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Will the crisis at Oroville Dam become a catalyst for change
Jeffrey Mount, a leading expert on California water policy, remembers the last time a crisis at the Oroville Dam seemed likely to prompt reform. It was 1997 and the lake risked overflowing, while levees further downstream failed and several people died.
"If this doesn't galvanize action, I don't know what will," Mount said he thought at the time. But spring came, the waters receded and best replica hermes no changes came to pass.
Now another threat looms in Oroville, where deteriorating spillways forced widespread evacuations, and more heavy rain is around the corner. State officials have remained focused on quick fixes at the dam needed to prevent catastrophic flooding, but some are already thinking about how the crisis could spur long term shifts in policy.
It's a conversation hermes bracelets replica that's gaining momentum in think tanks and hermes bags replicas best government offices from Sacramento to Washington, and it touches on climate change, infrastructure spending and statewide water policy.
Wade Crowfoot, a former advisor to Gov. Jerry Brown who now leads the Water Foundation, a nonprofit research organization in Sacramento, compared the situation to the state's years long drought.
"This is a wake up call," he said. "The drought reminded us we need to use water more wisely. Oroville reminds us that we need to upgrade our infrastructure and our management to move water more wisely."
Follow live coverage of the situation at the Oroville Dam 2014, the drought prompted Brown to sign the state's first ever law for managing groundwater, which had been depleted as farmers tried to keep crops alive. Now there are new considerations as California strains under one of its wettest winters on record.
Crowfoot said officials should cut back Southern California's reliance on water delivered from the northern reservoirs including Lake Oroville, reducing pressure on the state's infrastructure by increasing water recycling or stormwater capture. Another step could be focusing on sending more water to aquifers, replenishing groundwater supplies.
With Oroville the subject of round the clock news coverage, state leaders can "treat it as an opportunity to rethink how we're providing water and moving water," Crowfoot said.
Lacy Atkins / Associated Press
A rescue squad from the Yuba County Sheriff's Department crosses through flooded walnut orchards in 1997.
A rescue squad from the Yuba County Sheriff's Department crosses through flooded walnut orchards in 1997. (Lacy Atkins / Associated Press)
California has always grappled with cycles of drought and deluge Gov. Leland Stanford used a rowboat to reach his inauguration in 1862 but the problems are expected to be exacerbated by climate change.
Environmentalists view Oroville as a reminder of that looming threat.
"This is a dam that was designed in the '50s and built in the '60s," said Adrienne Alvord, a California based director of the fake hermes bracelets Union of Concerned Scientists. "It was built for a climate we no longer have."
Infrastructure needs to be assessed based on the increasing chance of extreme weather, she said, just like buildings near fault lines are constructed to deal with the possibility of strong earthquakes.
Jeffrey Mount, a leading expert on California water policy, remembers the last time a crisis at the Oroville Dam seemed likely to prompt reform. It was 1997 and the lake risked overflowing, while levees further downstream failed and several people died.
"If this doesn't galvanize action, I don't know what will," Mount said he thought at the time. But spring came, the waters receded and best replica hermes no changes came to pass.
Now another threat looms in Oroville, where deteriorating spillways forced widespread evacuations, and more heavy rain is around the corner. State officials have remained focused on quick fixes at the dam needed to prevent catastrophic flooding, but some are already thinking about how the crisis could spur long term shifts in policy.
It's a conversation hermes bracelets replica that's gaining momentum in think tanks and hermes bags replicas best government offices from Sacramento to Washington, and it touches on climate change, infrastructure spending and statewide water policy.
Wade Crowfoot, a former advisor to Gov. Jerry Brown who now leads the Water Foundation, a nonprofit research organization in Sacramento, compared the situation to the state's years long drought.
"This is a wake up call," he said. "The drought reminded us we need to use water more wisely. Oroville reminds us that we need to upgrade our infrastructure and our management to move water more wisely."
Follow live coverage of the situation at the Oroville Dam 2014, the drought prompted Brown to sign the state's first ever law for managing groundwater, which had been depleted as farmers tried to keep crops alive. Now there are new considerations as California strains under one of its wettest winters on record.
Crowfoot said officials should cut back Southern California's reliance on water delivered from the northern reservoirs including Lake Oroville, reducing pressure on the state's infrastructure by increasing water recycling or stormwater capture. Another step could be focusing on sending more water to aquifers, replenishing groundwater supplies.
With Oroville the subject of round the clock news coverage, state leaders can "treat it as an opportunity to rethink how we're providing water and moving water," Crowfoot said.
Lacy Atkins / Associated Press
A rescue squad from the Yuba County Sheriff's Department crosses through flooded walnut orchards in 1997.
A rescue squad from the Yuba County Sheriff's Department crosses through flooded walnut orchards in 1997. (Lacy Atkins / Associated Press)
California has always grappled with cycles of drought and deluge Gov. Leland Stanford used a rowboat to reach his inauguration in 1862 but the problems are expected to be exacerbated by climate change.
Environmentalists view Oroville as a reminder of that looming threat.
"This is a dam that was designed in the '50s and built in the '60s," said Adrienne Alvord, a California based director of the fake hermes bracelets Union of Concerned Scientists. "It was built for a climate we no longer have."
Infrastructure needs to be assessed based on the increasing chance of extreme weather, she said, just like buildings near fault lines are constructed to deal with the possibility of strong earthquakes.
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The bach on wheels
The love affair started with "Lil". The Haynes family bought the tiny, 3m Lilliput caravan from a relative about eight years ago.So "Lil", sometimes known as "Agnes", became a key feature of family holidays. Ashleigh and husband Andrew slept inside, and four kids on bunks slept in the awning.The caravan is towed by "Colin", a 1963 Holden EJ Special, and always draws a crowd, Ashleigh says."People are really surprised when they see it. We get asked if it's new made to look old," she says."People can't figure it out."Now the kids, aged 14, 12, 6 and 7, are getting too big for the bunks, but the family didn't want to leave Lil at home.Instead, they've adopted another caravan a 1976 Lightweight Vagabond, or "Peggy"."They're both beautiful, they're both really similar colouring, and we're just getting an awning made to go between the two," Ashleigh says.The family, who live in Red Beach, will be towing both to Sandspit this summer, north of Auckland, where they're expecting the matching pair to turn plenty of heads.Though "Colin" sometimes needs to take things imitation clover necklace van cleef slowly, going to new locations is one of the best things about caravanning, Ashleigh says."It's really neat going to different places. There are so many beautiful places and everywhere you go there's something new and exciting to do."Next year, they're hoping to take the caravans to the Whangamata Beach Hop in March, and to Bowentown, near Waihi."We're hoping 'Colin' will be able to cope with pulling 'Lil' all that way. Might have to stop to fill him up with water and oil half way down," Ashleigh says."He drips heaps of oil and hops out of third gear, like all good imitation van cleef gold clover necklace 1963 Holdens do, too bad, getting there is half the fun."The Haynes' second caravan, "Peggy", was lovingly restored replica van cleef arpel necklace by Rick Boyd and David Jeffs from Retro Caravans Northland.The pair have been bringing old vans to life for the past 10 years, spending countless hours returning rusty, neglected caravans to their former glory.Ashleigh and Andrew Haynes spend their summer holidays with their four children in their two caravans, one of which they tow in their 1963 Holden. Photo / Jason Dorday"We just started off doing them for ourselves and it just snowballed, really," Rick says."We just can't get them done up fast enough."The demand for old vans has been steadily growing, as have their prices.Caravans that would have sold for about $700 are now going for $3500 to $4000, he says.Rick's love of caravanning started at a young age. Growing up in Napier, his parents had a 1966 Oxford Special, which they towed with a 1966 Ford Falcon station wagon."Dad was too busy working so Mum and I would head off down to Masterton, to Dannevirke, even just to Hastings for a weekend."That caravan was upgraded to an Oxford Premier, and the Falcon to a Valiant, but "in 1973, the fuel crunch came and they decided to sell the big car and sell the big caravan".
