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The History and Mystery of the Arnolfini Portrait
What it shows seems unremarkable enough: a couple, standing in their home, surrounded by their possessions. Yet it is unprecedented, the first work of art simultaneously to celebrate both middle class comfort and monogamous marriage. Never before had domestic furniture, fittings and fabrics been depicted with such mesmerising realism.
Van Eyck picture is also deeply perplexing. Generations of art historians have failed to establish either who these people are or precisely what they are up to. Nor is it obvious what the prominent inscription right in the middle, usually translated van Eyck has been here actually implies. So the late Carola Hicks had rich material for this book, finished just before her death last year.
On the whole, she is better on the history than the mystery. Almost nothing is known for certain about the circumstances of its creation, beyond the van cleef ring price copy name of the artist and the date 1434 on which it was completed, both written on its surface. But an enormous amount of information survives about its subsequent fate.
Hicks alternates short essays about the contents of the picture itself the dog, the rug, the mirror with chapters about the many owners of the work and those who have become obsessed with it.
The latter chapters, though they stray sometimes rather far from the actual painting, are full of intriguing information. Early in the 16th century, the picture passed into the hands of the Habsburg family, and hence into the Spanish royal collection. There it stayed for centuries; one king of Spain hung it in a regal lavatory. At that stage, Velzquez would almost certainly have known The Arnolfini Portrait; it must have influenced Las Meninas, that other great mystery interior with a mirror.
The picture was appropriated by Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, then looted from his baggage by the British Army at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813.
At this point, it seems, it fell into the hands of a British army officer, Lieutenant Colonel James Hay. After being shot almost fatally in an unfortunate case of friendly fire at Waterloo, Hay tried to realise his asset.
The Prince Regent had it on approval for a while but, half baked as always, decided not to buy. Hay eventually sold it to the fledgling National Gallery in 1842 for a bargain 600 guineas; though the Treasury was shamefully slow to hand over the cash. From then on, it was one of the most celebrated pictures in the world, and scholars got to work on it.
In 1857 Joseph Crowe, an English journalist and Giovanni Cavalcaselle, an Italian artist, made a crucial discovery. In 1516 the picture is described in an inventory as le Fin with his wife in a chamber
They connected this with the documented presence of a merchant from Lucca, Giovanni Arnolfini, in Bruges in the mid 15th century hence the title by which the picture is now known.
Confusingly, recent research has found there were quite a few Arnolfini in Flanders around the right time.
In his magnificently scholarly entry for the picture in the National Gallery Catalogue of the Early Netherlandish School, Lorne Campbell lists no fewer than four. The two knock off van cleef & arpels ring best candidates, moreover, were both named Giovanni and neither seems definitely to have been married in 1434.
At this point, another problem arises. The man is clearly a highly individualised portrait (he was painted again by van Eyck), the woman, on the other hand, isn She is a type, similar to van Eyck saints and Madonnas. Was she then absent betrothed but not yet arrived or dead? And what are the two of them doing? Are they getting married, as was once widely believed, with van Eyck pictured in the mirror as a witness? Or are they just posing for a joint portrait (except one sitter doesn seem to have been there)?
Then there are the objects the lighted candle, the oranges almost all of them might, or might not, be symbols of something.
Wisely perhaps but disappointingly, Hicks is non committal about all this, simply describing differing theories. Nor has she much to say copy van ring about the deepest puzzle of all.
This picture, and van Eyck work altogether, represents an astonishing departure for visual realism. Those oranges, for example, and the window above are as brilliantly naturalistic as anything in Vermeer. No one has really explained how van Eyck came to see the world in such a radically fresh way.
Hicks is casually dismissive of the suggestion he might have known and been affected by a lens based instrument such as a camera obscura.
I am not so sure. Van Eyck didn as used to be believed, invent oil paint, but he did initiate a revolutionary way of painting. Why and how he did that is the true mystery of The Arnolfini Portrait.
What it shows seems unremarkable enough: a couple, standing in their home, surrounded by their possessions. Yet it is unprecedented, the first work of art simultaneously to celebrate both middle class comfort and monogamous marriage. Never before had domestic furniture, fittings and fabrics been depicted with such mesmerising realism.
Van Eyck picture is also deeply perplexing. Generations of art historians have failed to establish either who these people are or precisely what they are up to. Nor is it obvious what the prominent inscription right in the middle, usually translated van Eyck has been here actually implies. So the late Carola Hicks had rich material for this book, finished just before her death last year.
On the whole, she is better on the history than the mystery. Almost nothing is known for certain about the circumstances of its creation, beyond the van cleef ring price copy name of the artist and the date 1434 on which it was completed, both written on its surface. But an enormous amount of information survives about its subsequent fate.
Hicks alternates short essays about the contents of the picture itself the dog, the rug, the mirror with chapters about the many owners of the work and those who have become obsessed with it.
The latter chapters, though they stray sometimes rather far from the actual painting, are full of intriguing information. Early in the 16th century, the picture passed into the hands of the Habsburg family, and hence into the Spanish royal collection. There it stayed for centuries; one king of Spain hung it in a regal lavatory. At that stage, Velzquez would almost certainly have known The Arnolfini Portrait; it must have influenced Las Meninas, that other great mystery interior with a mirror.
The picture was appropriated by Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, then looted from his baggage by the British Army at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813.
At this point, it seems, it fell into the hands of a British army officer, Lieutenant Colonel James Hay. After being shot almost fatally in an unfortunate case of friendly fire at Waterloo, Hay tried to realise his asset.
The Prince Regent had it on approval for a while but, half baked as always, decided not to buy. Hay eventually sold it to the fledgling National Gallery in 1842 for a bargain 600 guineas; though the Treasury was shamefully slow to hand over the cash. From then on, it was one of the most celebrated pictures in the world, and scholars got to work on it.
In 1857 Joseph Crowe, an English journalist and Giovanni Cavalcaselle, an Italian artist, made a crucial discovery. In 1516 the picture is described in an inventory as le Fin with his wife in a chamber
They connected this with the documented presence of a merchant from Lucca, Giovanni Arnolfini, in Bruges in the mid 15th century hence the title by which the picture is now known.
Confusingly, recent research has found there were quite a few Arnolfini in Flanders around the right time.
In his magnificently scholarly entry for the picture in the National Gallery Catalogue of the Early Netherlandish School, Lorne Campbell lists no fewer than four. The two knock off van cleef & arpels ring best candidates, moreover, were both named Giovanni and neither seems definitely to have been married in 1434.
At this point, another problem arises. The man is clearly a highly individualised portrait (he was painted again by van Eyck), the woman, on the other hand, isn She is a type, similar to van Eyck saints and Madonnas. Was she then absent betrothed but not yet arrived or dead? And what are the two of them doing? Are they getting married, as was once widely believed, with van Eyck pictured in the mirror as a witness? Or are they just posing for a joint portrait (except one sitter doesn seem to have been there)?
Then there are the objects the lighted candle, the oranges almost all of them might, or might not, be symbols of something.
Wisely perhaps but disappointingly, Hicks is non committal about all this, simply describing differing theories. Nor has she much to say copy van ring about the deepest puzzle of all.
This picture, and van Eyck work altogether, represents an astonishing departure for visual realism. Those oranges, for example, and the window above are as brilliantly naturalistic as anything in Vermeer. No one has really explained how van Eyck came to see the world in such a radically fresh way.
Hicks is casually dismissive of the suggestion he might have known and been affected by a lens based instrument such as a camera obscura.
I am not so sure. Van Eyck didn as used to be believed, invent oil paint, but he did initiate a revolutionary way of painting. Why and how he did that is the true mystery of The Arnolfini Portrait.
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Suspected Isis terror cell 'planned to bomb Christmas crowds at UK shopping centres'
A series of attempts to carry out lethal attacks on Christmas markets and shopping centres across Europe, including Britain, were foiled before the Berlin murders. The security operations, according to senior sources, were carried out in direct response to information about terrorist threats linked to Isis.
In Britain, counter terrorism officers stated that a "significant plot" inspired by Isis had been halted. The alleged targets, say security sources, were one or more shopping centres crowded in the run up to Christmas. Four men in Derby, another one at van cleef and arpels perlee ring replica Burton on Trent in Staffordshire and a woman in London, aged between 22 and 36, were arrested ten days ago in connection with the alleged plot, with the recovery of material which could be used for making bombs. On Thursday, two of the men, aged 22 and 27 and from the Derby area were released without charge. The other four people remain in custody.
The strong possibility of terrorist acts during the Christmas period has been mentioned publicly by government bodies and repeatedly in exchange of intelligence between allied security agencies. Isis has also been publicly exhorting its followers to carry out attacks.
Five men, aged 26 to 37, were arrested last month in Marseilles and Strasbourg five days before the opening of a Christmas market, van cleef arpel ring replica annually attracting two million visitors, in Strasbourg. Police found pistols and a sub machine gun in their raids. French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve disclosed that an investigation had been launched following a tip off by a "partner country", refusing to specify which one it was.
Ten young men, most of them in their teens, were arrested in Belgium last week allegedly for plotting to attack a Christmas carnival. Eric Van Der Sjipt, a spokesman at the office of prosecution, claimed the suspects had received instructions online on making an explosive device as well as various methods which can be used to kill.
Germany had already experienced a recent attack, albeit a failed one, before Berlin. A 12 year old boy, of Iraqi origin, was arrested earlier this month in Ludwigshafen after attempting to detonate a nail bomb in the town's Christmas market.
