is hailing the product as a breakthrough for microbial technology, in which scientists look to fungi and other organisms such as bacteria to help farmers. Corn crops treated with the new Monsanto Novozymes microbial officially known as Acceleron B 300 SAT had better yields than those without the treatment, the companies said in a statement Monday. The product stays on seeds longer and is compatible with other chemical treatments, unlike previous versions. It could be applied to more than 90m acres (36m hectares) by 2025.
Atheists are more intelligent than religious people,replica vintage alhambra necklace 10 motifs
Religious people are less intelligent on average than atheists because faith is an instinct and clever people are better at rising above their instincts,replica mini van cleef necklace, researchers have claimed.
Anegative correlationbetween intelligence and religion makes sense if religion is considered an instinct, and intelligence the ability to rise above one's instincts, say researchers Edward Dutton and Dimitri van der Linden in their new paper published today.
Mr Kanazawa's 'Savanna IQ Principles' suggest human behaviour will always be guided by the environment in which their ancestors developed.
Mr Dutton and Mr van der Linden argue in keeping with this that religion should be considered an 'evolved domain' or instinct.
Rising above instincts is advantageous, they said in a statement, because it helps people to solve problems.
"If religion is an evolved domain then it is an instinct, and intelligence in rationally solving problems can be understood as involving overcoming instinct and being intellectually curious and thus open to non instinctive possibilities," explained MrDutton.
According to the 2013 review, the more intelligent a child is even during early years the more likely it is to turn away from religion.
In old age,replica cartier clover necklace, above average intelligence people are less likely to believe in a god.
Mr Dutton and Mr van der Linden also investigated the link between instinct and stress, and the instinctiveness with which people tend to operate during stressful periods.
They argue that being intelligent helps people during stressful times to weigh up their options and act rationally rather than give in to knee jerk responses.
"If religion is indeed an evolved domain an instinct then it will become heightened at times of stress, when people are inclined to act instinctively, and there is clear evidence for this," said Mr Dutton.
"It also means that intelligence allows us to able to pause and reason through the situation and the possible consequences of our actions."
The researchers believe that people who are attracted to the non instinctive are potentially better problem solvers.
"This is important,replica van cleef small necklace, because in a changing ecology, the ability to solve problems will become associated with rising above our instincts, rendering us attracted to evolutionary mismatches," said Mr van der Linden.
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
Religious people are less intelligent on average than atheists because faith is an instinct and clever people are better at rising above their instincts,replica mini van cleef necklace, researchers have claimed.
Anegative correlationbetween intelligence and religion makes sense if religion is considered an instinct, and intelligence the ability to rise above one's instincts, say researchers Edward Dutton and Dimitri van der Linden in their new paper published today.
Mr Kanazawa's 'Savanna IQ Principles' suggest human behaviour will always be guided by the environment in which their ancestors developed.
Mr Dutton and Mr van der Linden argue in keeping with this that religion should be considered an 'evolved domain' or instinct.
Rising above instincts is advantageous, they said in a statement, because it helps people to solve problems.
"If religion is an evolved domain then it is an instinct, and intelligence in rationally solving problems can be understood as involving overcoming instinct and being intellectually curious and thus open to non instinctive possibilities," explained MrDutton.
According to the 2013 review, the more intelligent a child is even during early years the more likely it is to turn away from religion.
In old age,replica cartier clover necklace, above average intelligence people are less likely to believe in a god.
Mr Dutton and Mr van der Linden also investigated the link between instinct and stress, and the instinctiveness with which people tend to operate during stressful periods.
They argue that being intelligent helps people during stressful times to weigh up their options and act rationally rather than give in to knee jerk responses.
"If religion is indeed an evolved domain an instinct then it will become heightened at times of stress, when people are inclined to act instinctively, and there is clear evidence for this," said Mr Dutton.
"It also means that intelligence allows us to able to pause and reason through the situation and the possible consequences of our actions."
The researchers believe that people who are attracted to the non instinctive are potentially better problem solvers.
"This is important,replica van cleef small necklace, because in a changing ecology, the ability to solve problems will become associated with rising above our instincts, rendering us attracted to evolutionary mismatches," said Mr van der Linden.