The love affair started with "Lil". The Haynes family bought the tiny, 3m Lilliput caravan from a relative about eight years ago.So "Lil", sometimes known as "Agnes", became a key feature of family holidays. Ashleigh and husband Andrew slept inside, and four kids on bunks slept in the awning.The caravan is towed by "Colin", a 1963 Holden EJ Special, and always draws a crowd, Ashleigh says."People are really surprised when they see it. We get asked if it's new made to look old," she says."People can't figure it out."Now the kids, aged 14, 12, 6 and 7, are getting too big for the bunks, but the family didn't want to leave Lil at home.Instead, they've adopted another caravan a 1976 Lightweight Vagabond, or "Peggy"."They're both beautiful, they're both really similar colouring, and we're just getting an awning made to go between the two," Ashleigh says.The family, who live in Red Beach, will be towing both to Sandspit this summer, north of Auckland, where they're expecting the matching pair to turn plenty of heads.Though "Colin" sometimes needs to take things imitation clover necklace van cleef slowly, going to new locations is one of the best things about caravanning, Ashleigh says."It's really neat going to different places. There are so many beautiful places and everywhere you go there's something new and exciting to do."Next year, they're hoping to take the caravans to the Whangamata Beach Hop in March, and to Bowentown, near Waihi."We're hoping 'Colin' will be able to cope with pulling 'Lil' all that way. Might have to stop to fill him up with water and oil half way down," Ashleigh says."He drips heaps of oil and hops out of third gear, like all good imitation van cleef gold clover necklace 1963 Holdens do, too bad, getting there is half the fun."The Haynes' second caravan, "Peggy", was lovingly restored replica van cleef arpel necklace by Rick Boyd and David Jeffs from Retro Caravans Northland.The pair have been bringing old vans to life for the past 10 years, spending countless hours returning rusty, neglected caravans to their former glory.Ashleigh and Andrew Haynes spend their summer holidays with their four children in their two caravans, one of which they tow in their 1963 Holden. Photo / Jason Dorday"We just started off doing them for ourselves and it just snowballed, really," Rick says."We just can't get them done up fast enough."The demand for old vans has been steadily growing, as have their prices.Caravans that would have sold for about $700 are now going for $3500 to $4000, he says.Rick's love of caravanning started at a young age. Growing up in Napier, his parents had a 1966 Oxford Special, which they towed with a 1966 Ford Falcon station wagon."Dad was too busy working so Mum and I would head off down to Masterton, to Dannevirke, even just to Hastings for a weekend."That caravan was upgraded to an Oxford Premier, and the Falcon to a Valiant, but "in 1973, the fuel crunch came and they decided to sell the big car and sell the big caravan".
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State Prosecutors To Determine Next Steps In Freddie Gray Case
And that new information Jeff spoke of now goes on to the Baltimore state's attorney. NPR's Martin Kaste reports on what happens now.
MARTIN KASTE, BYLINE: The Freddie Gray case is now in the hands of prosecutors. And when someone dies in police custody or from injuries suffered in custody, prosecutors are often faced with this question.
KASTE: Joe Key is a retired Baltimore police lieutenant who's worked on investigations of other officers. Now he's a consultant who's been an expert witness on similar cases involving people injured or killed in custody.
KEY: If an officer's actions are so grossly negligent that a reasonable person would believe that it would lead to the person's death, then that would be the standard to prove involuntary manslaughter.
KASTE: Police officials in Baltimore have already said that Freddie Gray was not buckled up in the van. That violates department policy. And it might be evidence of gross negligence, depending on other circumstances.
KEY: If, however, the officer that's driving the wagon and I'm again, hypothetically, slams on the brake on purpose; the guy's banging around replica van cleef and arpels necklace alhambra in the back of it; the wagon driver gets tired of hearing it and this is sheer speculation and he slams on the brake, they might be able to bring that to knock off van cleef and arpel necklace the level of a second degree murder charge.
KASTE: But proving intent for that second degree murder charge can be difficult. It often requires testimony from other officers. Lou Reiter is one of the country's top trainers of police internal affairs investigators. And he says in his experience, it's hard to get one cop to testify against another.
LOU REITER: I'll be honest with you, there's not many departments where that officer would not face retaliation.
KASTE: If prosecutors can't make a criminal case, there's still the possibility of administrative punishment for violation of department policies. That's what internal affairs investigators do. Baltimore's investigators have often been accused of being too lenient. So last year, the department hired attorney Karen Kruger to audit its imitation clover necklace van cleef Internal Affairs Division.
KAREN KRUGER: There are some very competent detectives who are doing investigations. But they are overworked. Some of the detectives are actually assigned to other duties sometimes, which distract them from the internal investigation.
KASTE: That's unusual for a big city police department, that the internal affairs investigators also do regular police work. Kruger thinks it risks making things a little too familiar.
KRUGER: You might be standing on the corner with the guy that, you know, tomorrow you'll be investigating.
KASTE: But internal affairs could well be where this case ends up if prosecutors decide not to bring criminal charges and barring some action by the Justice Department, which has also opened its own investigation. Martin Kaste, NPR News.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary.
And that new information Jeff spoke of now goes on to the Baltimore state's attorney. NPR's Martin Kaste reports on what happens now.
MARTIN KASTE, BYLINE: The Freddie Gray case is now in the hands of prosecutors. And when someone dies in police custody or from injuries suffered in custody, prosecutors are often faced with this question.
KASTE: Joe Key is a retired Baltimore police lieutenant who's worked on investigations of other officers. Now he's a consultant who's been an expert witness on similar cases involving people injured or killed in custody.
KEY: If an officer's actions are so grossly negligent that a reasonable person would believe that it would lead to the person's death, then that would be the standard to prove involuntary manslaughter.
KASTE: Police officials in Baltimore have already said that Freddie Gray was not buckled up in the van. That violates department policy. And it might be evidence of gross negligence, depending on other circumstances.
KEY: If, however, the officer that's driving the wagon and I'm again, hypothetically, slams on the brake on purpose; the guy's banging around replica van cleef and arpels necklace alhambra in the back of it; the wagon driver gets tired of hearing it and this is sheer speculation and he slams on the brake, they might be able to bring that to knock off van cleef and arpel necklace the level of a second degree murder charge.