Last month the US State Department warned American citizens travelling to Europe of possible terror attacks. It said "credible information indicates that the Islamic State (Isis) al Qaeda and their affiliates continue to plan terror attacks in Europe with a focus on upcoming holiday season and associated events".
Isis leaders have called for attacks to be carried out at crowded places such as markets and van cleef engagement ring replica shopping centre. Last month the group's magazine, Rumiyah, even suggested the use of a vehicle to carry out atrocities, specifying the Bastille Day massacre in Nice, in the summer, in which a truck was used to take 86 lives, as an ideal template to cause maximum damage "behind enemy lines".
With a photograph of a Hertz rental truck and the annual Thanksgiving Day parade in New York on the front cover, the magazine pointed out that "though being an essential part of modern life, very few actually comprehend the destructive capability of the motor vehicle and its capacity of reaping large numbers of casualties if used in a premeditated manner".
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
A series of attempts to carry out lethal attacks on Christmas markets and shopping centres across Europe, including Britain, were foiled before the Berlin murders. The security operations, according to senior sources, were carried out in direct response to information about terrorist threats linked to Isis.
In Britain, counter terrorism officers stated that a "significant plot" inspired by Isis had been halted. The alleged targets, say security sources, were one or more shopping centres crowded in the run up to Christmas. Four men in Derby, another one at van cleef and arpels perlee ring replica Burton on Trent in Staffordshire and a woman in London, aged between 22 and 36, were arrested ten days ago in connection with the alleged plot, with the recovery of material which could be used for making bombs. On Thursday, two of the men, aged 22 and 27 and from the Derby area were released without charge. The other four people remain in custody.
The strong possibility of terrorist acts during the Christmas period has been mentioned publicly by government bodies and repeatedly in exchange of intelligence between allied security agencies. Isis has also been publicly exhorting its followers to carry out attacks.
Five men, aged 26 to 37, were arrested last month in Marseilles and Strasbourg five days before the opening of a Christmas market, van cleef arpel ring replica annually attracting two million visitors, in Strasbourg. Police found pistols and a sub machine gun in their raids. French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve disclosed that an investigation had been launched following a tip off by a "partner country", refusing to specify which one it was.
Ten young men, most of them in their teens, were arrested in Belgium last week allegedly for plotting to attack a Christmas carnival. Eric Van Der Sjipt, a spokesman at the office of prosecution, claimed the suspects had received instructions online on making an explosive device as well as various methods which can be used to kill.
Germany had already experienced a recent attack, albeit a failed one, before Berlin. A 12 year old boy, of Iraqi origin, was arrested earlier this month in Ludwigshafen after attempting to detonate a nail bomb in the town's Christmas market.
Last month the US State Department warned American citizens travelling to Europe of possible terror attacks. It said "credible information indicates that the Islamic State (Isis) al Qaeda and their affiliates continue to plan terror attacks in Europe with a focus on upcoming holiday season and associated events".
Isis leaders have called for attacks to be carried out at crowded places such as markets and van cleef engagement ring replica shopping centre. Last month the group's magazine, Rumiyah, even suggested the use of a vehicle to carry out atrocities, specifying the Bastille Day massacre in Nice, in the summer, in which a truck was used to take 86 lives, as an ideal template to cause maximum damage "behind enemy lines".
With a photograph of a Hertz rental truck and the annual Thanksgiving Day parade in New York on the front cover, the magazine pointed out that "though being an essential part of modern life, very few actually comprehend the destructive capability of the motor vehicle and its capacity of reaping large numbers of casualties if used in a premeditated manner".
Click the Adblock/Adblock Plus icon, which is to the right of your address bar.
On Adblock click "Don't run on pages on this domain".
If you are Private Browsing in Firefox, "Tracking Protection" may cause the adblock notice to show. It can be temporarily disabled by clicking the "shield" icon in the address bar.
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s Most Dangerous Intersections
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By clicking "Create Account", I hearby grant permission to Postmedia to use my account information to create my account.
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The Expendables 2 Releases Awesome Posters
"The Expendables" was a highly successful movie. It featured "washed up" 80's action stars in a fantastic action movie that played huge on both cheesy 80's action movies and modern cinematography and writing.
The first movie featured great stars like , Jet Li, Randy Couture, and Dolph Lundgren. There were a few missing though. , Bruce Willis, vca fake necklace and Van Damme were the ones who were absent. Arnold was the governator at the time, but I heard that the other 2 were skeptical of the idea. Well after a $250 million showing, they changed their minds.
The Expendables 2 has an even bigger budget, and an even bigger cast! Here is the synopsis of the movie from IMDB: Mr. Church reunites the Expendables for what should be an easy paycheck, but when one of their men is murdered on the job, van cleef and arpels heart necklace knock off their quest for revenge puts them deep in enemy territory and up against an unexpected threat.
The movie is set to open in theaters on August 17th, 2012 and features a $100 million budget. The guys over at GeekTyrant copy van cleef and arpels heart necklace have scoured the internet looking for these posters. Go here to see all of them in one convenient place. Check out the awesome posters below.
"The Expendables" was a highly successful movie. It featured "washed up" 80's action stars in a fantastic action movie that played huge on both cheesy 80's action movies and modern cinematography and writing.
The first movie featured great stars like , Jet Li, Randy Couture, and Dolph Lundgren. There were a few missing though. , Bruce Willis, vca fake necklace and Van Damme were the ones who were absent. Arnold was the governator at the time, but I heard that the other 2 were skeptical of the idea. Well after a $250 million showing, they changed their minds.
The Expendables 2 has an even bigger budget, and an even bigger cast! Here is the synopsis of the movie from IMDB: Mr. Church reunites the Expendables for what should be an easy paycheck, but when one of their men is murdered on the job, van cleef and arpels heart necklace knock off their quest for revenge puts them deep in enemy territory and up against an unexpected threat.
The movie is set to open in theaters on August 17th, 2012 and features a $100 million budget. The guys over at GeekTyrant copy van cleef and arpels heart necklace have scoured the internet looking for these posters. Go here to see all of them in one convenient place. Check out the awesome posters below.
The London property developer who shies away from the super
At a recent political panel I attended, representatives of all the main parties were in agreement: the biggest problem facing London in the coming years is the chronic shortage van cleef alhambra mother of pearl necklace knock off of affordable housing.
Developers, it was said, just did not want to know. Plenty of flats were being built but they were mostly described as "luxury" with a price tag to match one far beyond the reach of ordinary folk.
If anyone represents the villains of the piece, it's Daniel Van Gelder, chairman of the Westminster Property Association (WPA), the property industry trade body for Central London.
"Our members are made up of the owners, the occupiers and the developers, so pretty much everyone from Crown Estates, Land Securities, British Land and Berkeley Homes to the affordable housing providers. We cover ultra prime to affordable housing, offices and housing."
First, though, something about Van Gelder. He's a major developer himself with Exemplar Properties. His father was also a developer. The family is of Dutch origin, settling in Spitalfields at the turn of the century.
"My father wanted me to go into real estate, and on Sundays when I was a child, he took me round buildings, copy van cleef pearl necklace and said this is something I could deliver. Something tangible. Something I could go back to and be proud of what I'd done.
"He'd point out the good buildings, the bad buildings imitation van cleef black clover necklace and the pretty ones. He used to say the mark of a good developer was a building that was still there 40 years after being built and you could still be proud of it."
Aged eight, he was packed off to boarding school: "My dad always wanted to be able to send one of his kids to private school. He was very proud and wanted the English way. At 13, I went to Harrow, which was another proud moment for him."
After going to Bristol Polytechnic, now the University of the West of England, to study real estate, he spent two graduate years at Richard Ellis.
Other firms and developments followed until "I decided that I didn't want the constraints of a Plc. I wanted to have my own business. We could work on some large scale projects, and do them in our own style, using more imagination".
Related storiesAnnoushka Ducas: Links of London founder sparkling again with second retail successChristopher North: Amazon's UK chief is delivering the goodsDavid Lenigas: Is the Gatwick oil bonanza a con? No fracking way
He teamed up with Clive Bush to form Exemplar. Their first project was Lyon House, a 240,000 sq ft building in Croydon.
"It was one of those buildings which just wasn't loved. It was owned by a purchaser who hadn't even been to see it. He didn't understand how it worked. We gave it a lot of love. We refurbished the outside, the floors and the reception.
"When we took the building, it was 60% empty. When we sold it, people were moving back in again and it was 70% full. That's what real estate is all about. It requires a lot of love a lot of people just rely on the market moving."
Now, they've got Fitzroy Place: "It's the largest construction under way in Westminster, at 750,000 sq ft. It will be 50 50 homes and offices."
Van Gelder has an apartment at Fitzroy Place and lives there during the week. His partner and two children live on the Hamble River on the South Coast: "I love sailing sailing and backgammon."
Exemplar built new London offices for BlackRock and Rio Tinto: "We have the opportunity of being a very large business. But we don't want that. We have a great family at Exemplar and we are happy to stay this way.
"At any one time, we can be working on one to three million square feet of space. As soon as you start working on four or five schemes, you lose the personal contact and we don't want that. We are not one of those big Plc companies that has a buy team, a sell team, a build team and a marketing team."
They aim at the quality market, but not the very summit. "The Candy [Brothers] market [they developed One Hyde Park] doesn't excite me at all. We like the market from around 800 to 3000 a square foot. I call it the 'aspirational normal market'.
"When you get into the realms of the super rich, you may not want to deal with those sorts of people. And we certainly don't."
