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Trenbolone Enanthate is a powerful anabolic steroid trenone injection.
Because of its structure containing Enantate, Trenbolone Enanthate has
almost the same pharmacokinetic properties as testosterone enanthate.
The level of steroid release peaks after a few days of injection and
then decreases after about two weeks. Among them, the basic steroid
group Bungron is a derivative of Nandrolone, which has high anabolicity
and strong androgenic properties.Trenbolone powder
Tren Enanthate is not converted to estrogen, but it exhibits significant progestogenic activity and may cause estrogen side effects under certain conditions. Tren E can basically replace the ring group Bronze, which can effectively improve the muscle quality and strengthen the muscle hardness and lines.
It is used to enhance physical fitness and improve exercise performance. The usual dose is 150-300 mg per week for 6-10 weeks. This dose is sufficient to significantly increase muscle weight and strength, while reducing body fat and muscle lines.
Dosage guidance (female)
Trenbolone Enanthate has never been used for human therapy, so the prescription guide does not provide instructions. Due to its strong androgenic and masculine side effects, women are generally not recommended for enhancing physical fitness or for improving exercise.
Tren Enanthate is not converted to estrogen, but it exhibits significant progestogenic activity and may cause estrogen side effects under certain conditions. Tren E can basically replace the ring group Bronze, which can effectively improve the muscle quality and strengthen the muscle hardness and lines.
It is used to enhance physical fitness and improve exercise performance. The usual dose is 150-300 mg per week for 6-10 weeks. This dose is sufficient to significantly increase muscle weight and strength, while reducing body fat and muscle lines.
Dosage guidance (female)
Trenbolone Enanthate has never been used for human therapy, so the prescription guide does not provide instructions. Due to its strong androgenic and masculine side effects, women are generally not recommended for enhancing physical fitness or for improving exercise.
Trenbolone Acetate ester is very fast acting. Therefore, bodybuilders
choosing to use this substance often find that daily injections are best
for keep blood levels as consistent as possible. Simply put,
Trenbolone is the most powerful overall steroid in use by bodybuilders today. Tren, as it is often called, is both highly androgenic and anabolic. makes the muscle produced by this drug very hard and defined.Tren ace powder
Protein assimilation hormonal. A steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite, to increase the half-time, not used in an unrefined form, but is rather administered as ester derivatives such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate ortrenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate, a normal bodybuilding dosage can range from 200mg/week to 1400mg/ week. Trenbolone acetate can be injected once a week, also trenbolone acetate is often refined to as "Fina" by user, trenbolone compounds have a binding affinity for the androgen receptor five times.
Trenbolone is a steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite. To increase its effective half-life, trenbolone is not used in an unrefined form, but is rather administered as ester derivatives such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate or trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate (Parabolan).
Trenbolone is the most powerful overall steroid in use by bodybuilders today. Tren, as it is often called, is both highly androgenic and anabolic. makes the muscle produced by this drug very hard and defined.Tren ace powder
Protein assimilation hormonal. A steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite, to increase the half-time, not used in an unrefined form, but is rather administered as ester derivatives such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate ortrenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate, a normal bodybuilding dosage can range from 200mg/week to 1400mg/ week. Trenbolone acetate can be injected once a week, also trenbolone acetate is often refined to as "Fina" by user, trenbolone compounds have a binding affinity for the androgen receptor five times.
Trenbolone is a steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite. To increase its effective half-life, trenbolone is not used in an unrefined form, but is rather administered as ester derivatives such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate or trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate (Parabolan).
Trenbolone Enanthate needs to be injected once a week due to the longer
ester. Some users inject it twice a week for better results. Though,
again, I find the increase in injections unnecessary; why? Simply
because the added benefit is marginal at best.
Cycling Trenbolone Enanthate is fairly simple. In general, it's stacked with testosterone enanthate or cypionate, while some guys add sustanon to the mix. Orals range from dianabol to anavar, depending on your goals.
Raw Powder Parabolan/Trenbolone Enanthate for Muscle Growth
Basic Info.
Chemical Name: 4,9,11-estratrien-17beta-ol-3-one Enanthate
Molecular Formula: C25H34O3
Molecular weight: 382.54
Cas No.10161-33-8
Standard: Enterprise Standard
Packing: foil bag or tin or according to your requirement.
Delivery: Express courier.
Appearance: pale yellow or yellow crystalline powder;
MP: 72~78°C
Specification:GMP,USP,BP,ISO9001
Trade Mark:CQSP
Usage: pharmaceutical material, Steroid hormone, Anabolin. As a male hormone and anabolic hormones.