KASTE: But proving intent for that second degree murder charge can be difficult. It often requires testimony from other officers. Lou Reiter is one of the country's top trainers of police internal affairs investigators. And he says in his experience, it's hard to get one cop to testify against another.
LOU REITER: I'll be honest with you, there's not many departments where that officer would not face retaliation.
KASTE: If prosecutors can't make a criminal case, there's still the possibility of administrative punishment for violation of department policies. That's what internal affairs investigators do. Baltimore's investigators have often been accused of being too lenient. So last year, the department hired attorney Karen Kruger to audit its imitation clover necklace van cleef Internal Affairs Division.
KAREN KRUGER: There are some very competent detectives who are doing investigations. But they are overworked. Some of the detectives are actually assigned to other duties sometimes, which distract them from the internal investigation.
KASTE: That's unusual for a big city police department, that the internal affairs investigators also do regular police work. Kruger thinks it risks making things a little too familiar.
KRUGER: You might be standing on the corner with the guy that, you know, tomorrow you'll be investigating.
KASTE: But internal affairs could well be where this case ends up if prosecutors decide not to bring criminal charges and barring some action by the Justice Department, which has also opened its own investigation. Martin Kaste, NPR News.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary.
Why you should vote for this social champion
Narayanan Krishnan brought over 1.2 million hot meals to India's homeless and destitute through his non profit organisation. His efforts have now earned him a nomination among top 10 social champions in CNN's Heroes 2010. He gave up his job as a chef at a five star hotel in Bengaluru to feed the needy thrice a day. And he has been at it for over eight years. We present his profile again:
A look into the kitchen reveals a spotlessly clean room. Sparkling vessels stacked neatly, groceries and provisions all lined up in rows rice, dal, vegetables, spices all of the best quality. One would think this was the kitchen of a five star hotel.
Maybe Krishnan achieves that effect because he was once a chef at a five star hotel in Bengaluru.
"Today's lunch is curd rice, with home made pickle, please taste it," he says, serving me on a kelly bag hermes fake plate made of dried leaves.
The food is excellent.
"I change the menu for different days of the week. They will get bored if I serve the same food every day," he says with an enthusiastic and infectious smile.
Click on NEXT to read further.
Krishnan cooks breakfast, lunch and dinner with the help of two cooks. He takes it himself to his wards on the street each day.
"I don't feed beggars. They can look after themselves. The hermes kelly bag copy mentally ill won't ask anyone for food or money. They don't move around much too. I find them in the same place every day."
That morning he put the food in a large vessel, the pickle in a smaller one and loaded it into a Maruti van donated by a Madurai philanthropist.
Ten minutes later we stopped near a man lying on the ground by a high wall. Krishnan put the food next to him. The man refused to even look at it, but grabbed the water bottle and drank eagerly. "He will eat the food later, looks like he was very thirsty," said Krishnan.
At the next stop, he laid the dry leaf plate and served the food. He then scooped some food and started feeding the mentally ill man himself. After two morsels, the man started eating on his own.
We then crossed a crowded traffic signal and stopped the vehicle. On seeing Krishnan, four individuals moved slowly towards the Maruti van. They stood out in the crowd with their dirty, tattered clothes and unshaven beards.
They knew this Maruti van meant food. But they did not hurry, knowing that Krishnan would wait for them.
Krishnan served them under a tree and carried water for them. "They are not aware enough to get their own water," he explained.
And thus we went around the city till the Akshaya patra was empty. Of course, it would be full again for dinner later in the day.
As we returned, a startling fact hit me. Not a single mentally challenged person had thanked Krishnan. They did not even smile or acknowledge him. Still Krishnan carried on in a world where most of us get offended if someone doesn't say thank you, sometimes even for doing our jobs.
The food costs Rs 8,000 a day, but that doesn't worry him. "I have donors for 22 days. The remaining days, I manage myself. I am sure I will get donors for that too, people who can afford it are generally generous, particularly when they know that their hard earned money is actually going to the poor. That is why I maintain my accounts correctly and scrupulously."
He then pulled out a bill from the cabinet and showed it to me. It was a bill for groceries he had bought seven years ago. "This bill has sentimental value. It is the first one after I started Akshaya."
Software giants Infosys and TCS were so impressed with his work Hermes Kelly Replica that they donated three acres of land kelly bag hermes Knockoff to him in Madurai. Krishnan hopes to build a home for his wards there. He has built the basement for a woman's block which will house 80 inmates, but work has currently halted due to a lack of funds.
This, however, is not the sum of his good deeds. Krishnan also performs the funerals of unclaimed bodies in Madurai. He collects the body, bathes it and gives it a decent burial or cremation as the need may be.
He gets calls, both from the municipal corporation and general hospital for the funerals.
He recalls with a little prompting how one day he saw a mentally ill man eating his excreta. He rushed to the nearest restaurant and bought the man five idlis. The man ate voraciously, and then smiled at him. The smile made Krishnan want to do it again and again.
Krishnan has not married and wonders if anyone would want to marry a man who spends his days cooking food for others. He is firm that his life partner has to agree to this kind of life.
His parents were initially shocked, but are now very supportive of their son. They advise him about the cuisine and also about how he can streamline the process.
One wonders why he left his job in a five star hotel to bury the dead and feed the mentally ill. To this he just smiles and says, "I like doing it."
Narayanan Krishnan brought over 1.2 million hot meals to India's homeless and destitute through his non profit organisation. His efforts have now earned him a nomination among top 10 social champions in CNN's Heroes 2010. He gave up his job as a chef at a five star hotel in Bengaluru to feed the needy thrice a day. And he has been at it for over eight years. We present his profile again:
A look into the kitchen reveals a spotlessly clean room. Sparkling vessels stacked neatly, groceries and provisions all lined up in rows rice, dal, vegetables, spices all of the best quality. One would think this was the kitchen of a five star hotel.
Maybe Krishnan achieves that effect because he was once a chef at a five star hotel in Bengaluru.
"Today's lunch is curd rice, with home made pickle, please taste it," he says, serving me on a kelly bag hermes fake plate made of dried leaves.
The food is excellent.
"I change the menu for different days of the week. They will get bored if I serve the same food every day," he says with an enthusiastic and infectious smile.
Click on NEXT to read further.
Krishnan cooks breakfast, lunch and dinner with the help of two cooks. He takes it himself to his wards on the street each day.
"I don't feed beggars. They can look after themselves. The hermes kelly bag copy mentally ill won't ask anyone for food or money. They don't move around much too. I find them in the same place every day."
That morning he put the food in a large vessel, the pickle in a smaller one and loaded it into a Maruti van donated by a Madurai philanthropist.
Ten minutes later we stopped near a man lying on the ground by a high wall. Krishnan put the food next to him. The man refused to even look at it, but grabbed the water bottle and drank eagerly. "He will eat the food later, looks like he was very thirsty," said Krishnan.
At the next stop, he laid the dry leaf plate and served the food. He then scooped some food and started feeding the mentally ill man himself. After two morsels, the man started eating on his own.