It's a nice phrase, "aspirational normal" although it's hard to see what is so normal about a modest, 1000 sq ft flat costing up to 3 million. At the WPA, he's had to put his personal views to one side: "If, in 30 years' time, London is going to remain the great city it is now, we have got to knock heads together, and think about what we need to do together."
Don't be fooled, he says, by all the cranes on the skyline. "You think there's a lot of cranes around in London but really there aren't. At the moment, the office vacancy rate in the West End is at around 3%, pretty much the lowest it's ever been, which means there's competition from occupiers for every bit of space. Which means prices are going up. Residential prices are going up. There's huge demand. London is a world city. Everyone wants to be here. You can't get the space. Even in Canary Wharf, which is why we're seeing some big rents."
Shortage: Quality office space is becoming scarce in London (Picture: Stefan Rousseau, PA)
The way we occupy space is changing. "Particularly in offices," Van Gelder says. "People want large floor plates. We're more reliant on technology. We need power, we need cooling. We need different kinds of services, which you just can't put in offices over shops. We need new buildings."
The housing crisis, he says, "is frightening. We know we need between 40,000 and 100,000 new homes in London per year. It's a huge figure. We also know that the population of London is going to increase by about three million people, from eight million to 11 million.
"It's a huge amount of growth. However, all these people that are going to be living in and around London are also going to need somewhere to work. Something that concerns me is that we're not creating enough new homes, we're also removing offices.
"If you're out of town, and you have a lovely green or brown site, you can choose to either build an office block or housing, and that's great. But if you're in London, where pretty much all the space is used up, you're swapping one use for another.
"Our big concern is what's happening in central London is converting offices to homes. It may sound like a great idea but it's not. Over the last five years we've lost around five million square feet of office space, which is a huge amount of jobs, around 70,000 gone from Westminster alone."
His solution? "We need to build bigger, not huge, buildings. We need to add one or two storeys to certain areas. Crossrail will bring 200,000 more people a day into London. We need to go wider or taller."
At a recent political panel I attended, representatives of all the main parties were in agreement: the biggest problem facing London in the coming years is the chronic shortage van cleef alhambra mother of pearl necklace knock off of affordable housing.
Developers, it was said, just did not want to know. Plenty of flats were being built but they were mostly described as "luxury" with a price tag to match one far beyond the reach of ordinary folk.
If anyone represents the villains of the piece, it's Daniel Van Gelder, chairman of the Westminster Property Association (WPA), the property industry trade body for Central London.
"Our members are made up of the owners, the occupiers and the developers, so pretty much everyone from Crown Estates, Land Securities, British Land and Berkeley Homes to the affordable housing providers. We cover ultra prime to affordable housing, offices and housing."
First, though, something about Van Gelder. He's a major developer himself with Exemplar Properties. His father was also a developer. The family is of Dutch origin, settling in Spitalfields at the turn of the century.
"My father wanted me to go into real estate, and on Sundays when I was a child, he took me round buildings, copy van cleef pearl necklace and said this is something I could deliver. Something tangible. Something I could go back to and be proud of what I'd done.
"He'd point out the good buildings, the bad buildings imitation van cleef black clover necklace and the pretty ones. He used to say the mark of a good developer was a building that was still there 40 years after being built and you could still be proud of it."
Aged eight, he was packed off to boarding school: "My dad always wanted to be able to send one of his kids to private school. He was very proud and wanted the English way. At 13, I went to Harrow, which was another proud moment for him."
After going to Bristol Polytechnic, now the University of the West of England, to study real estate, he spent two graduate years at Richard Ellis.
Other firms and developments followed until "I decided that I didn't want the constraints of a Plc. I wanted to have my own business. We could work on some large scale projects, and do them in our own style, using more imagination".
Related storiesAnnoushka Ducas: Links of London founder sparkling again with second retail successChristopher North: Amazon's UK chief is delivering the goodsDavid Lenigas: Is the Gatwick oil bonanza a con? No fracking way
He teamed up with Clive Bush to form Exemplar. Their first project was Lyon House, a 240,000 sq ft building in Croydon.
"It was one of those buildings which just wasn't loved. It was owned by a purchaser who hadn't even been to see it. He didn't understand how it worked. We gave it a lot of love. We refurbished the outside, the floors and the reception.
"When we took the building, it was 60% empty. When we sold it, people were moving back in again and it was 70% full. That's what real estate is all about. It requires a lot of love a lot of people just rely on the market moving."
Now, they've got Fitzroy Place: "It's the largest construction under way in Westminster, at 750,000 sq ft. It will be 50 50 homes and offices."
Van Gelder has an apartment at Fitzroy Place and lives there during the week. His partner and two children live on the Hamble River on the South Coast: "I love sailing sailing and backgammon."
Exemplar built new London offices for BlackRock and Rio Tinto: "We have the opportunity of being a very large business. But we don't want that. We have a great family at Exemplar and we are happy to stay this way.
"At any one time, we can be working on one to three million square feet of space. As soon as you start working on four or five schemes, you lose the personal contact and we don't want that. We are not one of those big Plc companies that has a buy team, a sell team, a build team and a marketing team."
They aim at the quality market, but not the very summit. "The Candy [Brothers] market [they developed One Hyde Park] doesn't excite me at all. We like the market from around 800 to 3000 a square foot. I call it the 'aspirational normal market'.
"When you get into the realms of the super rich, you may not want to deal with those sorts of people. And we certainly don't."
It's a nice phrase, "aspirational normal" although it's hard to see what is so normal about a modest, 1000 sq ft flat costing up to 3 million. At the WPA, he's had to put his personal views to one side: "If, in 30 years' time, London is going to remain the great city it is now, we have got to knock heads together, and think about what we need to do together."
Don't be fooled, he says, by all the cranes on the skyline. "You think there's a lot of cranes around in London but really there aren't. At the moment, the office vacancy rate in the West End is at around 3%, pretty much the lowest it's ever been, which means there's competition from occupiers for every bit of space. Which means prices are going up. Residential prices are going up. There's huge demand. London is a world city. Everyone wants to be here. You can't get the space. Even in Canary Wharf, which is why we're seeing some big rents."
Shortage: Quality office space is becoming scarce in London (Picture: Stefan Rousseau, PA)
The way we occupy space is changing. "Particularly in offices," Van Gelder says. "People want large floor plates. We're more reliant on technology. We need power, we need cooling. We need different kinds of services, which you just can't put in offices over shops. We need new buildings."
The housing crisis, he says, "is frightening. We know we need between 40,000 and 100,000 new homes in London per year. It's a huge figure. We also know that the population of London is going to increase by about three million people, from eight million to 11 million.
"It's a huge amount of growth. However, all these people that are going to be living in and around London are also going to need somewhere to work. Something that concerns me is that we're not creating enough new homes, we're also removing offices.
"If you're out of town, and you have a lovely green or brown site, you can choose to either build an office block or housing, and that's great. But if you're in London, where pretty much all the space is used up, you're swapping one use for another.
"Our big concern is what's happening in central London is converting offices to homes. It may sound like a great idea but it's not. Over the last five years we've lost around five million square feet of office space, which is a huge amount of jobs, around 70,000 gone from Westminster alone."
His solution? "We need to build bigger, not huge, buildings. We need to add one or two storeys to certain areas. Crossrail will bring 200,000 more people a day into London. We need to go wider or taller."
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The complete TV guide for ABC1
Waybuloo6:30am6:30amGChildren'sNok Tok is very proud of the measuring stick he's made and thinks it will be perfect to see how tall things have grown.19 van cleef perlee clover bracelet imitation mins
Pingu6:50am6:50amGChildren'sAnimated series about Pingu, a friendly little penguin from the South Pole whose light hearted creativity sometimes gets him into trouble but equally often gets him back on his feet again.5 mins
Jakers!: The Adventures Of Piggley Winks6:55am6:58amGChildren'sRather than studying for a school test, Piggley spends the weekend trying to catch the 'Salmon of Knowledge', which is supposed to know everything.23 mins
Jane And The Dragon7:20am7:23amGChildren'sJane and Jester find a map of the catacombs and set off on a mission to find what they hope is treasure. Instead they stumble upon a terrible secret; the King is not who he says he is.22 mins
Pink Panther And Pals7:45am7:47amGChildren'sAn animated show about the adventures of a young Pink Panther and his friends.21 mins
Clang Invasion8:10am8:10amGChildren'sA robot designed to make Hide and Seek more fun starts to malfunction and goes on stale bagel throwing rampage around the house.22 mins
King Arthur's Disasters8:35am8:35amGChildren'sMoon rocks are all the rage and King Arthur is convinced he has travelled to the moon via a one way rocket.24 mins
Insiders9:00am9:01amExemptCurrent AffairsA not to be missed analysis of the week's political news, with interviews, discussion and analysis with Barrie Cassidy and guests.58 mins
Inside Business10:00am10:00amExemptCurrent AffairsAlan Kohler with analysis and comment on the events and issues concerning business, investors and entrepreneurs.30 minsAsia Pacific Focus11:00am11:03amExemptCurrent AffairsDraws on the ABC's regional expertise to provide quality analysis on major issues and interviews with key newsmakers in the Asia Pacific.25 mins
Landline12:00pm12:02pmExemptCurrent AffairsAustralia's national rural program, with reports from around the country on rural and urban issues. Presented by Anne Kruger.58 mins
7.30 1:00pm1:01pmExemptCurrent AffairsState based current affairs. Jessica van Vonderen examines the local issues concerning Queensland.29 mins
Message Stick1:30pm1:32pmGIndigenousThe Wenitongs: they're proud, and if necessary, they can be loud. Mark Wenitong and his children are determined to make the world a better place whether it's through medicine or the healing power van cleef heart bracelet copy of music.27 mins
Snow Leopard: Beyond The Myth2:00pm2:01pmGDocumentary/FactualThe snow leopard is one of the rarest and most beautiful of all the big cats, thought to be totally unfilmable until now. CAST: Xenia Goodwin24 mins
Life6:00pm6:00pmGDocumentary/FactualEvery day, in the jungles, grasslands, deserts and frozen wastelands, battles are won, fought and lost between carnivores and their prey. See cheetahs, stoats, killer whales and more as they hunt their prey.49 minsThe No.1 Ladies Detective Agency8:30pm8:34pmPGDramaThe detective agency is hit by a string of van cleef black bracelet copy break ins and someone from Precious's past threatens to jeopardise her future plans. CAST: Jill Scott55 mins.