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
Chandler's Ford robbers lawfully killed
Following the verdict, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) published its report on the shootings and said there was a "window of opportunity" to arrest the pair safely.
The Met Police said it will review recommendations by the IPCC and the coroner's findings.
Nunes was the leader of a gang whose other members were later convicted of carrying out similar raids across southern England.
Officers had been investigating them for a year and received intelligence Nunes was planning to hold up a cash delivery van in the town.
The "meticulously planned" covert operation, on 13 September 2007, by the Metropolitan Police's CO19 firearms team had been set up to intercept Nunes and his gang, which included Markland.
'Farce' for familiesDuring the six week hearing,replica pink van cleef necklace, jurors saw CCTV footage of the moment a police rifleman, positioned in overlooking flats, shot Nunes as he pointed the gun at the G4S security guard's head.
Markland then ran over and picked up Nunes's gun before being shot by another police marksman.
He was then seen moving, so another shot was fired into his chest, the hearing was told.
Markland, a chef, of Brixton, south London, was pronounced dead at the scene while Nunes,arpels van cleef necklace replica, of Streatham, South London,replica mini van cleef necklace, died later that morning in hospital.
Central Hampshire coroner Graham Short had told jurors the inquest would examine the "operational and tactical decisions that preceded those events",replica small van cleef necklace.
He told jurors they could only return a lawful killing or open verdict, which the dead men's relatives said had "rendered the proceedings a farce for the families".
Surveillance teams had earlier spotted Markland in a bus stop over the road from the HSBC bank, and Nunes as a passenger in a Volvo estate.
But police did not move in because they still did not have enough evidence, the inquest heard, instead waiting for two minutes until Nunes made his move.
An investigation by the IPCC has already seen changes to police policy, including the role of firearms commander not being undertaken by the senior investigating officer.
The IPCC said: "We will never know if there would have been a different outcome had the Metropolitan Police separated the role.
"Had there been this separation, there would have been no potential conflict between the need to gather enough evidence to secure a conviction and public safety."
In a statement after the verdicts, the families said: "The families of Mark Nunes and Andrew Markland waited for four years for the full inquest touching upon the deaths of their loved ones."
'Split second decisions'They said the inquest had heard evidence of "various opportunities" for police to disrupt the robbery earlier in "order to minimise the risk to the lives of the security guard, members of the public and the deceased".
They added they had wanted the jury to have been allowed to record a narrative verdict to "identify any failures in the police operation that they considered caused or more than minimally contributed to the men's deaths".
In a statement, the Met Police said: "These circumstances illustrate clearly the immensely difficult and split second decisions that officers have to make when protecting the public from the actions of armed criminals.
Following the verdict, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) published its report on the shootings and said there was a "window of opportunity" to arrest the pair safely.
The Met Police said it will review recommendations by the IPCC and the coroner's findings.
Nunes was the leader of a gang whose other members were later convicted of carrying out similar raids across southern England.
Officers had been investigating them for a year and received intelligence Nunes was planning to hold up a cash delivery van in the town.
The "meticulously planned" covert operation, on 13 September 2007, by the Metropolitan Police's CO19 firearms team had been set up to intercept Nunes and his gang, which included Markland.
'Farce' for familiesDuring the six week hearing,replica pink van cleef necklace, jurors saw CCTV footage of the moment a police rifleman, positioned in overlooking flats, shot Nunes as he pointed the gun at the G4S security guard's head.
Markland then ran over and picked up Nunes's gun before being shot by another police marksman.
He was then seen moving, so another shot was fired into his chest, the hearing was told.
Markland, a chef, of Brixton, south London, was pronounced dead at the scene while Nunes,arpels van cleef necklace replica, of Streatham, South London,replica mini van cleef necklace, died later that morning in hospital.
Central Hampshire coroner Graham Short had told jurors the inquest would examine the "operational and tactical decisions that preceded those events",replica small van cleef necklace.
He told jurors they could only return a lawful killing or open verdict, which the dead men's relatives said had "rendered the proceedings a farce for the families".
Surveillance teams had earlier spotted Markland in a bus stop over the road from the HSBC bank, and Nunes as a passenger in a Volvo estate.
But police did not move in because they still did not have enough evidence, the inquest heard, instead waiting for two minutes until Nunes made his move.