We then crossed a crowded traffic signal and stopped the vehicle. On seeing Krishnan, four individuals moved slowly towards the Maruti van. They stood out in the crowd with their dirty, tattered clothes and unshaven beards.
They knew this Maruti van meant food. But they did not hurry, knowing that Krishnan would wait for them.
Krishnan served them under a tree and carried water for them. "They are not aware enough to get their own water," he explained.
And thus we went around the city till the Akshaya patra was empty. Of course, it would be full again for dinner later in the day.
As we returned, a startling fact hit me. Not a single mentally challenged person had thanked Krishnan. They did not even smile or acknowledge him. Still Krishnan carried on in a world where most of us get offended if someone doesn't say thank you, sometimes even for doing our jobs.
The food costs Rs 8,000 a day, but that doesn't worry him. "I have donors for 22 days. The remaining days, I manage myself. I am sure I will get donors for that too, people who can afford it are generally generous, particularly when they know that their hard earned money is actually going to the poor. That is why I maintain my accounts correctly and scrupulously."
He then pulled out a bill from the cabinet and showed it to me. It was a bill for groceries he had bought seven years ago. "This bill has sentimental value. It is the first one after I started Akshaya."
Software giants Infosys and TCS were so impressed with his work Hermes Kelly Replica that they donated three acres of land kelly bag hermes Knockoff to him in Madurai. Krishnan hopes to build a home for his wards there. He has built the basement for a woman's block which will house 80 inmates, but work has currently halted due to a lack of funds.
This, however, is not the sum of his good deeds. Krishnan also performs the funerals of unclaimed bodies in Madurai. He collects the body, bathes it and gives it a decent burial or cremation as the need may be.
He gets calls, both from the municipal corporation and general hospital for the funerals.
He recalls with a little prompting how one day he saw a mentally ill man eating his excreta. He rushed to the nearest restaurant and bought the man five idlis. The man ate voraciously, and then smiled at him. The smile made Krishnan want to do it again and again.
Krishnan has not married and wonders if anyone would want to marry a man who spends his days cooking food for others. He is firm that his life partner has to agree to this kind of life.
His parents were initially shocked, but are now very supportive of their son. They advise him about the cuisine and also about how he can streamline the process.
One wonders why he left his job in a five star hotel to bury the dead and feed the mentally ill. To this he just smiles and says, "I like doing it."
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Voicemail als wettelijk bewijs
Elke organisatie of bedrijf kan worden gedwongen tot overgave klant identificerende informatie voor een verscheidenheid van redenen en een assortiment van procedures. Zelfs meer omvat, met de Patriot Act die het nu zoals de wet heeft verscheidene belangrijke wijzigingen aangebracht. De wet heeft verrekend op de interpretatie die telefoon bedrijf records van oproepen naar en van een individu home worden niet beschermd door het vierde amendement.
Het vierde amendement dekt het niet omdat er geen "gerechtvaardigde verwachting van privacy" met betrekking tot hen. Smith v. Maryland, 442 Amerikaanse 735 (1979) is een voorbeeld. Wat dit betekent is dat het enige dat nodig is om te trekken deze records is de vertoning van redelijke gronden dat er relevantie voor een strafrechtelijk onderzoek is. Dit geeft recht recht ambtenaren van de wetshandhaving tot het verplicht stellen van een gerechtelijk bevel dat toegang how much is hermes kelly bag worden verleend.
De Patriot Act verder breidt deze bevoegdheden. Sectie 212 kunt bijvoorbeeld mededeling dienstverleners aan de hand van de klant records of communicatie (inclusief audio messagerie opgeslagen) in een noodsituatie waar is een bedreiging voor lichamelijk letsel. De definitie van dreiging van lichamelijk kelly bag price replica letsel is wat vaag en de rechtbanken hun discretionaire bevoegdheid in het verleden hebben gebruikt.
Met audio messagerie in dezelfde categorie als e mails hebben gebracht is er nu minder bescherming. Voordat de Patriot Act was het mogelijk dat een rechtbank voicemail bewijs dat niet werd verkregen met wiretap orde zou ontslaan. Audio messagerie zijn, overeenkomstig paragraaf 209, onder voorbehoud van een eenvoudige warrant.
Er is bepaald dat audio messagerie opnames "detecteerbaar" in de juridische zin zijn. Dit betekent dat het niet volledig is afgeschermd van gebruik in rechtszaken. Zeker, de meeste mensen zijn goed en proberen om het juiste ding te doen maar soms zijn ze misleid, gedwongen en soms alleen schadelijke.
Er was een hard werkende familieman, genaamd "Bob", die een blauwe boorden baan voor een relatief groot bedrijf voor meerdere jaren gewerkt. Bob was redelijk succesvol, was het betalen van zijn sporen in het leven, en werd op goede voet met de meeste mensen hij werkte met. Het gebeurde op een dag dat een verslag werd ingediend met HR over sommige vermeende verkeerde doen; niets criminele op geen enkele manier maar een duidelijke zwarte vlek en eventueel een afvuren overtreding voor Bob. Een collega, "Dick", hadden gemeld sommige vermeende overtredingen van het beleid die "Bob" die ook toevallig een vriend van Dick's eruit als een grote schroef off op het hermes kelly price copy werk. Dick later voelde verschrikkelijk erover, genoemd en liet een voicemailbericht voor Bob vergeving voor het how to buy hermes kelly bag bedelen. Dick biechtte dat een senior toezichthouder een van de weinige mensen die niet hield van Bob hadden gedreigd zijn baan als hij deed het verslag niet vervalsen. Deze stem boodschap was zeer schadelijk bewijs tegen de gewetenloze controleur die de hele situatie te elimineren Bob had geregeld.
Dit is een echte voorbeeld (namen zijn gewijzigd) van wat kan worden gedaan met voicemail als een defensie instrument. Het is niet alleen strafrechtelijke onderzoekers die met er geen gerechtvaardigde verwachting van privacy die de eigenaar van een voicemailbox gratis is te gebruiken geen berichten voor hun verdediging tegen beschuldigingen dat de audio messagerie kan worden aangesloten op audio messagerie als bewijs, kunnen gebruiken. Iemand stiekem opnemen is vaak illegale, echter, wanneer iemand een bericht op uw antwoordapparaat of voicemail verlaat, ze weten ze worden vastgelegd en stemt dus in met het.
Gerelateerde artikels in juridische
Mensen die genteresseerd zijn in het bovenstaande artikel zijn ook genteresseerd in de aanverwante artikelen hieronder:De Raad van bestuur van Control voor Veenmol in India (BCCI) verloor twee arbitrageprocedures, ingediend door de wereld van de sport van de rendez vous van M/S (RSW) en Kochi Cricket Pvt. Ltd (KCPL) en awards gedateerd 22.06.2015 werden uitgesproken. Op 16 September 2015, BCCI uitgedaagd beide bovenstaande zei scheidsrechterlijke uitspraken door het indienen van aanvragen overeenkomstig punt 34 van de wet.