Waybuloo6:30am6:30amGChildren'sNok Tok is very proud of the measuring stick he's made and thinks it will be perfect to see how tall things have grown.19 van cleef perlee clover bracelet imitation mins
Pingu6:50am6:50amGChildren'sAnimated series about Pingu, a friendly little penguin from the South Pole whose light hearted creativity sometimes gets him into trouble but equally often gets him back on his feet again.5 mins
Jakers!: The Adventures Of Piggley Winks6:55am6:58amGChildren'sRather than studying for a school test, Piggley spends the weekend trying to catch the 'Salmon of Knowledge', which is supposed to know everything.23 mins
Jane And The Dragon7:20am7:23amGChildren'sJane and Jester find a map of the catacombs and set off on a mission to find what they hope is treasure. Instead they stumble upon a terrible secret; the King is not who he says he is.22 mins
Pink Panther And Pals7:45am7:47amGChildren'sAn animated show about the adventures of a young Pink Panther and his friends.21 mins
Clang Invasion8:10am8:10amGChildren'sA robot designed to make Hide and Seek more fun starts to malfunction and goes on stale bagel throwing rampage around the house.22 mins
King Arthur's Disasters8:35am8:35amGChildren'sMoon rocks are all the rage and King Arthur is convinced he has travelled to the moon via a one way rocket.24 mins
Insiders9:00am9:01amExemptCurrent AffairsA not to be missed analysis of the week's political news, with interviews, discussion and analysis with Barrie Cassidy and guests.58 mins
Inside Business10:00am10:00amExemptCurrent AffairsAlan Kohler with analysis and comment on the events and issues concerning business, investors and entrepreneurs.30 minsAsia Pacific Focus11:00am11:03amExemptCurrent AffairsDraws on the ABC's regional expertise to provide quality analysis on major issues and interviews with key newsmakers in the Asia Pacific.25 mins
Landline12:00pm12:02pmExemptCurrent AffairsAustralia's national rural program, with reports from around the country on rural and urban issues. Presented by Anne Kruger.58 mins
7.30 1:00pm1:01pmExemptCurrent AffairsState based current affairs. Jessica van Vonderen examines the local issues concerning Queensland.29 mins
Message Stick1:30pm1:32pmGIndigenousThe Wenitongs: they're proud, and if necessary, they can be loud. Mark Wenitong and his children are determined to make the world a better place whether it's through medicine or the healing power van cleef heart bracelet copy of music.27 mins
Snow Leopard: Beyond The Myth2:00pm2:01pmGDocumentary/FactualThe snow leopard is one of the rarest and most beautiful of all the big cats, thought to be totally unfilmable until now. CAST: Xenia Goodwin24 mins
Life6:00pm6:00pmGDocumentary/FactualEvery day, in the jungles, grasslands, deserts and frozen wastelands, battles are won, fought and lost between carnivores and their prey. See cheetahs, stoats, killer whales and more as they hunt their prey.49 minsThe No.1 Ladies Detective Agency8:30pm8:34pmPGDramaThe detective agency is hit by a string of van cleef black bracelet copy break ins and someone from Precious's past threatens to jeopardise her future plans. CAST: Jill Scott55 mins.
Somalia country profile
Created in 1960 from a former British protectorate and an Italian colony, Somalia collapsed into anarchy following the overthrow of the military regime of President Siad Barre in 1991.
As rival warlords tore the country apart into clan based fiefdoms, an internationally backed unity government formed in 2000 struggled to establish control, and the two relatively peaceful northern regions of Somaliland and Puntland effectively broke away.
The seizure of the capital Mogadishu and much of the country's south by a coalition of Islamist shariah courts in 2006 prompted an intervention by Ethiopian, and later, African Union, forces.
Read full profile
See more country profiles Profiles compiled by BBC Monitoring
Somalia's disintegration is reflected in its fragmented and partisan media, which operates in a hostile environment.
Journalists and media outlets complain van cleef heart bracelet copy about intimidation at the hands of state security agencies. Nevertheless, professionally run media outlets have emerged in particular, FM radios with no explicit factional links.
The TV and press sectors are weak and radio is the dominant medium. Domestic web access is held back by poor infrastructure, but social media use is on the rise.
Read full media profileTIMELINE
7th 19th centuries From van cleef black bracelet replica the 7th century arrival of Islam onwards, modern day Somalia is ruled by a series of at times competing sultanates.
19th century European colonial powers gradually make inroads into Somalia's rival regional states, with the bulk of the area coming under Italian rule and the British establishing control of the northwest.
1960 Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland become independent, merge and form the United Republic of Somalia.
1969 Mohamed Siad Barre assumes power in coup after the assassination of the elected president; he goes on to declare Somalia a socialist state and nationalises most of the economy. Former British Somaliland declares unilateral independence.
1990s US spearheaded UN peacekeeping mission fails to restore peace. Northern Puntland region declares autonomy in 1998.
2005 2012 Pirates mainly operating out of Puntland pose a major menace to shipping off the Somali coast, before falling away as a threat as a result of an international naval operation.
2006 Militias loyal to the Islamist Union of Islamic Courts capture Mogadishu and other parts of south after defeating clan warlords, before being driven out by Ethiopian forces.
2007 11 An African Union peacekeeping force, Amisom, begins to deploy and Ethiopian troops withdraw in 2009. Al Shabab a jihadist breakaway from the Islamic Courts fake van cleef baby bracelet advance into southern and central Somalia, prompting an armed intervention by Kenya. Pro government forces make key advances against Al Shabab militants.
Created in 1960 from a former British protectorate and an Italian colony, Somalia collapsed into anarchy following the overthrow of the military regime of President Siad Barre in 1991.
As rival warlords tore the country apart into clan based fiefdoms, an internationally backed unity government formed in 2000 struggled to establish control, and the two relatively peaceful northern regions of Somaliland and Puntland effectively broke away.
The seizure of the capital Mogadishu and much of the country's south by a coalition of Islamist shariah courts in 2006 prompted an intervention by Ethiopian, and later, African Union, forces.
Read full profile
See more country profiles Profiles compiled by BBC Monitoring
Somalia's disintegration is reflected in its fragmented and partisan media, which operates in a hostile environment.
Journalists and media outlets complain van cleef heart bracelet copy about intimidation at the hands of state security agencies. Nevertheless, professionally run media outlets have emerged in particular, FM radios with no explicit factional links.
The TV and press sectors are weak and radio is the dominant medium. Domestic web access is held back by poor infrastructure, but social media use is on the rise.
Read full media profileTIMELINE
7th 19th centuries From van cleef black bracelet replica the 7th century arrival of Islam onwards, modern day Somalia is ruled by a series of at times competing sultanates.
19th century European colonial powers gradually make inroads into Somalia's rival regional states, with the bulk of the area coming under Italian rule and the British establishing control of the northwest.
1960 Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland become independent, merge and form the United Republic of Somalia.
1969 Mohamed Siad Barre assumes power in coup after the assassination of the elected president; he goes on to declare Somalia a socialist state and nationalises most of the economy. Former British Somaliland declares unilateral independence.
1990s US spearheaded UN peacekeeping mission fails to restore peace. Northern Puntland region declares autonomy in 1998.
2005 2012 Pirates mainly operating out of Puntland pose a major menace to shipping off the Somali coast, before falling away as a threat as a result of an international naval operation.
2006 Militias loyal to the Islamist Union of Islamic Courts capture Mogadishu and other parts of south after defeating clan warlords, before being driven out by Ethiopian forces.
2007 11 An African Union peacekeeping force, Amisom, begins to deploy and Ethiopian troops withdraw in 2009. Al Shabab a jihadist breakaway from the Islamic Courts fake van cleef baby bracelet advance into southern and central Somalia, prompting an armed intervention by Kenya. Pro government forces make key advances against Al Shabab militants.
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Science on the move
Husband and wife neuroscientists Yuh Nung Jan and Lily Jan have run their laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco, for more than three decades: time enough to see the geography of the science world change. When the Jans started hiring employees in the 1980s, they chose home born scientists. Nine of their first eleven employees were American.
But Yuh Nung and Lily who themselves arrived in the United States from Taiwan in the 1960s have increasingly drawn on talent from overseas. Today, researchers originally from China dominate the bench tops, with the lab hosting 16 Chinese scientists, 12 Americans, 2 Koreans and 1 researcher each from Canada, India, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey and Germany.
The Jans' story is not unusual. "There is a progressively wider geographical variety of graduate students and postdocs in most leading universities," Yuh Nung says. During the 1970s, for example, non citizens claimed around one quarter of the doctorates awarded in the United States in physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer science; but by 2010, their share had risen to more than half, according to the US National Science Foundation. In life sciences, the foreign share has risen from just under 20% to 30%. The United Kingdom, Germany and Australia have seen similar trends.