An investigation by the IPCC has already seen changes to police policy, including the role of firearms commander not being undertaken by the senior investigating officer.
The IPCC said: "We will never know if there would have been a different outcome had the Metropolitan Police separated the role.
"Had there been this separation, there would have been no potential conflict between the need to gather enough evidence to secure a conviction and public safety."
In a statement after the verdicts, the families said: "The families of Mark Nunes and Andrew Markland waited for four years for the full inquest touching upon the deaths of their loved ones."
'Split second decisions'They said the inquest had heard evidence of "various opportunities" for police to disrupt the robbery earlier in "order to minimise the risk to the lives of the security guard, members of the public and the deceased".
They added they had wanted the jury to have been allowed to record a narrative verdict to "identify any failures in the police operation that they considered caused or more than minimally contributed to the men's deaths".
In a statement, the Met Police said: "These circumstances illustrate clearly the immensely difficult and split second decisions that officers have to make when protecting the public from the actions of armed criminals.
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Burn Victim Dreads Day His Father Gets Paroled
David Rothenberg has dreaded this day since kindergarten.
The father who doused him with kerosene and set him afire seven years ago is getting out of prison Wednesday. And although Charles Rothenberg has vowed never again to hurt his son, David doesn't buy it.
He has practiced self defense and all the best ways to flee his Orange County home. He knows the fastest routes on his bicycle from his junior high school. He has learned to use the BB gun he got for Christmas, sometimes sleeping with it propped beside his bed.
"I'd shoot his eye out if he ever came over. I'd blind him," David said,van cleef alhambra knock off necklace, his voice rising, his brown eyes widening. "He will be out there, free. He probably has people out there right now looking for me. I will have to live the rest of my life on the line. . . . always looking behind me."
Despite repeated efforts by state corrections officials to keep Rothenberg imprisoned longer, he will be paroled Wednesday from the California Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo, having served his time.
Rothenberg,van cleef and arpel knock off necklace, 49, was convicted of attempted murder, arson and other crimes connected to the March 3, 1983, fire at a Buena Park Travelodge that left his son burned beyond recognition. He received a 13 year sentence, the maximum penalty allowed by state sentencing laws that have since been toughened. Were he to have been sentenced today, Rothenberg could have been sent to prison for life.
Because he was largely a model prisoner, state law allowed him a day off his sentence for every day he worked behind bars. So his clerical job in the Soledad state prison and his maintenance work at the Men's Colony reduced his sentence to 6 1/2 years. A few more weeks were tacked onto his term after Rothenberg violated prison rules last year by having letters hand delivered instead of mailed.
Public outrage over Rothenberg's release has prompted a shroud of secrecy about his parole destination, which was not decided until Friday, said Tipton C. Kindel, spokesman for the California Department of Corrections. A desert community in Riverside County last year rejected his request to be paroled there; a family that offered two years ago to help Rothenberg upon his release claim that they have received death threats. Rothenberg himself was attacked Jan. 10 by another inmate enraged over what Rothenberg had done to his son.
So parole officials anticipating trouble if news leaks of Rothenberg's whereabouts are working with three possible locations to send the arsonist. Rothenberg will be among the last to know where he is going.
"I hope it's, like, really far away," David Rothenberg said. "Otherwise I'll have to move to another state or something!"
Although Rothenberg has been in the medium security prison since September, the corrections department decided Friday to place him under the toughest restrictions of any parolee in California to date, Kindel said. An electronic transmitter the size of a cigarette package will be attached to him to alert officials if he leaves the area to which he will be paroled. He will be under 24 hour "physical surveillance," and a parole agent will live with him, Kindel added.
Parole officials also have assured David, his mother and stepfather,van cleef fake necklaces, Marie and Richard Hafdahl,van cleef and arpel replica necklace, that Rothenberg will not be paroled to Orange County and cannot go there. Rothenberg will be forbidden to contact the family until his parole expires in three years.
This, however, has done little to assuage David's fear, an invisible but oppressive tension he bears daily.
Now, halfway through eighth grade, he periodically has suffered nightmares about his father "coming back to get me." They have vanished lately but he worries that "they could come back, after Wednesday."
He also worries about his mother, who was Rothenberg's real target that March 3.