HS CODE:2901291000
Port:Shenzhen/Shanghai,China
FOB Price:$1/g
MOQ:10g
Customized:Non-customized
Trenbolone Enanthate Cook Recipe:
Common 100mg/mL Recipe for 100mL
10 gram Trenbolone Ethanate powder (7.5mL)
2mL BA (2
10mL BB (10
80.5mL Oil
Common 200mg/mL Recipe for 100mL
20 gram Trenbolone Ethanate powder (15mL)
2mL BA (2
15mL BB (15
68mL Oil
read more
Cycling Trenbolone Enanthate is fairly simple. In general, it's stacked with testosterone enanthate or cypionate, while some guys add sustanon to the mix. Orals range from dianabol to anavar, depending on your goals.
Raw Powder Parabolan/Trenbolone Enanthate for Muscle Growth
Basic Info.
Chemical Name: 4,9,11-estratrien-17beta-ol-3-one Enanthate
Molecular Formula: C25H34O3
Molecular weight: 382.54
Cas No.10161-33-8
Standard: Enterprise Standard
Packing: foil bag or tin or according to your requirement.
Delivery: Express courier.
Appearance: pale yellow or yellow crystalline powder;
MP: 72~78°C
Specification:GMP,USP,BP,ISO9001
Trade Mark:CQSP
Usage: pharmaceutical material, Steroid hormone, Anabolin. As a male hormone and anabolic hormones.
HS CODE:2901291000
Port:Shenzhen/Shanghai,China
FOB Price:$1/g
MOQ:10g
Customized:Non-customized
Trenbolone Enanthate Cook Recipe:
Common 100mg/mL Recipe for 100mL
10 gram Trenbolone Ethanate powder (7.5mL)
2mL BA (2
10mL BB (10
80.5mL Oil
Common 200mg/mL Recipe for 100mL
20 gram Trenbolone Ethanate powder (15mL)
2mL BA (2
15mL BB (15
68mL Oil
read more
Methyltrienolone is one of the strongest oral anabolic steroids ever
produced. This agent is a derivative of trenbolone (trienolone), which
has been c-17 alpha alkylated to allow for oral administration.This
modification has created a steroid that is significantly stronger than
its non-methylated cousin. Its potency has been measured to be anywhere
from 120-300 times greater than that of methyltestosterone, with greater
dissociation between anabolic and androgenic effects.625 626 Milligram
for milligram.Methyltrienolone powder
Methyltrienolone is an oral steroid that has never been sold as a prescription drug or a dietary supplement. Its only use at this point has been as a research chemical, although it does have some limited availability on the black market.
Methyltrienolone is basically trenbolone with a C-17 methyl group making it orally bioavailable. Methyltrienolone is also referred to as R1881 or Metribolone, has a similar chemical structure as trenbolone. It is consumed orally by the individual rather than by injection.It is known as a powerful, performance enhancer that can produce incredible results.
Methyltrienolone is an oral steroid that has never been sold as a prescription drug or a dietary supplement. Its only use at this point has been as a research chemical, although it does have some limited availability on the black market.
Methyltrienolone is basically trenbolone with a C-17 methyl group making it orally bioavailable. Methyltrienolone is also referred to as R1881 or Metribolone, has a similar chemical structure as trenbolone. It is consumed orally by the individual rather than by injection.It is known as a powerful, performance enhancer that can produce incredible results.
(commonly abbreviated to DHT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), also
known as androstanolone (5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one) as well as
17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one, is a sex steroid and androgen hormone.
The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesizes DHT in the prostate, testes, hair
follicles, and adrenal glands. This enzyme reduces the 4,5 double-bond
of the hormone testosterone.Stanolone powder
Stanolone Descriptions:
The main androgen which is secreted by the testes is of course testosterone. However, in most of the body, the androgenic sign is not carried through by testosterone. In these tissues inluding brain (CNS), skin, genitals – practically everything but muscle – the active androgen is actually dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Stanolone Applications:
Stanolone is use for chronic wasting disease, osteoporosis, severe infection and trauma, burn, etc caused by the negative nitrogen balance, promote the growth of premature infants and immature, etc. The fracture is not easy to heal. Hypercholesterolemia and postpartum depression can also be used.