Elke organisatie of bedrijf kan worden gedwongen tot overgave klant identificerende informatie voor een verscheidenheid van redenen en een assortiment van procedures. Zelfs meer omvat, met de Patriot Act die het nu zoals de wet heeft verscheidene belangrijke wijzigingen aangebracht. De wet heeft verrekend op de interpretatie die telefoon bedrijf records van oproepen naar en van een individu home worden niet beschermd door het vierde amendement.
Het vierde amendement dekt het niet omdat er geen "gerechtvaardigde verwachting van privacy" met betrekking tot hen. Smith v. Maryland, 442 Amerikaanse 735 (1979) is een voorbeeld. Wat dit betekent is dat het enige dat nodig is om te trekken deze records is de vertoning van redelijke gronden dat er relevantie voor een strafrechtelijk onderzoek is. Dit geeft recht recht ambtenaren van de wetshandhaving tot het verplicht stellen van een gerechtelijk bevel dat toegang how much is hermes kelly bag worden verleend.
De Patriot Act verder breidt deze bevoegdheden. Sectie 212 kunt bijvoorbeeld mededeling dienstverleners aan de hand van de klant records of communicatie (inclusief audio messagerie opgeslagen) in een noodsituatie waar is een bedreiging voor lichamelijk letsel. De definitie van dreiging van lichamelijk kelly bag price replica letsel is wat vaag en de rechtbanken hun discretionaire bevoegdheid in het verleden hebben gebruikt.
Met audio messagerie in dezelfde categorie als e mails hebben gebracht is er nu minder bescherming. Voordat de Patriot Act was het mogelijk dat een rechtbank voicemail bewijs dat niet werd verkregen met wiretap orde zou ontslaan. Audio messagerie zijn, overeenkomstig paragraaf 209, onder voorbehoud van een eenvoudige warrant.
Er is bepaald dat audio messagerie opnames "detecteerbaar" in de juridische zin zijn. Dit betekent dat het niet volledig is afgeschermd van gebruik in rechtszaken. Zeker, de meeste mensen zijn goed en proberen om het juiste ding te doen maar soms zijn ze misleid, gedwongen en soms alleen schadelijke.
Er was een hard werkende familieman, genaamd "Bob", die een blauwe boorden baan voor een relatief groot bedrijf voor meerdere jaren gewerkt. Bob was redelijk succesvol, was het betalen van zijn sporen in het leven, en werd op goede voet met de meeste mensen hij werkte met. Het gebeurde op een dag dat een verslag werd ingediend met HR over sommige vermeende verkeerde doen; niets criminele op geen enkele manier maar een duidelijke zwarte vlek en eventueel een afvuren overtreding voor Bob. Een collega, "Dick", hadden gemeld sommige vermeende overtredingen van het beleid die "Bob" die ook toevallig een vriend van Dick's eruit als een grote schroef off op het hermes kelly price copy werk. Dick later voelde verschrikkelijk erover, genoemd en liet een voicemailbericht voor Bob vergeving voor het how to buy hermes kelly bag bedelen. Dick biechtte dat een senior toezichthouder een van de weinige mensen die niet hield van Bob hadden gedreigd zijn baan als hij deed het verslag niet vervalsen. Deze stem boodschap was zeer schadelijk bewijs tegen de gewetenloze controleur die de hele situatie te elimineren Bob had geregeld.
Dit is een echte voorbeeld (namen zijn gewijzigd) van wat kan worden gedaan met voicemail als een defensie instrument. Het is niet alleen strafrechtelijke onderzoekers die met er geen gerechtvaardigde verwachting van privacy die de eigenaar van een voicemailbox gratis is te gebruiken geen berichten voor hun verdediging tegen beschuldigingen dat de audio messagerie kan worden aangesloten op audio messagerie als bewijs, kunnen gebruiken. Iemand stiekem opnemen is vaak illegale, echter, wanneer iemand een bericht op uw antwoordapparaat of voicemail verlaat, ze weten ze worden vastgelegd en stemt dus in met het.
Gerelateerde artikels in juridische
Mensen die genteresseerd zijn in het bovenstaande artikel zijn ook genteresseerd in de aanverwante artikelen hieronder:De Raad van bestuur van Control voor Veenmol in India (BCCI) verloor twee arbitrageprocedures, ingediend door de wereld van de sport van de rendez vous van M/S (RSW) en Kochi Cricket Pvt. Ltd (KCPL) en awards gedateerd 22.06.2015 werden uitgesproken. Op 16 September 2015, BCCI uitgedaagd beide bovenstaande zei scheidsrechterlijke uitspraken door het indienen van aanvragen overeenkomstig punt 34 van de wet.
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Volgens rapporten, Voormalige Bayernster Stromts in een interview, Sprak over de huidige situatie van het team. Hij zei Bayern versloeg Mainz is normaal, Dan tegen het grote Voetbalshirts Dames Parijs Champions League-spel, Is het team echt getest.
Stromts zei: " Bayern 4-0 overwinning over Mainz. Ik denk dat de afgelopen jaren, Deze overwinning is een heel normaal ding. Maar ik denk, Dan tegen het grote Parijs Champions League-spel, Bayern is de echte test. "
Bayern München voor de huidige interne spanningen, Stromts zei: " In mijn indruk, De relatie tussen de spelers is ook goed, Maar in de ogen van buitenstaanders, Voetbalshirts Bayern München dit team is niet erg harmonisch. "
Styrofoam 'dog treats' handed out in error at weekend event
Some animal lovers got more than they bargained for at a weekend fundraiser that left a bad taste in the mouths of their pooches and a Cadboro Bay Village pet shop owner.
Erin Van El, owner operator of Paw Space Pet Boutique and Spa, said she was "dumbfounded" after learning late in the day that small sample bags of Northwest Naturals dog treats contained Styrofoam nuggets instead of freeze dried, chicken flavoured morsels. community event and fundraiser last Saturday for Raincoast Rescue Dog Society.
She said that, after speaking with a supplier's representative, she was told "you're supposed to add water" to the freeze dried treats, explaining their unusual appearance, until he took a closer look.
"He took them apart and said 'Omigawd, these are Styrofoam,' " she said, echoing concerns aired on social media by pet lovers, confirming the fake treats were bits of Styrofoam.
Avafina Pet Products acknowledged in a comment on the Paw Space Facebook page that "sadly, a very unfortunate event occurred" at the event that doubled as the store's grand opening.
It acknowledged that display Styrofoam nuggets created for demonstration purposes at trade shows had "accidentally been distributed" in place of samples of Northwest Naturals Freeze Dried Chicken.
"There is no chance of this happening again," the distributor's online apology stated. It noted only a small number were distributed and said most dogs would be unlikely to consume them.
While the company said all remaining Styrofoam nuggets had since been discarded, animal rights advocates were unsettled by the presence of a product that can be harmful to animals.
Cheyanne Cave, owner operator of Happy Tails Teeth Cleaning, said she was relieved that Jake, her miniature Pinscher and one of the first to receive a treat shortly before closing time, turned it down.
"My dog usually eats anything. He's never turned down any kind of treat," said Cave, who took four bags of the free samples before realizing what they contained.
Cave and others spread the news via social media, posting on sites such as the Victoria Dog Owners Facebook page.