By sifting through data, talking to experts and conducting our own survey of 2,300 readers around the world, Nature sought to identify underlying trends in scientists' movements, investigate what is driving them and explore how they may change. At stake is the shape of global science and the prospects for individual countries that hope to build up or preserve their research strength.
It is plausible although hard to prove that highly productive research systems such as those in the United States and the United Kingdom have benefited from their openness to foreign scientists. To the Jans (who together won this year's US$500,000 Gruber prize for their discoveries in molecular neurobiology), the advantages are obvious. They believe that foreign researchers enrich the lab culturally as well as scientifically. Being able to draw on a global talent pool may also help to make up for weaknesses in the US science education system.
But some countries worry that they are losing their top researchers. Of the world's most highly cited scientists from 1981 to 2003, one in eight were born in developing countries, but 80% of those had since moved to developed countries (mostly the United States), according to a 2010 study by Bruce Weinberg at Ohio State University in Columbus. India, for example, loses out, says Binod Khadria, an economist who studies international mobility at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. "The best and van cleef and arpels fake necklace brightest are kept in other countries."
All this underscores that science, which has always been a global culture, is now a global marketplace, and one in which countries with well funded and dynamic research systems come out on top. "Knowledge generation and research is really a borderless enterprise," says Rajika Bhandari, who studies the mobility of international students at the Institute for International Education in New York. "Academics go where the funding is and where the facilities are."
Comings and goingsYet the global picture of these migrations is blurry. When tracking arrivals and departures, most countries lump scientists with other 'highly skilled migrants', and record keeping differs from country to country. "What's very frustrating is that there is no consistent tracking of people using the same methodology across countries," says Paula Stephan, who researches economics and science at Georgia State University in Atlanta. "We have lots of little studies on particular groups of scientists, but no world bank of data."
Talk of 'migration' and 'mobility' often confuses permanent long term relocations with the short term visits six month sabbaticals or fortnight long trips that allow scientists to build research networks without actually settling in another country. "There are so many kinds of mobilities, and people rarely specify this," says Grit Laudel, a sociologist at the University of Twente in Enschede, the Netherlands.
Stephan is part of one attempt to cut through this confusion: the 'GlobSci' survey, to be published in Nature Biotechnology in December.
The numbers show big disparities from country to country, both in the proportion of scientists with foreign origins (see 'Foreign fractions' or interactive version) and in the proportion of researchers who work outside their countries of origin (see 'The global diaspora' or interactive version). The United States is indeed open: of the respondents working or studying there when the survey was done in early 2011, 38% were brought up overseas, and it is the number one destination for expatriate scientists from almost every nation. Proportionally, however, Switzerland, Canada and Australia all housed more foreign researchers than the United States, with Switzerland having the highest foreign share, at 57%. India had the lowest proportion of foreign scientists, followed by Italy and Japan, but also the largest diaspora, with 40% of its home born researchers working overseas. (The survey did not include China.) Japanese and US researchers were the least likely to be working abroad.
Career stage affects scientists' mobility. In the United States, for example, 61% of postdocs were brought up overseas but only 35% of assistant, associate or full professors.
Nature found similar patterns when it surveyed readers about their attitudes toward migration, and their own histories (click for full survey data). Those who had just obtained their PhDs were much more likely to be living outside their country of upbringing than were more senior scientists and they were also more open to an international move, presumably because their career paths were not settled and they were less likely to be tied down by relationships and families. The proportion of respondents who said they were "not interested" in international relocation rose from a mere 10% in those who gained their doctorates within the past two years to 40% in those who had done their PhD at least 16 years ago.
"One take away from a policy perspective is that if you are trying to bring people back who have studied overseas, then you should target the young because they are more likely to move," says Patrick Gaule, an economist who studies science and innovation at Charles University in Prague. He has tracked the movements of almost 2,000 senior level foreign chemists affiliated with US universities between 1993 and 2007. Only 9% will return home by the end of their professional career, he estimates, and those that do are seven times more likely to return between the ages of 35 and 45 than after 50.
Itchy feetWhat policy makers eager to attract foreign scientists or stem a loss of domestic talent most want to know is what entices scientists across borders.
In the GlobSci survey, migrants uniformly put the same two factors at the top: opportunities to improve their career prospects and outstanding research teams. The excellence of the foreign institution was also important, with quality of life and other personal reasons coming further down the list. For those who had migrated abroad and subsequently returned to their country of origin, however, personal and family reasons scored highest.
Many economists note that the richer a country becomes, the more researchers tend to flock to it. Gross domestic product and wage levels are convenient metrics, but it is unlikely that they alone are the lure: they almost certainly correlate with career opportunities and top research facilities, for example.
But wealth is not the whole picture: dynamic, flexible and competitive systems for funding and advancement are also crucial, notes Kieron Flanagan, who studies science and technology policy at the University of Manchester, UK. Japan and Italy, for example, are wealthy nations yet attract few foreign scientists because of their relatively rigid bureaucracy. "It's hard to get a job when you go there," Flanagan says, "and when you're in, it's hard to get rid of you."
A rigid system can also discourage native born researchers from emigrating, Laudel says, noting that in Germany and the Netherlands, young scientists are encouraged to go abroad, but swiftly return. "People tell me: 'I must go back to Germany, or I will never be able to get back into the system,'" she says. "If you return too late you don't fit the career structure any more."
Atsushi Sunami, an expert in science and technology policy at Tokyo's National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, points to another reason for Japan's insularity: culture. "Often when we ask foreign researchers about their daily research activities, they say it's fine but it's hard to adjust to our society outside of the laboratory." In some respects, researchers considering an international move are like all migrants, weighing up factors that include wages and career prospects, but extend to quality of life, schooling for any children and career prospects for spouses, says Louise Ackers, who studies the movement of European scientists at the University of Liverpool, UK.
Governments can try to tip the scales through immigration policies and travel incentives. Europe, for example, has programmes to encourage travel within the multi country European Research Area; China has a 'One Thousand Talents Scheme' to recruit academics from abroad, as well as to persuade Chinese scientists to return. Recently, copy van cleef turquoise alhambra necklace says Bhandari, "China and South Korea have done a much better job of deliberately creating well structured incentives and opportunities for students to return back home, than, say India". And in the United States, both presidential candidates have said that they would like to expand the availability of visas for skilled immigrants.
Yet a dynamic, well funded science system seems to trump all other incentives. Even the visa crackdown after 9/11 did not dent science students' enthusiasm for migrating to the United States. "Despite all the hand wringing and the concern that numbers would plummet, statistically there was only a 2% drop in international student enrolment," says Bhandari. "By 2006 the numbers were rebounding."
The China questionUS science policy experts are asking how long the nation can retain its grasp on foreign talent. The country's largest contingent of foreign doctoral students in science comes from China, and research by Mike Finn, an economist at the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education in Tennessee, shows that for now, most stay on. Studying a cohort of Chinese scientists who had received their PhDs in 2004, Finn found that five years later, 89% were still in the United States.
Higher salaries may be the biggest attraction. Robert Zeithammer, at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles, has surveyed almost 300 Chinese science students studying for their doctorates in the United States, asking them for their reactions to hypothetical job offers from the two countries. "Chinese doctoral graduates currently tend to remain in the United States because of a large salary disparity between the two countries rather than because of an inherent preference for locating in the United States," he concludes.
But as China continues its economic rise and builds its science infrastructure, that may change. Data from China's Statistical Yearbook show a slight uptick in return rates of Chinese students from abroad over the past few years (although the data do not single out scientists), notes Cong Cao, a sociologist at the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies at the University of Nottingham, UK. But Finn says that there is no sign yet of any overall decline in stay rates in the United States. The proportion of foreigners who say that they have "plans to stay" after graduation has gone up, not down, over the past decade, he points out.
And the lure of China remains faint for non Chinese scientists. Nature's survey (which drew responses mainly from the United States and Europe) asked researchers which countries would be producing the best science in their field by 2020, and more than 60% of respondents in both biological and physical sciences picked China as an option. However, only 8% said they would be prepared to relocate to China instead preferring the United States, Europe, Canada and Australia (see 'Lands of promise' or interactive graphic). Responses suggested that China is unappealing for foreign researchers for political and cultural reasons (see 'Weighing up a move' or interactive graphic), despite high expectations for the future quality of its research.
Such a disparity could fake black van cleef necklace be dangerous, says Jonathan Adams, director of research evaluation at Thomson Reuters, which is based in New York. If researchers in Europe and the United States do not spend serious time in China, he says, they will find it hard to understand how research is conducted there, even as the country's influence in science grows.
Win win?Those who study scientists' mobility argue that the discussion need not pit nation against nation, as if China's gain is the United States's loss. In place of 'brain drain' and 'brain gain', they prefer to talk about 'brain circulation', in which international scientists dip in and out of countries at will, and everyone benefits from the collaboration. "Of course America will decline in relative terms, as the United Kingdom has, but it will do enough leading edge research to benefit from work done elsewhere," says Flanagan. "The key thing is to have a strong enough science base to interact with a globalized and mobile scientific world."
Researchers at the Dutch publishing firm Elsevier, who are tracking the movements of scientists by following their publishing addresses, have detected hints of that pattern. Most notable among the early results for each country is a large proportion of 'transitory' scientists, who stay in a country for less than two years at a time. The University of Liverpool's Ackers adds that some evidence, including a survey of researchers in Europe's Marie Curie Fellowship Programme, suggests that shorter, more frequent visits are increasingly supplementing long term travel to other labs.
