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Slave Girl In Illinois
Girl with the HollyhocksIn many parts of the country there are local figures known through the lore of the area, but perhaps not so well known otherwise.
One such fascinating piece of local history relates to an Illinois Plains hamlet called Mulkeytown. This frontier village became the permanent residence of a girl born into slavery, forced to march The Trail of Tears, and then freed thanks to the intervention of a wealthy Southern Illinois farmer.
Slave GirlSlavery in the United States was not only the concern of its white residents. Native Americans held slaves as well, when their finances and living conditions allowed for it. Although historically Native Americans used captured enemies as slaves, they also occasionally kidnapped settlement children (raising them as their own), or purchased Africans outright as slaves. Into this world, in about 1824, a girl was born in the extreme western part of North Carolina where it meets Georgia and Tennessee. She was named Priscilla. Almost all historians note she was classified as a In the slave trade, blacks were categorized by how much African ancestry was van cleef and arpels clover necklace part of their genetics. Genetic descriptors like that were based upon the race of each contributing parent, and changed by factors copy Van Cleef & Arpels clover necklace of two with each generation. Thus, a person with a black father or mother but a second parent of a different race (a black person) was classified as a A one fourth black person was called a the product of a with another non black person. A further grade of (one eighth black) was imitation van cleef arpels clover necklace recognized as well. [As recently as the 1970s in Louisiana if one had as little as one sixteenth African blood in one current one was classified as by the state. It is certain the African part of her genetics came from her mother.
Almost all plantation owners spent time in the slave quarters, raping the female slaves. is the correct term for such activities. No slave woman could ever freely engage in any intercourse with her owner and the act not be termed as rape. These women had no power massa could have her beaten, maimed, separated from her children or husband (if she had one did), or even put to death.
Massa did not always have to use physical force, either implied imperiousness was threat enough for these women. Her inability to avoid any coercion qualifies these acts as rape. The same is true of Thomas Jefferson and his relationship to his female slave Sally Hemings. Although Jefferson genuinely cared for her, Sally powerlessness in the relationship meant any act of intercourse between her and Jefferson was rape, even if she willingly submitted. As a result of their more visits to the slave quarters, children were born to the slave women and white owners. Most owners, though not all, brought their half breed children into the Big House to work as house slaves. It is appalling to consider having one own child indentured in such a way, but that was the practice.
Priscilla lineage has also been described as three quarters Cherokee, though, and this is where her origins are murky. This implies she was descended from a Cherokee father and a mulatto (half black, half Cherokee mother). This means Priscilla mother was the product of a Cherokee male and an African female. It is a tantalizing look into societal dynamics to think of this, but it cannot be confirmed at this late date.
Priscilla quadroon status, however, meant in the world of slavery she was a higher priced commodity. The lighter skinned blacks were more desired to serve in Massa home and to tend his children. Some quadroons and almost all octoroons were termed sometimes as yella (meaning their skin tone was shaded toward a more pale tan color). Many of these for white later.
Priscilla was a just a slave girl, though, born into bondage with no status. Her early life is undocumented. She was certainly born into slavery, but it is believed she was sold, along with her mother, to another owner in about 1828 (when she was 4). She lived in the area known as the Cherokee Nation, a sovereign land (which they called New Echota) set up and initially recognized by the United States government as a homeland for the Cherokee people. This land covered the northwestern section of Georgia and sprawled into North Carolina and parts of Alabama.
The Gentleman Farmer from Illinois
While Priscilla was living her early childhood in slavery in North Carolina, a man named Barzilla Silkwood (born September 9, 1801) lived at the other end of the social strata in America. Barzilla was a very wealthy gentleman farmer in Southern Illinois.
He was married to a woman named Mariah (born July 23, 1798; died December 27, 1874). The Silkwoods had no children of their own, although Barzilla had nieces and nephews. [One nephew was also named Given the unusual name, it is probable he was named in honor of the elder Barzilla as a means of ingratiating his family into Silkwood good financial graces.] The childless Silkwoods fostered and adopted sixteen orphans over the years.