The Styrofoam van cleef bracelet knock off replicas are usually used to give potential purchasers an idea of whether a nugget is the right size for their breed of replica van cleef diamond bracelet dog, Cave said.
"How many treats have been handed out already?" wondered Jesse Adams, founder of Raincoast Dog Rescue. "We don't want anyone's dog to get sick."
Adams, whose non profit did not hand out the treats at its table, said he was relieved to hear only eight people received them.
Van El, knock off van cleef bracelet who raised hundreds of dollars for the rescue society at the event, does not sell the dog treats in her store.
Some animal lovers got more than they bargained for at a weekend fundraiser that left a bad taste in the mouths of their pooches and a Cadboro Bay Village pet shop owner.
Erin Van El, owner operator of Paw Space Pet Boutique and Spa, said she was "dumbfounded" after learning late in the day that small sample bags of Northwest Naturals dog treats contained Styrofoam nuggets instead of freeze dried, chicken flavoured morsels. community event and fundraiser last Saturday for Raincoast Rescue Dog Society.
She said that, after speaking with a supplier's representative, she was told "you're supposed to add water" to the freeze dried treats, explaining their unusual appearance, until he took a closer look.
"He took them apart and said 'Omigawd, these are Styrofoam,' " she said, echoing concerns aired on social media by pet lovers, confirming the fake treats were bits of Styrofoam.
Avafina Pet Products acknowledged in a comment on the Paw Space Facebook page that "sadly, a very unfortunate event occurred" at the event that doubled as the store's grand opening.
It acknowledged that display Styrofoam nuggets created for demonstration purposes at trade shows had "accidentally been distributed" in place of samples of Northwest Naturals Freeze Dried Chicken.
"There is no chance of this happening again," the distributor's online apology stated. It noted only a small number were distributed and said most dogs would be unlikely to consume them.
While the company said all remaining Styrofoam nuggets had since been discarded, animal rights advocates were unsettled by the presence of a product that can be harmful to animals.
Cheyanne Cave, owner operator of Happy Tails Teeth Cleaning, said she was relieved that Jake, her miniature Pinscher and one of the first to receive a treat shortly before closing time, turned it down.
"My dog usually eats anything. He's never turned down any kind of treat," said Cave, who took four bags of the free samples before realizing what they contained.
Cave and others spread the news via social media, posting on sites such as the Victoria Dog Owners Facebook page.
The Styrofoam van cleef bracelet knock off replicas are usually used to give potential purchasers an idea of whether a nugget is the right size for their breed of replica van cleef diamond bracelet dog, Cave said.
"How many treats have been handed out already?" wondered Jesse Adams, founder of Raincoast Dog Rescue. "We don't want anyone's dog to get sick."
Adams, whose non profit did not hand out the treats at its table, said he was relieved to hear only eight people received them.
Van El, knock off van cleef bracelet who raised hundreds of dollars for the rescue society at the event, does not sell the dog treats in her store.
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'The fundamental problem is we live in a screwed up world'
SubscriptionsGo to the Subscriptions Centre to manage your:My ProfileDr. Carol Ann Saari will never forget one of her patients describing how she got herself to work every day: by dropping acid to escape the gut wrenching effects of sexual abuse flashbacks.The patient was a teenaged girl.And she's not the only addict desperate to escape painful memories or childhood trauma.Another patient saw a horrific suicide as a child and turned to drugs very young.Others endured scenes of repeated violence in their home, or worked on the front lines of healthcare or emergency services, where trauma is daily fare."They had some pretty horrific things happen to them," said Saari.Trauma a main predictorSaari's work with addicts on Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, and a research study she conducted over the past decade, have led her to believe that trauma needs more attention and funding to help prevent it from turning into PTSD and turning more people into drug addicts who then put themselves at van cleef and arpels bracelet fake risk of overdose.While addiction is driven by a complex mix of social and genetic van cleef bracelet replica factors that science continues to unravel, trauma is turning out to be one of the main predictors.Murals warning of the dangers of fentanyl cover alley walls on Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. (Pete Scobie/CBC)"We need to talk about what drives people to take drugs," said Dr. Bessel van der Kolk, who has studied trauma brain research for 45 years."People that feel good about themselves don't do things that endanger their bodies," said van der Kolk.The correlation between child abuse and addiction is almost direct, he said.Managing bodily sensations is keyTo help staunch the flow of addicts, we need to go back to its underpinnings and give children the tools to cope, and parents the support to prevent the violence and sexual abuse that can lead to addiction, van van cleef bracelet knock off der Kolk said.He believes the key is to teach children body regulation skills, so they are in effect inoculated from reaching for substances to assuage the pain of abuse."Traumatized people feel agitated, restless, tight in chest. You hate the way you feel. They take drugs in order to stabilize their bodies," said van der Kolk.
SubscriptionsGo to the Subscriptions Centre to manage your:My ProfileDr. Carol Ann Saari will never forget one of her patients describing how she got herself to work every day: by dropping acid to escape the gut wrenching effects of sexual abuse flashbacks.The patient was a teenaged girl.And she's not the only addict desperate to escape painful memories or childhood trauma.Another patient saw a horrific suicide as a child and turned to drugs very young.Others endured scenes of repeated violence in their home, or worked on the front lines of healthcare or emergency services, where trauma is daily fare."They had some pretty horrific things happen to them," said Saari.Trauma a main predictorSaari's work with addicts on Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, and a research study she conducted over the past decade, have led her to believe that trauma needs more attention and funding to help prevent it from turning into PTSD and turning more people into drug addicts who then put themselves at van cleef and arpels bracelet fake risk of overdose.While addiction is driven by a complex mix of social and genetic van cleef bracelet replica factors that science continues to unravel, trauma is turning out to be one of the main predictors.Murals warning of the dangers of fentanyl cover alley walls on Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. (Pete Scobie/CBC)"We need to talk about what drives people to take drugs," said Dr. Bessel van der Kolk, who has studied trauma brain research for 45 years."People that feel good about themselves don't do things that endanger their bodies," said van der Kolk.The correlation between child abuse and addiction is almost direct, he said.Managing bodily sensations is keyTo help staunch the flow of addicts, we need to go back to its underpinnings and give children the tools to cope, and parents the support to prevent the violence and sexual abuse that can lead to addiction, van van cleef bracelet knock off der Kolk said.He believes the key is to teach children body regulation skills, so they are in effect inoculated from reaching for substances to assuage the pain of abuse."Traumatized people feel agitated, restless, tight in chest. You hate the way you feel. They take drugs in order to stabilize their bodies," said van der Kolk.
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Wedgwood Elementary
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP Wedgwood Elementary School Principal Michael Landon replica hermes enamel bracelet announced the school's Principal's List and Honor Roll students for the first marking period.
Grade 5 Joseph Abrams, Vincent Baccare, Kyle Bonner, cheap fashion jewelry bracelet Michael Brady, Zoe Clark, Alex cheap mens gold bracelets Cottrell, Kyle faux hermes handbags Deich, Matthew DiGiacomo, Evangeline Drexel, Sophia Dunning, Benjamin Finelsen, Christopher Fisher, John Garozzo, Francesca Gatta, Gabriel Izzi, Hope Kaplan, Alexa Kelly, Madison Kodrich, Samantha Kodrich, Lucas Kolb, Kyle Lam, Tyler Lucia, Mia Pagliarini, Nicholas Pellegrino, Brian Piotrowski, Angelina Post, Michael Sawyer, Connor Short, Adrianna Strauss, Jenna Strosser, Christopher Taylor.