Stanolone Descriptions:
The main androgen which is secreted by the testes is of course testosterone. However, in most of the body, the androgenic sign is not carried through by testosterone. In these tissues inluding brain (CNS), skin, genitals – practically everything but muscle – the active androgen is actually dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Stanolone Applications:
Stanolone is use for chronic wasting disease, osteoporosis, severe infection and trauma, burn, etc caused by the negative nitrogen balance, promote the growth of premature infants and immature, etc. The fracture is not easy to heal. Hypercholesterolemia and postpartum depression can also be used.
Nandrolone Decanoate/Durabolin/Deca/ CAS : 360-70-3
Nandrolone Undecanoate powder / Injectable liquid Durabol 99.5% Deca
Deca Quick Detail:
Nandrolone Decanoate Deca Durabolin Durabol
Nandrolone Decanoate CAS No: 360-70-3
Deca Einecs No: 206-639-3
Durabolin MF: C28H44O3
Durabol MW: 428.65
Deca Purity: Nandrolone Decanoate purity is 99.5%
Durabolin Appearance: Nandrolone Decanoate white or oyster white to pale yellow crystalline powder
Durabol Usage: Pharmaceutical material, Steroid hormone, Anabolin. Is a male hormone, anabolic hormones drugs.
Durabolin Standard: USP28; BP2003
Deca Storage: Shading, Confined Preservation
Package: Discreet Packing ways for your choice.
Delivery: Deliver out within 24 hours after payment (Week day), by DHL, TNT, FedEx, HKEMS, UPS, etc.
Payment: West Union, T/T, Money Gram.
1, High quality with competitive price:
1)Standard: Enterprise Standard
2)All Purity≥ 99%
3)We are manufacturer and can provide high quality products with factory price.
2, Fast and safe delivery
1)Parcel can be sent out in 24 hours after payment. Tracking number available
2)Secure and discreet shipment. Various transportation methods for your choice.
3)Customs pass rate ≥ 99%
4) We have our own agent/remailer/distributor who can help us ship our products very fast and safe, and we have stock in there for transferring.
3, We have clients throughout the world.
1)Professional service and rich experience make customers feel at ease, adequate stock and fast delivery meet their desire.
2)Market feedback and goods feedback will be appreciated, meeting customers's requirement is our responsibility.
3) High quality, competitive price, fast delivery, first-class service gain the trust and praise from the customers.
Nandrolone Undecanoate powder / Injectable liquid Durabol 99.5% Deca
Deca Quick Detail:
Nandrolone Decanoate Deca Durabolin Durabol
Nandrolone Decanoate CAS No: 360-70-3
Deca Einecs No: 206-639-3
Durabolin MF: C28H44O3
Durabol MW: 428.65
Deca Purity: Nandrolone Decanoate purity is 99.5%
Durabolin Appearance: Nandrolone Decanoate white or oyster white to pale yellow crystalline powder
Durabol Usage: Pharmaceutical material, Steroid hormone, Anabolin. Is a male hormone, anabolic hormones drugs.
Durabolin Standard: USP28; BP2003
Deca Storage: Shading, Confined Preservation
Package: Discreet Packing ways for your choice.
Delivery: Deliver out within 24 hours after payment (Week day), by DHL, TNT, FedEx, HKEMS, UPS, etc.
Payment: West Union, T/T, Money Gram.
1, High quality with competitive price:
1)Standard: Enterprise Standard
2)All Purity≥ 99%
3)We are manufacturer and can provide high quality products with factory price.
2, Fast and safe delivery
1)Parcel can be sent out in 24 hours after payment. Tracking number available
2)Secure and discreet shipment. Various transportation methods for your choice.
3)Customs pass rate ≥ 99%
4) We have our own agent/remailer/distributor who can help us ship our products very fast and safe, and we have stock in there for transferring.
3, We have clients throughout the world.
1)Professional service and rich experience make customers feel at ease, adequate stock and fast delivery meet their desire.
2)Market feedback and goods feedback will be appreciated, meeting customers's requirement is our responsibility.
3) High quality, competitive price, fast delivery, first-class service gain the trust and praise from the customers.
NSI-189 is an experimental, novel potential antidepressant that is under
investigation byNeuralstem, Inc. for the treatment for major depressive
disorder (MDD), as well as for cognitive impairment and
neurodegeneration. Research into NSI-189 has been funded by theDefense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the National Institutes of
Health(NIH).The mechanism of action of NSI-189 appears to be activation
of neurogenesis in thehippocampus and possible enlargement of this
structure,[2] but how the drug mediates these effects is unknown and
binding studies have so far failed to identify any certain molecular
targets for the drug. As stated by Neuralstem, NSI-189 is a "new
chemical entity with [a] novel mechanism of action, molecular target yet
unknown, but not mediated by SSRI or SNRIor by BDNF release or via any
known GPCRs, kinases, or channels." The drug was discovered via
high-throughput screening of a library of 10,269 compounds for
neurogenic effects in vitro.NSi-189 powder
Dosage:
Subjects in human trials have been given up to 100 mg a day and did not appear to develop any negative side effects.