Rothenberg, fleeing a warrant charging him with vandalizing a New York restaurant where he worked, took his son for what would be a week's vacation in the Catskills. Or so he told his ex wife. Instead, they went to Buena Park and planned to visit Disneyland and Knott's Berry Farm.
After a week of rain, Rothenberg telephoned his ex wife to ask for more time with his son. When he accidentally revealed that he was in another state, David's mother got angry. She told Rothenberg he would never see his son again once they returned to New York.
That regrettable phone call, both David's parents concede, triggered the tragic fire. In the minutes after midnight, Rothenberg emptied a gallon jug of kerosene around the bed where David lay sleeping, then struck a match and fled. A nationwide manhunt led to his arrest a week later in San Francisco. He confessed to trying to kill his son in a twisted quest to hurt the wife who had divorced him, saying, "If I couldn't have him, nobody else could."
He claims in letters to The Times that he will not bother his son or ex wife. But the fact that Rothenberg has said his "only reason for living" is to see David "and ask for his forgiveness" troubles his son and ex wife.
David Rothenberg has dreaded this day since kindergarten.
The father who doused him with kerosene and set him afire seven years ago is getting out of prison Wednesday. And although Charles Rothenberg has vowed never again to hurt his son, David doesn't buy it.
He has practiced self defense and all the best ways to flee his Orange County home. He knows the fastest routes on his bicycle from his junior high school. He has learned to use the BB gun he got for Christmas, sometimes sleeping with it propped beside his bed.
"I'd shoot his eye out if he ever came over. I'd blind him," David said,van cleef alhambra knock off necklace, his voice rising, his brown eyes widening. "He will be out there, free. He probably has people out there right now looking for me. I will have to live the rest of my life on the line. . . . always looking behind me."
Despite repeated efforts by state corrections officials to keep Rothenberg imprisoned longer, he will be paroled Wednesday from the California Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo, having served his time.
Rothenberg,van cleef and arpel knock off necklace, 49, was convicted of attempted murder, arson and other crimes connected to the March 3, 1983, fire at a Buena Park Travelodge that left his son burned beyond recognition. He received a 13 year sentence, the maximum penalty allowed by state sentencing laws that have since been toughened. Were he to have been sentenced today, Rothenberg could have been sent to prison for life.
Because he was largely a model prisoner, state law allowed him a day off his sentence for every day he worked behind bars. So his clerical job in the Soledad state prison and his maintenance work at the Men's Colony reduced his sentence to 6 1/2 years. A few more weeks were tacked onto his term after Rothenberg violated prison rules last year by having letters hand delivered instead of mailed.
Public outrage over Rothenberg's release has prompted a shroud of secrecy about his parole destination, which was not decided until Friday, said Tipton C. Kindel, spokesman for the California Department of Corrections. A desert community in Riverside County last year rejected his request to be paroled there; a family that offered two years ago to help Rothenberg upon his release claim that they have received death threats. Rothenberg himself was attacked Jan. 10 by another inmate enraged over what Rothenberg had done to his son.
So parole officials anticipating trouble if news leaks of Rothenberg's whereabouts are working with three possible locations to send the arsonist. Rothenberg will be among the last to know where he is going.
"I hope it's, like, really far away," David Rothenberg said. "Otherwise I'll have to move to another state or something!"
Although Rothenberg has been in the medium security prison since September, the corrections department decided Friday to place him under the toughest restrictions of any parolee in California to date, Kindel said. An electronic transmitter the size of a cigarette package will be attached to him to alert officials if he leaves the area to which he will be paroled. He will be under 24 hour "physical surveillance," and a parole agent will live with him, Kindel added.
Parole officials also have assured David, his mother and stepfather,van cleef fake necklaces, Marie and Richard Hafdahl,van cleef and arpel replica necklace, that Rothenberg will not be paroled to Orange County and cannot go there. Rothenberg will be forbidden to contact the family until his parole expires in three years.
This, however, has done little to assuage David's fear, an invisible but oppressive tension he bears daily.
Now, halfway through eighth grade, he periodically has suffered nightmares about his father "coming back to get me." They have vanished lately but he worries that "they could come back, after Wednesday."
He also worries about his mother, who was Rothenberg's real target that March 3.