Grade 4 Hannan Alkozbari, Sophia Angelini, Tori Barbara, Cole Beschen, Connor Bogan, Angelina Brockway, William Butkus, Connor Caffrey, Owen Colligan, Tessa Conville, Zoey Copsetta, Lorenzo DeLeon, Lauren DeNinno, Nico Dubb, Jared Dzierzgowski, Samantha Evans, Logan Fanelli, Georgiana Fitzgerald, Kaitlyn Flinn, John Gardiner, Hashim Hart, Gavin Haruch, Isabelle Hilger, Sean Johnson, Justin Kraus, Aiden McCullough, Francesca Mesi, Andriy Miller Bublyk, Ashley Milsted, Michael Monkiewicz, Ava Muller, Madison Mumbower, Persephanie Nevius, Charles Olson, Jacob Rambo, Olivia Redman, Monte Richards, Carley Shaw, Maddison Stein, Cole Van de Zilver, Trey Van de Zilver, Samantha Vilord, John Welding, Jazmine Williams.
Grade 3 John Bollendorf, Owen Cafferty, Kathryn Capalbo, Marissa Carney, Chloe Denton, Landon Dingler, Alexis Dzierzgowski, Makenzi Egizi, Nicholas Guzak, Elijah Heaney, Zachary Kotel, Anthony Lam, Ryan McCrea, Sean McCrea, Alyssa Mulch, Kayla Richardson, Samantha Rizzo, James Sargent, Robert Schieri, Benjamin Schmidt, Aubrey Severa, Shawn Taylor, Cody Trewin, Benjamin Zemski.
Principal's List students include:Grade 4 Christina Baldosaro, Michael Bauer, Bryn Bautista, Ciana Bonatara, Seth Bosco, Elijah Broaddus, Autumn Buttocovla, Sophia Castillo, Cecilia Dabrowski, Jackson Dickler, John Ecker, Madeline Gallo, Nicholas Ghee, Landen Hart, Peyton Jetter, Luke Linden, Nicholas Majuri, Antonio Mazzitelli, Andrew Melloni, Matthew Morad, Ryan Nace, Marisa Nuzzo, Sophia Polizzi, Sawyer Quallen, McKenna Quinn, Madison Rhubart, Francesca Sabelli, Olivia Stazi, Matthew Stein, Sabrina Stemetzki, Carson Thomas, Daniel Torres, Adriana Venuto, Justin Vogel, Emily Westenberger, Natalie Zimmerman.
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP Wedgwood Elementary School Principal Michael Landon replica hermes enamel bracelet announced the school's Principal's List and Honor Roll students for the first marking period.
Grade 5 Joseph Abrams, Vincent Baccare, Kyle Bonner, cheap fashion jewelry bracelet Michael Brady, Zoe Clark, Alex cheap mens gold bracelets Cottrell, Kyle faux hermes handbags Deich, Matthew DiGiacomo, Evangeline Drexel, Sophia Dunning, Benjamin Finelsen, Christopher Fisher, John Garozzo, Francesca Gatta, Gabriel Izzi, Hope Kaplan, Alexa Kelly, Madison Kodrich, Samantha Kodrich, Lucas Kolb, Kyle Lam, Tyler Lucia, Mia Pagliarini, Nicholas Pellegrino, Brian Piotrowski, Angelina Post, Michael Sawyer, Connor Short, Adrianna Strauss, Jenna Strosser, Christopher Taylor.
Grade 4 Hannan Alkozbari, Sophia Angelini, Tori Barbara, Cole Beschen, Connor Bogan, Angelina Brockway, William Butkus, Connor Caffrey, Owen Colligan, Tessa Conville, Zoey Copsetta, Lorenzo DeLeon, Lauren DeNinno, Nico Dubb, Jared Dzierzgowski, Samantha Evans, Logan Fanelli, Georgiana Fitzgerald, Kaitlyn Flinn, John Gardiner, Hashim Hart, Gavin Haruch, Isabelle Hilger, Sean Johnson, Justin Kraus, Aiden McCullough, Francesca Mesi, Andriy Miller Bublyk, Ashley Milsted, Michael Monkiewicz, Ava Muller, Madison Mumbower, Persephanie Nevius, Charles Olson, Jacob Rambo, Olivia Redman, Monte Richards, Carley Shaw, Maddison Stein, Cole Van de Zilver, Trey Van de Zilver, Samantha Vilord, John Welding, Jazmine Williams.
Grade 3 John Bollendorf, Owen Cafferty, Kathryn Capalbo, Marissa Carney, Chloe Denton, Landon Dingler, Alexis Dzierzgowski, Makenzi Egizi, Nicholas Guzak, Elijah Heaney, Zachary Kotel, Anthony Lam, Ryan McCrea, Sean McCrea, Alyssa Mulch, Kayla Richardson, Samantha Rizzo, James Sargent, Robert Schieri, Benjamin Schmidt, Aubrey Severa, Shawn Taylor, Cody Trewin, Benjamin Zemski.
Principal's List students include:Grade 4 Christina Baldosaro, Michael Bauer, Bryn Bautista, Ciana Bonatara, Seth Bosco, Elijah Broaddus, Autumn Buttocovla, Sophia Castillo, Cecilia Dabrowski, Jackson Dickler, John Ecker, Madeline Gallo, Nicholas Ghee, Landen Hart, Peyton Jetter, Luke Linden, Nicholas Majuri, Antonio Mazzitelli, Andrew Melloni, Matthew Morad, Ryan Nace, Marisa Nuzzo, Sophia Polizzi, Sawyer Quallen, McKenna Quinn, Madison Rhubart, Francesca Sabelli, Olivia Stazi, Matthew Stein, Sabrina Stemetzki, Carson Thomas, Daniel Torres, Adriana Venuto, Justin Vogel, Emily Westenberger, Natalie Zimmerman.
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What's the appeal of a caliphate
In June the leader of Islamic State declared the creation of a caliphate stretching across parts of Syria and Iraq Abu Bakr al Baghdadi named himself the caliph or leader. Edward Stourton examines the historical parallels and asks what is a caliphate, and what is its appeal?
When Islamic State (IS) declared itself a caliphate in June this year, and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi claimed the title of caliph, it seemed confirmation of the group's reputation for megalomania and atavistic fantasy. Al Baghdadi insisted that pledging allegiance to this caliphate was a religious obligation on all Muslims an appeal which was immediately greeted by a chorus of condemnation across the Middle East.
But is it dangerous to underestimate the appeal of IS? Al Baghdadi's brutal regime does not, of course, remotely conform to the classical Muslim understanding of what a caliphate should be, but it does evoke an aspiration with a powerful and increasingly urgent resonance in the wider Muslim world.