The main trail westward to St. Louis from Shawneetown, Illinois (on the Ohio River), ran right past the Silkwood property. This was a well traveled route known originally as the Shawneetown Kaskaskia Trail. [Kaskaskia, Illinois, was wiped off the map many years later when a major Mississippi River flood caused the river to permanently change course.]Credit: public domainBarzilla Silkwood built a very lucrative inn on the route in 1825 (originally a log cabin, then expanded in 1828 to grander proportions). It was first called Halfway House (because it was halfway between Shawneetown and St. Louis). Later, it became known as The Silkwood Inn. The inn had lodging accommodations for stagecoach and foot travelers, and was a popular place to stay on the Kaskaskia Trail.
Chief MassaBarzilla Silkwood business interests took him many places, and in 1837 he was traveling in the southeastern US. He stopped at a plantation in North Carolina near the Great Smokey Mountains. His stay was not brief; while there he met and became friendly with most of the plantation slaves. In particular he became enchanted by a pretty little quadroon girl who worked in the Big House named Priscilla. She was about 12 or 13 years old at the time, and Barzilla was completely taken by her.
He spent much leisure in watching the slave children play and gambol about. He was impressed by Priscilla (though it is almost certain her outward cheer was a put on for visitors). She became friendly with Barzilla, however, calling him Silkwood.
Silkwood left for his Illinois home with the memory of this delightful slave girl tucked securely away. Soon after he departed, the owner of Priscilla plantation died, and his slaves and properties were sold off at public auction. An Indian chief Rev. Jesse Bushyhead (1804 1844) of the Cherokee Nation lands in Georgia Priscilla.
This chief motivation for purchasing her can never be known. She has been described as pretty; in consideration of her maturation, he may have wanted her for a concubine. Or, he may merely have wanted her as a servant. Regardless, she was forced away from North Carolina to the Cherokee lands in Georgia as the slave of a Cherokee chief.
A poignant element of Priscilla story occurred just before she left her old plantation. She gathered up some hollyhock seeds to take along as a remembrance of her place of birth and early childhood. Settled into her new Georgia life, she planted these, and they took root.
Trail MarchPriscilla did not live in peace long in her new Cherokee sovereign homeland.
Gold had been discovered on the lands, and the state of Georgia had agitated to force the Cherokees out of the area. President Andrew Jackson finally signed the Indian Removal Act that would displace the Natives from Georgia. It was President Martin Van Buren, however, who marshaled US Army troops (over 7,000 of them) to force the 15,000 Cherokee Nation residents off their property in 1838.
In routing the Indians the US troops burned many of their homes and simply confiscated their possessions. The soldiers refused to wait for better weather before leaving Tennessee, and ended up marching the Indians through bitter cold starting in late 1838.
Although many died on the trail from exposure, the greater number of them had died before much distance had been traveled at all. The Cherokee Nation refugees had been given thin blankets to carry that had been used in a Tennessee small pox hospital. The pox burned through the group as they set out, and their contagious status meant no town or village along their travel route would allow them in. They had to walk many extra miles to go around settled areas.
Abuses were heaped upon them almost everywhere. When attempting to cross the Ohio River into Southern Illinois, the opportunistic ferry operator charged the Indians almost nine times the regular rate (a dollar, equal to about $22 today). Also, this operator only carried the Cherokee refugees after all other paying white passengers were processed. Some of the Natives, waiting on the Kentucky side for days, were murdered by locals.
Once into Illinois, they began moving westward.
When Worlds CollideWhen Priscilla new Cherokee owner was forced to start The Long Walk, she gathered up some of her hollyhock seeds and took them along.
The Cherokee Nation ambled through Southern Illinois during one of its coldest winters on record. Most were on foot, with threadbare clothing, in moccasins or shoeless. As the Cherokees were not welcome to camp in any town because of the small pox contagion, they passed through on their way to settle in a place of rest outside the Southern Illinois town of Jonesboro. This site is only a few miles east of the Mississippi River. They made camp along a creek in mid December 1838.
Barzilla Silkwood was in Jonesboro, Illinois (about 45 miles SSW of The Silkwood Inn), on or around December 15, 1838. His lodgings were at the town Willard Hotel, and one morning he stood outside the hotel as the Cherokee refugees passed through town on their way to make camp.
He spotted a girl about 13 or 14 years old pass by in the group. She looked familiar to him, andshe turned and seemed to recognize him as well. Somewhat further up the street she suddenly broke from the pack and ran back to the hotel where Silkwood stood. She asked if he was Silkwood; at that moment he recognized her as the slave girl he met the previous year in North Carolina.