Rothenberg, fleeing a warrant charging him with vandalizing a New York restaurant where he worked, took his son for what would be a week's vacation in the Catskills. Or so he told his ex wife. Instead, they went to Buena Park and planned to visit Disneyland and Knott's Berry Farm.
After a week of rain, Rothenberg telephoned his ex wife to ask for more time with his son. When he accidentally revealed that he was in another state, David's mother got angry. She told Rothenberg he would never see his son again once they returned to New York.
That regrettable phone call, both David's parents concede, triggered the tragic fire. In the minutes after midnight, Rothenberg emptied a gallon jug of kerosene around the bed where David lay sleeping, then struck a match and fled. A nationwide manhunt led to his arrest a week later in San Francisco. He confessed to trying to kill his son in a twisted quest to hurt the wife who had divorced him, saying, "If I couldn't have him, nobody else could."
He claims in letters to The Times that he will not bother his son or ex wife. But the fact that Rothenberg has said his "only reason for living" is to see David "and ask for his forgiveness" troubles his son and ex wife.
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Best Watch Brands
When you think of one must have accessory that is functional and not just for aesthetic value, a watch comes to mind. Wrist watches for both men and women are available in various designs, styles and of course price tags. For a man, who works in the corporate world, wearing a classy looking watch is very important as it gives him a refined and sophisticated look. When we talk about a particular watch brand, the price you pay for buying that watch is not just for its craftsmanship, design and style. The price of a watch as well as its value increases with the kind of advertising that is done and how people in general perceive it to be. A for example is a luxury watch that is very expensive and people know that wearing a immediately classifies him/her as a person who has refined taste and of course loads of money to afford it. So when we talk about the best watch brands in the world, we are not only discussing the technical and mechanical aspect of the watch,van cleef alhambra fake necklace, but also how global name recognition increases its value. Here we are going to discuss the best and top brands of watches.
All good watch brands make multiple models of wrist watches and some of these models go on to become iconic timepieces. Not all the models of a particular brand are well received by the public. Any good watch brand usually has 3 to 4 models that are best sellers and are highly coveted by the public. In addition to these models, wrist watch brands also launch limited addition watches that come with an astronomical price tag and can only be afforded by a select few. High end luxury watch brands make very fine expensive watches for men and women with exclusivity of design and craftsmanship. The design is such that it is either over blingy or understated with top quality materials used for production. It is not unusual to find fine luxury watches selling for more than 2,000,000 dollars. Of course not many can afford this price but it is a price that the super rich are willing to pay for a handcrafted and exclusive watch. Some of these high end top luxury watch brands are , A. Lange Shne, Breguet, Ulysse Nardin, Alain Silberstein, Audemars Piguet, Blancpain, Parmigiani, and Franck Muller. Of these Piguet and are easily the most recognizable watch brands by the general public.
If you are looking to buy a luxury watch without spending your entire life's saving on it,van cleef fake clover necklace, then the best wrist watch brands in this segment are , TAG Heuer, , , , Ebel, , and Raymond Weil. These watches cost upwards of 1,000 dollars for the steel models with basic and simple designs. Leather or gold strapped watches in this category cost around 8,000 dollars and any diamond and jewel encrusted watch will set you back by around 20,000 dollars. Although these watches are mass produced they are of the highest quality with a good finish. The best watch brands for men are TAG Heuer, Breguet and and many men prefer these brands over others. They have a wide variety of designs and styles and the bestselling ones are TAG Heuer Grand Carrera Chronograph Calibre, Breguet Double Tourbillon Classique Grande Complication and Superocean. Military style watches are also preferred by many men and Casio G Shock Digital Watch and Tauchmeister T0065 XXL Military GMT Dive Watch are some good military watches. The best watch brands for women are ,van cleef copy necklaces, and Van Cleef Arpels. The Ladies Tank Americaine, Concerto Watch and Van Cleef Arpels Folie des Pres Watch. Most women prefer designer watches and and Van Cleef Arpels are great brands with good designs.
Here is a list of best wrist watch brands in the world,van cleef fake butterfly necklace.
A. Lange Shne
TAG HeuerToy WatchThis was all about best wrist watch brands. If you are looking for a good watch that comes under $500, then some reliable brands are, Hamilton, Seiko, Guess and Fossil. A good watch should last you for your lifetime and so choose a watch with care.