Husband and wife neuroscientists Yuh Nung Jan and Lily Jan have run their laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco, for more than three decades: time enough to see the geography of the science world change. When the Jans started hiring employees in the 1980s, they chose home born scientists. Nine of their first eleven employees were American.
But Yuh Nung and Lily who themselves arrived in the United States from Taiwan in the 1960s have increasingly drawn on talent from overseas. Today, researchers originally from China dominate the bench tops, with the lab hosting 16 Chinese scientists, 12 Americans, 2 Koreans and 1 researcher each from Canada, India, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey and Germany.
The Jans' story is not unusual. "There is a progressively wider geographical variety of graduate students and postdocs in most leading universities," Yuh Nung says. During the 1970s, for example, non citizens claimed around one quarter of the doctorates awarded in the United States in physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer science; but by 2010, their share had risen to more than half, according to the US National Science Foundation. In life sciences, the foreign share has risen from just under 20% to 30%. The United Kingdom, Germany and Australia have seen similar trends.
By sifting through data, talking to experts and conducting our own survey of 2,300 readers around the world, Nature sought to identify underlying trends in scientists' movements, investigate what is driving them and explore how they may change. At stake is the shape of global science and the prospects for individual countries that hope to build up or preserve their research strength.
It is plausible although hard to prove that highly productive research systems such as those in the United States and the United Kingdom have benefited from their openness to foreign scientists. To the Jans (who together won this year's US$500,000 Gruber prize for their discoveries in molecular neurobiology), the advantages are obvious. They believe that foreign researchers enrich the lab culturally as well as scientifically. Being able to draw on a global talent pool may also help to make up for weaknesses in the US science education system.
But some countries worry that they are losing their top researchers. Of the world's most highly cited scientists from 1981 to 2003, one in eight were born in developing countries, but 80% of those had since moved to developed countries (mostly the United States), according to a 2010 study by Bruce Weinberg at Ohio State University in Columbus. India, for example, loses out, says Binod Khadria, an economist who studies international mobility at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. "The best and van cleef and arpels fake necklace brightest are kept in other countries."
All this underscores that science, which has always been a global culture, is now a global marketplace, and one in which countries with well funded and dynamic research systems come out on top. "Knowledge generation and research is really a borderless enterprise," says Rajika Bhandari, who studies the mobility of international students at the Institute for International Education in New York. "Academics go where the funding is and where the facilities are."
Comings and goingsYet the global picture of these migrations is blurry. When tracking arrivals and departures, most countries lump scientists with other 'highly skilled migrants', and record keeping differs from country to country. "What's very frustrating is that there is no consistent tracking of people using the same methodology across countries," says Paula Stephan, who researches economics and science at Georgia State University in Atlanta. "We have lots of little studies on particular groups of scientists, but no world bank of data."
Talk of 'migration' and 'mobility' often confuses permanent long term relocations with the short term visits six month sabbaticals or fortnight long trips that allow scientists to build research networks without actually settling in another country. "There are so many kinds of mobilities, and people rarely specify this," says Grit Laudel, a sociologist at the University of Twente in Enschede, the Netherlands.
Stephan is part of one attempt to cut through this confusion: the 'GlobSci' survey, to be published in Nature Biotechnology in December.
The numbers show big disparities from country to country, both in the proportion of scientists with foreign origins (see 'Foreign fractions' or interactive version) and in the proportion of researchers who work outside their countries of origin (see 'The global diaspora' or interactive version). The United States is indeed open: of the respondents working or studying there when the survey was done in early 2011, 38% were brought up overseas, and it is the number one destination for expatriate scientists from almost every nation. Proportionally, however, Switzerland, Canada and Australia all housed more foreign researchers than the United States, with Switzerland having the highest foreign share, at 57%. India had the lowest proportion of foreign scientists, followed by Italy and Japan, but also the largest diaspora, with 40% of its home born researchers working overseas. (The survey did not include China.) Japanese and US researchers were the least likely to be working abroad.
Career stage affects scientists' mobility. In the United States, for example, 61% of postdocs were brought up overseas but only 35% of assistant, associate or full professors.
Nature found similar patterns when it surveyed readers about their attitudes toward migration, and their own histories (click for full survey data). Those who had just obtained their PhDs were much more likely to be living outside their country of upbringing than were more senior scientists and they were also more open to an international move, presumably because their career paths were not settled and they were less likely to be tied down by relationships and families. The proportion of respondents who said they were "not interested" in international relocation rose from a mere 10% in those who gained their doctorates within the past two years to 40% in those who had done their PhD at least 16 years ago.
"One take away from a policy perspective is that if you are trying to bring people back who have studied overseas, then you should target the young because they are more likely to move," says Patrick Gaule, an economist who studies science and innovation at Charles University in Prague. He has tracked the movements of almost 2,000 senior level foreign chemists affiliated with US universities between 1993 and 2007. Only 9% will return home by the end of their professional career, he estimates, and those that do are seven times more likely to return between the ages of 35 and 45 than after 50.
Itchy feetWhat policy makers eager to attract foreign scientists or stem a loss of domestic talent most want to know is what entices scientists across borders.
In the GlobSci survey, migrants uniformly put the same two factors at the top: opportunities to improve their career prospects and outstanding research teams. The excellence of the foreign institution was also important, with quality of life and other personal reasons coming further down the list. For those who had migrated abroad and subsequently returned to their country of origin, however, personal and family reasons scored highest.
Many economists note that the richer a country becomes, the more researchers tend to flock to it. Gross domestic product and wage levels are convenient metrics, but it is unlikely that they alone are the lure: they almost certainly correlate with career opportunities and top research facilities, for example.
But wealth is not the whole picture: dynamic, flexible and competitive systems for funding and advancement are also crucial, notes Kieron Flanagan, who studies science and technology policy at the University of Manchester, UK. Japan and Italy, for example, are wealthy nations yet attract few foreign scientists because of their relatively rigid bureaucracy. "It's hard to get a job when you go there," Flanagan says, "and when you're in, it's hard to get rid of you."
A rigid system can also discourage native born researchers from emigrating, Laudel says, noting that in Germany and the Netherlands, young scientists are encouraged to go abroad, but swiftly return. "People tell me: 'I must go back to Germany, or I will never be able to get back into the system,'" she says. "If you return too late you don't fit the career structure any more."
Atsushi Sunami, an expert in science and technology policy at Tokyo's National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, points to another reason for Japan's insularity: culture. "Often when we ask foreign researchers about their daily research activities, they say it's fine but it's hard to adjust to our society outside of the laboratory." In some respects, researchers considering an international move are like all migrants, weighing up factors that include wages and career prospects, but extend to quality of life, schooling for any children and career prospects for spouses, says Louise Ackers, who studies the movement of European scientists at the University of Liverpool, UK.
Governments can try to tip the scales through immigration policies and travel incentives. Europe, for example, has programmes to encourage travel within the multi country European Research Area; China has a 'One Thousand Talents Scheme' to recruit academics from abroad, as well as to persuade Chinese scientists to return. Recently, copy van cleef turquoise alhambra necklace says Bhandari, "China and South Korea have done a much better job of deliberately creating well structured incentives and opportunities for students to return back home, than, say India". And in the United States, both presidential candidates have said that they would like to expand the availability of visas for skilled immigrants.
Yet a dynamic, well funded science system seems to trump all other incentives. Even the visa crackdown after 9/11 did not dent science students' enthusiasm for migrating to the United States. "Despite all the hand wringing and the concern that numbers would plummet, statistically there was only a 2% drop in international student enrolment," says Bhandari. "By 2006 the numbers were rebounding."
The China questionUS science policy experts are asking how long the nation can retain its grasp on foreign talent. The country's largest contingent of foreign doctoral students in science comes from China, and research by Mike Finn, an economist at the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education in Tennessee, shows that for now, most stay on. Studying a cohort of Chinese scientists who had received their PhDs in 2004, Finn found that five years later, 89% were still in the United States.
Higher salaries may be the biggest attraction. Robert Zeithammer, at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles, has surveyed almost 300 Chinese science students studying for their doctorates in the United States, asking them for their reactions to hypothetical job offers from the two countries. "Chinese doctoral graduates currently tend to remain in the United States because of a large salary disparity between the two countries rather than because of an inherent preference for locating in the United States," he concludes.
But as China continues its economic rise and builds its science infrastructure, that may change. Data from China's Statistical Yearbook show a slight uptick in return rates of Chinese students from abroad over the past few years (although the data do not single out scientists), notes Cong Cao, a sociologist at the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies at the University of Nottingham, UK. But Finn says that there is no sign yet of any overall decline in stay rates in the United States. The proportion of foreigners who say that they have "plans to stay" after graduation has gone up, not down, over the past decade, he points out.
And the lure of China remains faint for non Chinese scientists. Nature's survey (which drew responses mainly from the United States and Europe) asked researchers which countries would be producing the best science in their field by 2020, and more than 60% of respondents in both biological and physical sciences picked China as an option. However, only 8% said they would be prepared to relocate to China instead preferring the United States, Europe, Canada and Australia (see 'Lands of promise' or interactive graphic). Responses suggested that China is unappealing for foreign researchers for political and cultural reasons (see 'Weighing up a move' or interactive graphic), despite high expectations for the future quality of its research.