Girl with the HollyhocksIn many parts of the country there are local figures known through the lore of the area, but perhaps not so well known otherwise.
One such fascinating piece of local history relates to an Illinois Plains hamlet called Mulkeytown. This frontier village became the permanent residence of a girl born into slavery, forced to march The Trail of Tears, and then freed thanks to the intervention of a wealthy Southern Illinois farmer.
Slave GirlSlavery in the United States was not only the concern of its white residents. Native Americans held slaves as well, when their finances and living conditions allowed for it. Although historically Native Americans used captured enemies as slaves, they also occasionally kidnapped settlement children (raising them as their own), or purchased Africans outright as slaves. Into this world, in about 1824, a girl was born in the extreme western part of North Carolina where it meets Georgia and Tennessee. She was named Priscilla. Almost all historians note she was classified as a In the slave trade, blacks were categorized by how much African ancestry was van cleef and arpels clover necklace part of their genetics. Genetic descriptors like that were based upon the race of each contributing parent, and changed by factors copy Van Cleef & Arpels clover necklace of two with each generation. Thus, a person with a black father or mother but a second parent of a different race (a black person) was classified as a A one fourth black person was called a the product of a with another non black person. A further grade of (one eighth black) was imitation van cleef arpels clover necklace recognized as well. [As recently as the 1970s in Louisiana if one had as little as one sixteenth African blood in one current one was classified as by the state. It is certain the African part of her genetics came from her mother.
Almost all plantation owners spent time in the slave quarters, raping the female slaves. is the correct term for such activities. No slave woman could ever freely engage in any intercourse with her owner and the act not be termed as rape. These women had no power massa could have her beaten, maimed, separated from her children or husband (if she had one did), or even put to death.
Massa did not always have to use physical force, either implied imperiousness was threat enough for these women. Her inability to avoid any coercion qualifies these acts as rape. The same is true of Thomas Jefferson and his relationship to his female slave Sally Hemings. Although Jefferson genuinely cared for her, Sally powerlessness in the relationship meant any act of intercourse between her and Jefferson was rape, even if she willingly submitted. As a result of their more visits to the slave quarters, children were born to the slave women and white owners. Most owners, though not all, brought their half breed children into the Big House to work as house slaves. It is appalling to consider having one own child indentured in such a way, but that was the practice.
Priscilla lineage has also been described as three quarters Cherokee, though, and this is where her origins are murky. This implies she was descended from a Cherokee father and a mulatto (half black, half Cherokee mother). This means Priscilla mother was the product of a Cherokee male and an African female. It is a tantalizing look into societal dynamics to think of this, but it cannot be confirmed at this late date.
Priscilla quadroon status, however, meant in the world of slavery she was a higher priced commodity. The lighter skinned blacks were more desired to serve in Massa home and to tend his children. Some quadroons and almost all octoroons were termed sometimes as yella (meaning their skin tone was shaded toward a more pale tan color). Many of these for white later.
Priscilla was a just a slave girl, though, born into bondage with no status. Her early life is undocumented. She was certainly born into slavery, but it is believed she was sold, along with her mother, to another owner in about 1828 (when she was 4). She lived in the area known as the Cherokee Nation, a sovereign land (which they called New Echota) set up and initially recognized by the United States government as a homeland for the Cherokee people. This land covered the northwestern section of Georgia and sprawled into North Carolina and parts of Alabama.
The Gentleman Farmer from Illinois
While Priscilla was living her early childhood in slavery in North Carolina, a man named Barzilla Silkwood (born September 9, 1801) lived at the other end of the social strata in America. Barzilla was a very wealthy gentleman farmer in Southern Illinois.
He was married to a woman named Mariah (born July 23, 1798; died December 27, 1874). The Silkwoods had no children of their own, although Barzilla had nieces and nephews. [One nephew was also named Given the unusual name, it is probable he was named in honor of the elder Barzilla as a means of ingratiating his family into Silkwood good financial graces.] The childless Silkwoods fostered and adopted sixteen orphans over the years.