Application:
NSI-189 has been proved that is thought to potentially promote increased neuronal production whilst treat depression is NSI-189. This article discusses NSI-189 and how this novel nootropic agent can revolutionize the treatment for depression, and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
NSI-189 increases the volume within the hippocampus. In so doing, hippocampal volume and healthy brain cell density is increased thereby improving mod and cognitive performance. Aside from increasing hippocampal volume, the drug also improves neuronal cell functionality. It works it promoting healthy neuronal cell growth whilst repair damaged areas in the brain.
How to Proceed Your Orders?
Step 1
Please let me know the items you are favorable, quantities, and the destination country.
Step 2
You confirm all details, and offer us purchasing order.
Step 3
We send the detail price of our product and offer the suitable shipping method for reference.
Step 4
You confirm the order and pay money 100% in advance and send us the detailed contacting information, including contacting person/company, address, mobile number,ZIP code and your special requirements.
Step 5
Parcel would be arranged within 12 hours upon receipt of your payment . Photos would be offered to tell apart the products .
Tracking number :
Send by EMS, the tracking number is availabe within 12 hours . The info would be trackable that day or 1 day later. If send by HKEMS or other express,the tracking number would be provided next day. And this does not mean the info is trackable that day. It would be released on internet 2 or 3 days later . The reason why is that parcel should be shipped to Hongkong from forwarder then wait for the flight . You sign for the parcel , deliveried.
Dosage:
Subjects in human trials have been given up to 100 mg a day and did not appear to develop any negative side effects.
Application:
NSI-189 has been proved that is thought to potentially promote increased neuronal production whilst treat depression is NSI-189. This article discusses NSI-189 and how this novel nootropic agent can revolutionize the treatment for depression, and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
NSI-189 increases the volume within the hippocampus. In so doing, hippocampal volume and healthy brain cell density is increased thereby improving mod and cognitive performance. Aside from increasing hippocampal volume, the drug also improves neuronal cell functionality. It works it promoting healthy neuronal cell growth whilst repair damaged areas in the brain.
How to Proceed Your Orders?
Step 1
Please let me know the items you are favorable, quantities, and the destination country.
Step 2
You confirm all details, and offer us purchasing order.
Step 3
We send the detail price of our product and offer the suitable shipping method for reference.
Step 4
You confirm the order and pay money 100% in advance and send us the detailed contacting information, including contacting person/company, address, mobile number,ZIP code and your special requirements.
Step 5
Parcel would be arranged within 12 hours upon receipt of your payment . Photos would be offered to tell apart the products .
Tracking number :
Send by EMS, the tracking number is availabe within 12 hours . The info would be trackable that day or 1 day later. If send by HKEMS or other express,the tracking number would be provided next day. And this does not mean the info is trackable that day. It would be released on internet 2 or 3 days later . The reason why is that parcel should be shipped to Hongkong from forwarder then wait for the flight . You sign for the parcel , deliveried.
What is it? Glycine propionyl-l-carnitine(GPLC) is an amino acid
supplement similar to a carnitine supplement, but much more effective
and stronger. Benefits of GPLC include GPLC helps produce energy that is
needed by your body for its everyday needs. The energy that is produced
by GPLC can help you avoid energy crashes that are common from sugar
highs. This makes it beneficial for athletes or anybody that is under
stressful conditions. GPLC increases blood flow to the heart and helps
transport fatty acids to your heart to be converted into energy.
Increased athletic performance by increasing nitric oxide stimulation
and fatty acid metabolism while decreasing lactic acid build-up. There a
quite a few clinical studies about GPLC available for study.Glycine Propionyl-L-Carnitine powder
Read below some of the interpretations of the studies and their outcomes. In regards to athletes: GPLC can also help people without heart problems improve their exercise tolerance. Obviously, a heart whose cells are efficiently producing optimal energy is best able to pump blood efficiently around the body, enabling it to cope better under strain, such as during exercise. In addition to encouraging this healthy functioning of the heart, GPLC also promotes fatty acid metabolism in other muscles, making it especially beneficial to athletes and those involved in rigorous exercise since such activities rely on the use of fatty acids as a major source of fuel. In regards to male potency: GPLC has shown impact in the area of male potency and sexual performance.