Such a disparity could fake black van cleef necklace be dangerous, says Jonathan Adams, director of research evaluation at Thomson Reuters, which is based in New York. If researchers in Europe and the United States do not spend serious time in China, he says, they will find it hard to understand how research is conducted there, even as the country's influence in science grows.
Win win?Those who study scientists' mobility argue that the discussion need not pit nation against nation, as if China's gain is the United States's loss. In place of 'brain drain' and 'brain gain', they prefer to talk about 'brain circulation', in which international scientists dip in and out of countries at will, and everyone benefits from the collaboration. "Of course America will decline in relative terms, as the United Kingdom has, but it will do enough leading edge research to benefit from work done elsewhere," says Flanagan. "The key thing is to have a strong enough science base to interact with a globalized and mobile scientific world."
Researchers at the Dutch publishing firm Elsevier, who are tracking the movements of scientists by following their publishing addresses, have detected hints of that pattern. Most notable among the early results for each country is a large proportion of 'transitory' scientists, who stay in a country for less than two years at a time. The University of Liverpool's Ackers adds that some evidence, including a survey of researchers in Europe's Marie Curie Fellowship Programme, suggests that shorter, more frequent visits are increasingly supplementing long term travel to other labs.
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Richard Glossip Reacts To News That He Won
McALESTER, Okla. Supreme Court order suspending his impending execution as "so unbelievable."
"I've felt amazing today," Glossip said hours after he heard the news, sounding elated and buoyed by hope.
Glossip laughed easily during a conversation with The Huffington Post, talking excitedly about reconnecting with family and learning just how far news of his case fake van cleef and arpels turquoise necklace has spread around the world. The Associated Press characterized the Supreme Court's decision as one that "came as no surprise," to which Glossip said, "Unless it's your life on the line, you don't know how heavy it is."
Glossip, who has been on Oklahoma's death row for 17 years, was scheduled to die Thursday by lethal injection. Last week, the Supreme Court agreed to take up a case involving Glossip and two other Oklahoma death row inmates, who claim their state's lethal injection method is unconstitutional and amounts to cruel and unusual punishment. Glossip's fate remained in limbo until Wednesday's announcement.
"I'm really happy that the replica van cleef arpels butterfly necklace Supreme Court ordered the stay so that the litigation can be carefully considered and Richard has more time," Kathleen Lord, one of Glossip's lawyers, told HuffPost. "Anything can happen with time. And Richard is not done telling his story."
Glossip, 51, was convicted of first degree murder in 1998 and was sentenced to death based on the testimony of one witness, Justin Sneed. Sneed confessed to beating a hotel owner to death with a baseball bat, claiming that Glossip promised him $10,000 to do it. In exchange for his testimony, Sneed was spared death row himself and instead sentenced to life in prison.
Glossip has staunchly maintained his innocence from the start, and his case has attracted the support of high profile death penalty opponents. Outside the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester on Wednesday, several of those supporters, who had been visiting Glossip under the belief it would be their last time seeing him, celebrated.
"It's such a surreal situation to be sitting with someone very near to execution," Sister Helen Prejean, a nun known for her memoir Dead Man Walking and Glossip's spiritual adviser, told HuffPost. "Then when you get the news I was ecstatic."
Prejean added that she "leapt out of her chair" after hearing Glossip's execution would be stayed. She said the news was not only a relief to Glossip's supporters, but to prison guards as well. "None of them wanted to be here if this was going to happen to him," she said. Several guards had requested the day of Glossip's execution off.
Glossip, who was able to visit with his guests Wednesday in the prison's law library while he sat beside them in a locked cage, said he nearly broke down and cried at the ability to reach out and touch his family. Prior to Wednesday, he said he had not been able to see his eldest daughter, Christina Glossip Hodge, in person in 25 years. It was also the first time he and Prejean met face to face.
Glossip's supporters celebrate outside the Oklahoma state penitentiary, where he's currently being held. From left: Joe Cardona, Mary Rzepski, Kim Van Atta, Sr. Helen Prejean, Crystal Martinez and Jim Liberto. Mary Fallin (R). The petition asks Fallin to stop the execution. Fallin's office, however, has indicated that she's unlikely to do so.
"I disagree with the necessity to grant Glossip yet another round of legal appeals," Fallin said in a statement emailed to HuffPost following Wednesday's news. Supreme Court has decided to hear his case, it is entirely appropriate to delay his execution until after the legal process has run its course."
Wednesday's Supreme Court order doesn't affect Glossip's death row status, but additional time before his execution may work in his favor. Should his lawyers uncover more evidence that suggests he's innocent, the state could grant him an appeal. Moreover, the state's Pardon and Parole Board could allow Glossip another clemency hearing, replica van cleef alhambra diamond necklace which could result in his sentence being commuted to life in prison with the possibility of parole.
Glossip's last clemency hearing was in October, when the state clemency board voted unanimously against him. Before the hearing, Sneed's daughter penned a letter to the board, claiming her father wished he could recant his testimony pinning the crime on Glossip, but it was submitted too late and couldn't be used as evidence.
"For a couple of years now, my father has been talking to me about recanting his original testimony. But has been afraid to act upon it, in fear of being charged with the Death Penalty," the letter read. "His fear of recanting, but guilt about not doing so, makes it obvious that information he is sitting on would exonerate Mr. Glossip."
Glossip's loved ones said they hope Wednesday's news will inspire Sneed to recant. "If that doesn't happen, I hope we can use all the injustices done to him during trial and finally bring him home alive."
Wednesday's Supreme Court order left open the possibility of carrying out lethal injections that don't involve midazolam, the controversial drug at the heart of Glossip's case, in the interim. Should they choose to move forward with an execution before the case is decided, Oklahoma's Department of Corrections would need to give death row inmates at least 10 days notice and choose a method that meets state protocols. It's unclear whether Oklahoma officials will pursue this option, and the Supreme Court will likely rule on the case by the end of June.
Oklahoma's execution methods came under scrutiny in April, after death row inmate Clayton Lockett died 45 minutes after being injected with a combination of drugs that had never been used together, including midazolam. Lockett writhed, clenched his teeth and struggled against the restraints holding him to a gurney before prison officials halted the execution, according to witnesses. He then died from a heart attack.
"It was a horrible thing to witness," Lockett's attorney, David Autry, told The Associated Press at the time. "This was totally botched." Fallin, who defended the execution, was attending a basketball game at the time.
Earlier this month, the Supreme Court declined to stay the execution of Charles Warner, another Oklahoma death row inmate. "My body is on fire," Warner, the first to be killed since Lockett, said after he was injected.
Meanwhile, in the wake of Wednesday's news, Glossip and his supporters said they won't stop fighting.
"I'm hoping this victory for Richard shows how horribly broken the system is," Prejean said. "And that it takes death off the table as an option that government can exercise over its citizens."
McALESTER, Okla. Supreme Court order suspending his impending execution as "so unbelievable."
"I've felt amazing today," Glossip said hours after he heard the news, sounding elated and buoyed by hope.
Glossip laughed easily during a conversation with The Huffington Post, talking excitedly about reconnecting with family and learning just how far news of his case fake van cleef and arpels turquoise necklace has spread around the world. The Associated Press characterized the Supreme Court's decision as one that "came as no surprise," to which Glossip said, "Unless it's your life on the line, you don't know how heavy it is."
Glossip, who has been on Oklahoma's death row for 17 years, was scheduled to die Thursday by lethal injection. Last week, the Supreme Court agreed to take up a case involving Glossip and two other Oklahoma death row inmates, who claim their state's lethal injection method is unconstitutional and amounts to cruel and unusual punishment. Glossip's fate remained in limbo until Wednesday's announcement.
"I'm really happy that the replica van cleef arpels butterfly necklace Supreme Court ordered the stay so that the litigation can be carefully considered and Richard has more time," Kathleen Lord, one of Glossip's lawyers, told HuffPost. "Anything can happen with time. And Richard is not done telling his story."
Glossip, 51, was convicted of first degree murder in 1998 and was sentenced to death based on the testimony of one witness, Justin Sneed. Sneed confessed to beating a hotel owner to death with a baseball bat, claiming that Glossip promised him $10,000 to do it. In exchange for his testimony, Sneed was spared death row himself and instead sentenced to life in prison.
Glossip has staunchly maintained his innocence from the start, and his case has attracted the support of high profile death penalty opponents. Outside the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester on Wednesday, several of those supporters, who had been visiting Glossip under the belief it would be their last time seeing him, celebrated.
"It's such a surreal situation to be sitting with someone very near to execution," Sister Helen Prejean, a nun known for her memoir Dead Man Walking and Glossip's spiritual adviser, told HuffPost. "Then when you get the news I was ecstatic."
Prejean added that she "leapt out of her chair" after hearing Glossip's execution would be stayed. She said the news was not only a relief to Glossip's supporters, but to prison guards as well. "None of them wanted to be here if this was going to happen to him," she said. Several guards had requested the day of Glossip's execution off.
Glossip, who was able to visit with his guests Wednesday in the prison's law library while he sat beside them in a locked cage, said he nearly broke down and cried at the ability to reach out and touch his family. Prior to Wednesday, he said he had not been able to see his eldest daughter, Christina Glossip Hodge, in person in 25 years. It was also the first time he and Prejean met face to face.
Glossip's supporters celebrate outside the Oklahoma state penitentiary, where he's currently being held. From left: Joe Cardona, Mary Rzepski, Kim Van Atta, Sr. Helen Prejean, Crystal Martinez and Jim Liberto. Mary Fallin (R). The petition asks Fallin to stop the execution. Fallin's office, however, has indicated that she's unlikely to do so.