Citizen and Seiko should, from a purely objective standpoint, be on the list, or anyone else's list for that matter. ? Casio? To take nothing away from these, they are simply not investments, more of a "bang for the buck" type of thing. And if that's the reason they're on this list, which pretends to be a luxury watch guide, why no Citizen or Seiko? Watches that can be deemed investments, worn for decades, and are big sellers for a reason. Might as well put Timex on here if you're going to expand into "bang for the buck" territory.
When you think of one must have accessory that is functional and not just for aesthetic value, a watch comes to mind. Wrist watches for both men and women are available in various designs, styles and of course price tags. For a man, who works in the corporate world, wearing a classy looking watch is very important as it gives him a refined and sophisticated look. When we talk about a particular watch brand, the price you pay for buying that watch is not just for its craftsmanship, design and style. The price of a watch as well as its value increases with the kind of advertising that is done and how people in general perceive it to be. A for example is a luxury watch that is very expensive and people know that wearing a immediately classifies him/her as a person who has refined taste and of course loads of money to afford it. So when we talk about the best watch brands in the world, we are not only discussing the technical and mechanical aspect of the watch,van cleef alhambra fake necklace, but also how global name recognition increases its value. Here we are going to discuss the best and top brands of watches.
All good watch brands make multiple models of wrist watches and some of these models go on to become iconic timepieces. Not all the models of a particular brand are well received by the public. Any good watch brand usually has 3 to 4 models that are best sellers and are highly coveted by the public. In addition to these models, wrist watch brands also launch limited addition watches that come with an astronomical price tag and can only be afforded by a select few. High end luxury watch brands make very fine expensive watches for men and women with exclusivity of design and craftsmanship. The design is such that it is either over blingy or understated with top quality materials used for production. It is not unusual to find fine luxury watches selling for more than 2,000,000 dollars. Of course not many can afford this price but it is a price that the super rich are willing to pay for a handcrafted and exclusive watch. Some of these high end top luxury watch brands are , A. Lange Shne, Breguet, Ulysse Nardin, Alain Silberstein, Audemars Piguet, Blancpain, Parmigiani, and Franck Muller. Of these Piguet and are easily the most recognizable watch brands by the general public.
If you are looking to buy a luxury watch without spending your entire life's saving on it,van cleef fake clover necklace, then the best wrist watch brands in this segment are , TAG Heuer, , , , Ebel, , and Raymond Weil. These watches cost upwards of 1,000 dollars for the steel models with basic and simple designs. Leather or gold strapped watches in this category cost around 8,000 dollars and any diamond and jewel encrusted watch will set you back by around 20,000 dollars. Although these watches are mass produced they are of the highest quality with a good finish. The best watch brands for men are TAG Heuer, Breguet and and many men prefer these brands over others. They have a wide variety of designs and styles and the bestselling ones are TAG Heuer Grand Carrera Chronograph Calibre, Breguet Double Tourbillon Classique Grande Complication and Superocean. Military style watches are also preferred by many men and Casio G Shock Digital Watch and Tauchmeister T0065 XXL Military GMT Dive Watch are some good military watches. The best watch brands for women are ,van cleef copy necklaces, and Van Cleef Arpels. The Ladies Tank Americaine, Concerto Watch and Van Cleef Arpels Folie des Pres Watch. Most women prefer designer watches and and Van Cleef Arpels are great brands with good designs.
Here is a list of best wrist watch brands in the world,van cleef fake butterfly necklace.
A. Lange Shne
TAG HeuerToy WatchThis was all about best wrist watch brands. If you are looking for a good watch that comes under $500, then some reliable brands are, Hamilton, Seiko, Guess and Fossil. A good watch should last you for your lifetime and so choose a watch with care.
Citizen and Seiko should, from a purely objective standpoint, be on the list, or anyone else's list for that matter. ? Casio? To take nothing away from these, they are simply not investments, more of a "bang for the buck" type of thing. And if that's the reason they're on this list, which pretends to be a luxury watch guide, why no Citizen or Seiko? Watches that can be deemed investments, worn for decades, and are big sellers for a reason. Might as well put Timex on here if you're going to expand into "bang for the buck" territory.
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