One study showed that a combination of GPLC and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (another form of carnitine) was as good as testosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, and further studies have shown GPLC to be helpful in potentiating the action of Viagra. In regards to heart disease patients: GPLC ensures optimal heart energy production and it is also better absorbed than ordinary carnitine. The benefits of carnitine and in particular its new supercharged form GPLC have been championed in the US by leading cardiologist Dr. Stephen Sinatra. His research suggests that when GPLC is taken following a heart attack energy levels increase. In addition, GPLC appears to prevent damage in the cells of the heart muscle caused by a lactic acid build-up such a build-up occurs during a heart attack.
According to Dr. Sinatra, it can improve your chances of surviving a heart attack and indeed animal studies have shown that it can increase the ability to survive a series of heart attacks. Instructions for Use As a dietary supplement, take 1.5 to 4g of material 30-45 minutes before exercise. When mixing the powder, stir with a spoon for 15-30 seconds to completely dissolve.* Safety and Precautions This product is free from all forms of shell fish, tree nuts, yeast, gluten, salt, preservatives, artificial ingredients, lactose, and soy. This product is manufactured in a facility that handles soy and milk products. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Read below some of the interpretations of the studies and their outcomes. In regards to athletes: GPLC can also help people without heart problems improve their exercise tolerance. Obviously, a heart whose cells are efficiently producing optimal energy is best able to pump blood efficiently around the body, enabling it to cope better under strain, such as during exercise. In addition to encouraging this healthy functioning of the heart, GPLC also promotes fatty acid metabolism in other muscles, making it especially beneficial to athletes and those involved in rigorous exercise since such activities rely on the use of fatty acids as a major source of fuel. In regards to male potency: GPLC has shown impact in the area of male potency and sexual performance.
One study showed that a combination of GPLC and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (another form of carnitine) was as good as testosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, and further studies have shown GPLC to be helpful in potentiating the action of Viagra. In regards to heart disease patients: GPLC ensures optimal heart energy production and it is also better absorbed than ordinary carnitine. The benefits of carnitine and in particular its new supercharged form GPLC have been championed in the US by leading cardiologist Dr. Stephen Sinatra. His research suggests that when GPLC is taken following a heart attack energy levels increase. In addition, GPLC appears to prevent damage in the cells of the heart muscle caused by a lactic acid build-up such a build-up occurs during a heart attack.
According to Dr. Sinatra, it can improve your chances of surviving a heart attack and indeed animal studies have shown that it can increase the ability to survive a series of heart attacks. Instructions for Use As a dietary supplement, take 1.5 to 4g of material 30-45 minutes before exercise. When mixing the powder, stir with a spoon for 15-30 seconds to completely dissolve.* Safety and Precautions This product is free from all forms of shell fish, tree nuts, yeast, gluten, salt, preservatives, artificial ingredients, lactose, and soy. This product is manufactured in a facility that handles soy and milk products. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Nootropics Fladrafinil CAS:90212-80-9 CRL-40,941 powder
Basic Info.
Name: Fladrafinil
chemical name: 2-{[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}-N-hydroxyacetamide
CAS NO.: 90212-80-9
CRL-40, 941 is a white crystalline solid substance that has been described as closely related to both adrafinil and modafinil. It was developed by the French pharmaceutical company Lafon Laboratories as a new research chemical. CRL-40, 941 is known for its other names fluorafinil, fladrafinil and its
Purity:99%
Package:1kg/foil bag or as your inquiry
Reference FOB Price:$0.65/g
MOQ:10g
Specification:ISO9001,USP,BP,GMP
Trade Mark:CQSP
Port:Shenzhen/Shanghai,China
Production Capacity:5000kg/month
Shipping: DHL, EMS, FedEx, UPS
Payment: Western Union, Moneygram, T/T, Bitcoin
Delivery time: Parcel can be sent out within 24hours after your payment, 4~7 days to arrive.
Product Description:
Fluorafinil is a halogenic compound and has been identified as adrafinil's bis(p-fluoro) ring substitute. As a fluorinated derivative, it has been described as more potent than adrafinil.