"I disagree with the necessity to grant Glossip yet another round of legal appeals," Fallin said in a statement emailed to HuffPost following Wednesday's news. Supreme Court has decided to hear his case, it is entirely appropriate to delay his execution until after the legal process has run its course."
Wednesday's Supreme Court order doesn't affect Glossip's death row status, but additional time before his execution may work in his favor. Should his lawyers uncover more evidence that suggests he's innocent, the state could grant him an appeal. Moreover, the state's Pardon and Parole Board could allow Glossip another clemency hearing, replica van cleef alhambra diamond necklace which could result in his sentence being commuted to life in prison with the possibility of parole.
Glossip's last clemency hearing was in October, when the state clemency board voted unanimously against him. Before the hearing, Sneed's daughter penned a letter to the board, claiming her father wished he could recant his testimony pinning the crime on Glossip, but it was submitted too late and couldn't be used as evidence.
"For a couple of years now, my father has been talking to me about recanting his original testimony. But has been afraid to act upon it, in fear of being charged with the Death Penalty," the letter read. "His fear of recanting, but guilt about not doing so, makes it obvious that information he is sitting on would exonerate Mr. Glossip."
Glossip's loved ones said they hope Wednesday's news will inspire Sneed to recant. "If that doesn't happen, I hope we can use all the injustices done to him during trial and finally bring him home alive."
Wednesday's Supreme Court order left open the possibility of carrying out lethal injections that don't involve midazolam, the controversial drug at the heart of Glossip's case, in the interim. Should they choose to move forward with an execution before the case is decided, Oklahoma's Department of Corrections would need to give death row inmates at least 10 days notice and choose a method that meets state protocols. It's unclear whether Oklahoma officials will pursue this option, and the Supreme Court will likely rule on the case by the end of June.
Oklahoma's execution methods came under scrutiny in April, after death row inmate Clayton Lockett died 45 minutes after being injected with a combination of drugs that had never been used together, including midazolam. Lockett writhed, clenched his teeth and struggled against the restraints holding him to a gurney before prison officials halted the execution, according to witnesses. He then died from a heart attack.
"It was a horrible thing to witness," Lockett's attorney, David Autry, told The Associated Press at the time. "This was totally botched." Fallin, who defended the execution, was attending a basketball game at the time.
Earlier this month, the Supreme Court declined to stay the execution of Charles Warner, another Oklahoma death row inmate. "My body is on fire," Warner, the first to be killed since Lockett, said after he was injected.
Meanwhile, in the wake of Wednesday's news, Glossip and his supporters said they won't stop fighting.
"I'm hoping this victory for Richard shows how horribly broken the system is," Prejean said. "And that it takes death off the table as an option that government can exercise over its citizens."
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Shiver me timbers
Swashbuckling hero Captain "Lucky" Jack Aubrey strides onto the big screen here next week in the seafaring epic Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.
Based on the popular novels by Patrick O'Brian and starring our own (sort of) Russell Crowe, Master and Commander, which follows the fortunes of a group of British fighting sailors, has already drawn glowing reviews from critics overseas.
The Chicago Sun Times's Roger Ebert called the movie "grand and glorious". The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw was also unstinting in his praise, declaring the Peter Weir movie a "crackingly entertaining yarn: perhaps the most purely enjoyable film of the year".
Read these, and many other reviews at the Internet Movie Database.
The official site is quite brilliant, but be warned: it can be a little tedious if using a slow connection. Spend 10 minutes exploring some of the historical detail and you'll begin to get a feel for what life was like in the British Navy at the turn of the 19th Century.
Patrick O'Brian wrote 20 novels in his series, each featuring the twin main characters of Jack Aubrey (Crowe in the movie) and Stephen Maturin, the ship's surgeon, played by Paul Bettany. O'Brian's books have generated a devoted army of fans, inspired by the mix of blood and guts action, minute historical detail and character driven subplots. Perhaps the best introduction to O'Brian's work is a piece by journalist Richard Snow published in The New York Times in 1991 (registration is required but worthwhile). Snow is credited with inspiring much of the popular enthusiasm for O'Brian's books, which he describes as "the best historical novels ever written".
He adds: "O'Brian reminds us with subtle artistry of the most important of all historical lessons: that times change but people don't, that the griefs and follies and victories of the men and women who were here before us are in fact the maps of our van cleef arpels replica bracelet own lives."
The best online Patrick O'Brian resource is the work of a group of dedicated enthusiasts, known as "The Gunroom".
Much of the charm of O'Brian's novels lies in the smaller details that together create a unique sense of place and time. Music is one of these details that constantly crops up in life onboard ship. From the cello/violin duets with which the pair while away the long evenings at sea to the traditional songs of the Royal Navy, there are tunes on almost every page. Gibbons Burke's excellent O'Brian site has an extensive list of all the music mentioned in the 20 novels. There has even been a CD released (Musical Evenings with the Captain), celebrating the music of Aubrey and Maturin.
The other constant motif in the Aubrey/Maturin series is food, which ranges from the repulsive to the downright bizarre. Lobscouse and Spotted Dog is the title of a book all about 19th century naval food.
Take a look at the relevant home bracelet van cleef and arpels replica page, which gives plenty of detail and even recipes, as well as plugging the book.
As you would expect, O'Brian is also fastidious about the correct use of language and arcane seafaring terminology. Before seeing the movie or starting the series of books (or, even, better, doing both) a quick trip to Gibbons Burke's "Nautical Expressions in the Vernacular" pages is a good idea. There you'll find the origin of a surprisingly long list of common words and phrases that originally have a nautical meaning. For instance, "In the offing" is explained thus: "Said of a ship visible at sea off the land. Such a ship is van cleef and arpels alhambra bracelet copy often approaching port, hence the phrase is used figuratively to mean 'about to happen' ."
O'Brian himself died on January 2, 2000, creating new interest in his work and also producing a big crop of obituaries. You can download several of these appraisals at one fan's homepage. The Daily Telegraph in the UK is probably the pick of the bunch.
Interestingly, O'Brian's death also sparked a fresh round of inquiries into his past, revealing him to be something of a Walter Mitty character who invented much of his own past.
Swashbuckling hero Captain "Lucky" Jack Aubrey strides onto the big screen here next week in the seafaring epic Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.
Based on the popular novels by Patrick O'Brian and starring our own (sort of) Russell Crowe, Master and Commander, which follows the fortunes of a group of British fighting sailors, has already drawn glowing reviews from critics overseas.
The Chicago Sun Times's Roger Ebert called the movie "grand and glorious". The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw was also unstinting in his praise, declaring the Peter Weir movie a "crackingly entertaining yarn: perhaps the most purely enjoyable film of the year".
Read these, and many other reviews at the Internet Movie Database.
The official site is quite brilliant, but be warned: it can be a little tedious if using a slow connection. Spend 10 minutes exploring some of the historical detail and you'll begin to get a feel for what life was like in the British Navy at the turn of the 19th Century.
Patrick O'Brian wrote 20 novels in his series, each featuring the twin main characters of Jack Aubrey (Crowe in the movie) and Stephen Maturin, the ship's surgeon, played by Paul Bettany. O'Brian's books have generated a devoted army of fans, inspired by the mix of blood and guts action, minute historical detail and character driven subplots. Perhaps the best introduction to O'Brian's work is a piece by journalist Richard Snow published in The New York Times in 1991 (registration is required but worthwhile). Snow is credited with inspiring much of the popular enthusiasm for O'Brian's books, which he describes as "the best historical novels ever written".
He adds: "O'Brian reminds us with subtle artistry of the most important of all historical lessons: that times change but people don't, that the griefs and follies and victories of the men and women who were here before us are in fact the maps of our van cleef arpels replica bracelet own lives."
The best online Patrick O'Brian resource is the work of a group of dedicated enthusiasts, known as "The Gunroom".
Much of the charm of O'Brian's novels lies in the smaller details that together create a unique sense of place and time. Music is one of these details that constantly crops up in life onboard ship. From the cello/violin duets with which the pair while away the long evenings at sea to the traditional songs of the Royal Navy, there are tunes on almost every page. Gibbons Burke's excellent O'Brian site has an extensive list of all the music mentioned in the 20 novels. There has even been a CD released (Musical Evenings with the Captain), celebrating the music of Aubrey and Maturin.
The other constant motif in the Aubrey/Maturin series is food, which ranges from the repulsive to the downright bizarre. Lobscouse and Spotted Dog is the title of a book all about 19th century naval food.
Take a look at the relevant home bracelet van cleef and arpels replica page, which gives plenty of detail and even recipes, as well as plugging the book.
As you would expect, O'Brian is also fastidious about the correct use of language and arcane seafaring terminology. Before seeing the movie or starting the series of books (or, even, better, doing both) a quick trip to Gibbons Burke's "Nautical Expressions in the Vernacular" pages is a good idea. There you'll find the origin of a surprisingly long list of common words and phrases that originally have a nautical meaning. For instance, "In the offing" is explained thus: "Said of a ship visible at sea off the land. Such a ship is van cleef and arpels alhambra bracelet copy often approaching port, hence the phrase is used figuratively to mean 'about to happen' ."
O'Brian himself died on January 2, 2000, creating new interest in his work and also producing a big crop of obituaries. You can download several of these appraisals at one fan's homepage. The Daily Telegraph in the UK is probably the pick of the bunch.
Interestingly, O'Brian's death also sparked a fresh round of inquiries into his past, revealing him to be something of a Walter Mitty character who invented much of his own past.
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