The main trail westward to St. Louis from Shawneetown, Illinois (on the Ohio River), ran right past the Silkwood property. This was a well traveled route known originally as the Shawneetown Kaskaskia Trail. [Kaskaskia, Illinois, was wiped off the map many years later when a major Mississippi River flood caused the river to permanently change course.]Credit: public domainBarzilla Silkwood built a very lucrative inn on the route in 1825 (originally a log cabin, then expanded in 1828 to grander proportions). It was first called Halfway House (because it was halfway between Shawneetown and St. Louis). Later, it became known as The Silkwood Inn. The inn had lodging accommodations for stagecoach and foot travelers, and was a popular place to stay on the Kaskaskia Trail.
Chief MassaBarzilla Silkwood business interests took him many places, and in 1837 he was traveling in the southeastern US. He stopped at a plantation in North Carolina near the Great Smokey Mountains. His stay was not brief; while there he met and became friendly with most of the plantation slaves. In particular he became enchanted by a pretty little quadroon girl who worked in the Big House named Priscilla. She was about 12 or 13 years old at the time, and Barzilla was completely taken by her.
He spent much leisure in watching the slave children play and gambol about. He was impressed by Priscilla (though it is almost certain her outward cheer was a put on for visitors). She became friendly with Barzilla, however, calling him Silkwood.
Silkwood left for his Illinois home with the memory of this delightful slave girl tucked securely away. Soon after he departed, the owner of Priscilla plantation died, and his slaves and properties were sold off at public auction. An Indian chief Rev. Jesse Bushyhead (1804 1844) of the Cherokee Nation lands in Georgia Priscilla.
This chief motivation for purchasing her can never be known. She has been described as pretty; in consideration of her maturation, he may have wanted her for a concubine. Or, he may merely have wanted her as a servant. Regardless, she was forced away from North Carolina to the Cherokee lands in Georgia as the slave of a Cherokee chief.
A poignant element of Priscilla story occurred just before she left her old plantation. She gathered up some hollyhock seeds to take along as a remembrance of her place of birth and early childhood. Settled into her new Georgia life, she planted these, and they took root.
Trail MarchPriscilla did not live in peace long in her new Cherokee sovereign homeland.
Gold had been discovered on the lands, and the state of Georgia had agitated to force the Cherokees out of the area. President Andrew Jackson finally signed the Indian Removal Act that would displace the Natives from Georgia. It was President Martin Van Buren, however, who marshaled US Army troops (over 7,000 of them) to force the 15,000 Cherokee Nation residents off their property in 1838.
In routing the Indians the US troops burned many of their homes and simply confiscated their possessions. The soldiers refused to wait for better weather before leaving Tennessee, and ended up marching the Indians through bitter cold starting in late 1838.
Although many died on the trail from exposure, the greater number of them had died before much distance had been traveled at all. The Cherokee Nation refugees had been given thin blankets to carry that had been used in a Tennessee small pox hospital. The pox burned through the group as they set out, and their contagious status meant no town or village along their travel route would allow them in. They had to walk many extra miles to go around settled areas.
Abuses were heaped upon them almost everywhere. When attempting to cross the Ohio River into Southern Illinois, the opportunistic ferry operator charged the Indians almost nine times the regular rate (a dollar, equal to about $22 today). Also, this operator only carried the Cherokee refugees after all other paying white passengers were processed. Some of the Natives, waiting on the Kentucky side for days, were murdered by locals.
Once into Illinois, they began moving westward.
When Worlds CollideWhen Priscilla new Cherokee owner was forced to start The Long Walk, she gathered up some of her hollyhock seeds and took them along.
The Cherokee Nation ambled through Southern Illinois during one of its coldest winters on record. Most were on foot, with threadbare clothing, in moccasins or shoeless. As the Cherokees were not welcome to camp in any town because of the small pox contagion, they passed through on their way to settle in a place of rest outside the Southern Illinois town of Jonesboro. This site is only a few miles east of the Mississippi River. They made camp along a creek in mid December 1838.
Barzilla Silkwood was in Jonesboro, Illinois (about 45 miles SSW of The Silkwood Inn), on or around December 15, 1838. His lodgings were at the town Willard Hotel, and one morning he stood outside the hotel as the Cherokee refugees passed through town on their way to make camp.
He spotted a girl about 13 or 14 years old pass by in the group. She looked familiar to him, andshe turned and seemed to recognize him as well. Somewhat further up the street she suddenly broke from the pack and ran back to the hotel where Silkwood stood. She asked if he was Silkwood; at that moment he recognized her as the slave girl he met the previous year in North Carolina.
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