Key findings
Anecdotal evidence has shown that fluorafinil can produce the following beneficial effects:
Promote wakefulness and alertness twice more than adrafinil
Improve mood
Decrease feelings of fatigue
Improve memory and learning capacity
Has serenic or anti-aggressive effects
Other Products
Product name CAS no:
63547-13-7
Mirodenafil 862189-95-5
Noopept 157115-85-0
Phenibut 1078-21-3
Sulbutiamine 3286-46-2
Sunifiram 314728-85-3
DMHA (2-Aminoisoheptane) 543-82-8
coluracetam 135463-81-9
Fasoracetam 110958-19-5
Basic Info.
Name: Fladrafinil
chemical name: 2-{[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}-N-hydroxyacetamide
CAS NO.: 90212-80-9
CRL-40, 941 is a white crystalline solid substance that has been described as closely related to both adrafinil and modafinil. It was developed by the French pharmaceutical company Lafon Laboratories as a new research chemical. CRL-40, 941 is known for its other names fluorafinil, fladrafinil and its
Purity:99%
Package:1kg/foil bag or as your inquiry
Reference FOB Price:$0.65/g
MOQ:10g
Specification:ISO9001,USP,BP,GMP
Trade Mark:CQSP
Port:Shenzhen/Shanghai,China
Production Capacity:5000kg/month
Shipping: DHL, EMS, FedEx, UPS
Payment: Western Union, Moneygram, T/T, Bitcoin
Delivery time: Parcel can be sent out within 24hours after your payment, 4~7 days to arrive.
Product Description:
Fluorafinil is a halogenic compound and has been identified as adrafinil's bis(p-fluoro) ring substitute. As a fluorinated derivative, it has been described as more potent than adrafinil.
Key findings
Anecdotal evidence has shown that fluorafinil can produce the following beneficial effects:
Promote wakefulness and alertness twice more than adrafinil
Improve mood
Decrease feelings of fatigue
Improve memory and learning capacity
Has serenic or anti-aggressive effects
Other Products
Product name CAS no:
63547-13-7
Mirodenafil 862189-95-5
Noopept 157115-85-0
Phenibut 1078-21-3
Sulbutiamine 3286-46-2
Sunifiram 314728-85-3
DMHA (2-Aminoisoheptane) 543-82-8
coluracetam 135463-81-9
Fasoracetam 110958-19-5
The aromatic beta-carbolines norharman and harman have been implicated
in a number of human diseases including Parkinson's disease, tremor,
addiction and cancer. It has been shown that these compounds are normal
body constituents formed endogenously but external sources have been
identified. Here, we summarise literature data on levels of norharman
and harman in fried meat and fish, meat extracts, alcoholic drinks, and
coffee brews. Other sources include edible and medicinal plants but
tobacco smoke has been identified as a major source. Exposure levels
from these different dietary sources are estimated to a maximum of 4
microg norharman per kg body weight (bw) per day and 1 microg harman per
kg bw per day.beta carboline
Exposure via tobacco smoke depends on smoking habits and type of cigarettes but can be estimated to 1.1 microg/kg bw for norharman and 0.6 microg/kg bw for harman per package of cigarettes smoked. Studies on toxicokinetics indicate that inhalative exposure leads to a rapid increase in plasma levels and high bioavailability of norharman and harman. Oral bioavailability is lower but there are indications that sublingual absorption may increase dietary uptake of beta-carbolines. Endogenous formation can be estimated to be 50-100 ng/kg bw per day for norharman and about 20 ng/kg bw per day for harman but these rates may increase with high intake of precursors. Biomarker studies on plasma levels of beta-carbolines reported on elevated levels of norharman, harman or both in diseased patients, alcoholics and following tobacco smoking or consumption of beta-carboline-containing food. Cigarette smoking has been identified as major influence but dietary exposure may contribute to exposure.
Exposure via tobacco smoke depends on smoking habits and type of cigarettes but can be estimated to 1.1 microg/kg bw for norharman and 0.6 microg/kg bw for harman per package of cigarettes smoked. Studies on toxicokinetics indicate that inhalative exposure leads to a rapid increase in plasma levels and high bioavailability of norharman and harman. Oral bioavailability is lower but there are indications that sublingual absorption may increase dietary uptake of beta-carbolines. Endogenous formation can be estimated to be 50-100 ng/kg bw per day for norharman and about 20 ng/kg bw per day for harman but these rates may increase with high intake of precursors. Biomarker studies on plasma levels of beta-carbolines reported on elevated levels of norharman, harman or both in diseased patients, alcoholics and following tobacco smoking or consumption of beta-carboline-containing food. Cigarette smoking has been identified as major influence but dietary exposure may contribute to exposure.