The last caliphate that of the Ottomans was officially abolished 90 years ago this spring. Yet in a 2006 Gallup survey of Muslims living in Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia and Pakistan, two thirds of respondents said they supported the goal of "unifying all Islamic countries" into a new caliphate.
Why do so many Muslims subscribe to this apparently unrealisable dream? The answer lies in the caliphate's history.
The Arabic khalifa means a representative or successor, and in the Koran it is linked to the idea of just government Adam, and then David and Solomon, are each said to be God's khalifa on earth. And when the Prophet Mohammed died in 632 the title was bestowed on his successor as the leader of the Muslim community, the first of the Rashidun, the four so called "Rightly Guided Caliphs" who ruled for the first three decades of the new Islamic era. He argues that their era established an ideal of a caliph as "the choice of the people appointed in order to be responsible to them, apply Islamic law and ensure it's executed". He adds that the true caliph "is not above the law".
Find out more
Listen to The Idea of the Caliphate, broadcast on Analysis on BBC Radio 4 or download the podcast
Shia Muslims challenge this version of history they believe that the first two caliphs effectively staged a coup to frustrate the leadership claims of the Prophet's cousin Ali and this dispute about the early caliphate is the source of Islam's most enduring schism. But to today's Sunni Muslims, many of them living under autocratic regimes, the ideal of a caliphate built on the principle of government by consent is likely to have a powerful appeal.
Another significant source of the caliphate's appeal today is the memory it stirs of Muslim greatness. The era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs was followed by the imperial caliphates of the Umayyads and Abbasids.
"Seventy years after the Prophet's death, this Muslim world stretched from Spain and Morocco right the way to Central Asia and to the southern bits of Pakistan, so a huge empire that was all under the control discount hermes handbags of a single Muslim leader," says historian Prof Hugh Kennedy. "And it's this Muslim unity, the extent of Muslim sovereignty, that people above all look back to."
This Islamic Golden Age was also marked by great intellectual and cultural creativity the Abbasid court in Baghdad valued literature and music, and fostered world changing advances in medicine, science and mathematics.
Yet these dynasties extended their rule so far, and so fast, that it became increasingly difficult for any one lineage to control all Muslim lands. As power fragmented, it was not just a political dilemma for any particular dynasty, but also a theological challenge to the very idea of the caliphate. The power of unity was closely linked to the idea of a caliph yet it only took just over a century of the Muslim faith for the world to see parallel and even competing caliphates emerge.
The Sunni theologian Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed argues: "While you do have two caliphs on earth proclaiming that they're the representatives of the Muslim community at this point, and more deeply that they are the shadow of God on earth, Muslims at that point were very pragmatic, and they acknowledged the fact that there could be more than one caliph representing the benefits and the concerns of the Muslim community and that was also understood and accepted by Muslim theologians."
The Abbasid caliphate lasted for half a millennium before coming to a brutal end in 1258. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the last of the city's caliphs was rolled in a carpet and trampled to death under the hooves of Mongol horses this was, bizarrely, a mark of respect, as the Mongols believed that people of rank should be killed without their blood being shed.
The institution of the caliphate, however, survived. Members of the Abbasid family were installed as titular caliphs in Cairo by the Mamluks, the main Sunni Islamic power of the day. They were more ornaments to the Mamluk court than anything else, but merely by existing they preserved the ideal of a single leader behind whom all Muslims could unite. So the title was still there for the taking when a new Islamic empire arose. Early in the 16th Century it passed in slightly murky circumstances to the Ottoman sultans, who ruled a new Islamic world power for a further 400 years.
The caliphate was finally extinguished by Kemal Ataturk, the father of modern Turkey, in 1924. He believed the abolition of the institution was essential to his campaign to turn what was left of the empire into a 20th Century secular nation state. The last Ottoman caliph was expelled from Istanbul to live out a life of cultured exile in Paris and on the Cote d'Azur.
But the institution he represented had by then existed for nearly 1300 years, and the impact of its abolition on Muslim intellectual life was profound. In the same way, he says, Muslim thinkers in the hermes bags replicas 1920s suddenly found they had to ask fundamental questions they had never confronted before: "Do Muslims need to live in an Islamic State? What should that state be like?"
By the mid 20th Century leaders like Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser had come up with an answer to those questions the ideology known as pan Arabism offered a kind of secular caliphate, and during the 1950s Nasser even established something called the United Arab Republic, which joined Egypt and Syria.
But everything changed in the Middle East with the foundation of the State of Israel, and Pankhurst argues that Pan Arabism was wrecked on the rock of Israeli military might. "Pan Arabism drew its legitimacy from the fact that it was going to return the Arabs to their position of glory and liberate Palestine," he says. "When we had the abject defeat of 1967 (the Six Day War) it exposed a hollowness to the ideology."
Pankhurst belongs to Hizb ut Tahrir, an organisation founded in the 1950s to campaign for the restoration of the caliphate, and he argues that the revival of the idea has been driven by a general disenchantment with the political systems under which most Muslims have been living. "When people talk about a caliphate they are talking about a leader who's accountable, about justice and accountability according to Islamic law," he says. "That stands in stark contrast to the motley crew of dictators, kings, and oppressive state security type regimes you have, which have no popular legitimacy at all."
The regimes that dominated the Middle East during the late 20th Century did not like Hizb ut Tahrir unsurprisingly, in view of its ideology. Pankhurst spent nearly four years in an Egyptian jail.
In the early days of the Arab Spring, the revolutions in countries like Tunisia, Egypt and Libya were interpreted in Western capitals as evidence that the Muslim future lay with democracy. Then in Egypt came the overthrow of the democratically elected Muslim Brotherhood government by the army under General Abdel Fatah al Sisi and then came the horrors of Islamic State amid the bloody chaos of civil strife in Syria and Iraq.
"Many people will say that IS begins with al Sisi's coup," says Salman Sayyid of Leeds University. "We right now have a growing gap of legitimacy in most governments that rule the Muslim peoples and that gap isn't closing One way of thinking about the caliphate is really a quest for Muslims to have autonomy. The idea that you should have capacity to write your own history becomes very strong and for Muslims I think the caliphate is the instrument for trying to write their own history."
Many classical Sunni scholars challenge the very notion that the caliphate is a political project. Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed, for example, argues that the key to the caliphate is really spiritual. "I think the Islamic State should come from within," he says. "It should be an Islamic State first and foremost of mind and soul." And the overwhelming majority, even of those who do believe that a new caliphate is a realistic political objective, completely reject the violence espoused by the self styled Islamic State.
But IS has skilfully exploited the elements in the caliphate's history which best serve its purposes. The historian Hugh Kennedy has cheap fashion jewelry bracelet pointed out, for example, that their black uniforms and flags deliberately echo the black robes the Abbasids adopted as their court dress in the 8th Century, thus recalling Islam's Golden Age. And their original title the Islamic counterfeit hermes bags State of Iraq and the Levant harks back to the days when there was no national border between the two countries, because both territories were part of the great Islamic caliphate.
The success of IS does, in a grim way, reflect what a powerful and urgent aspiration the Caliphate has become. The IS project is certainly megalomaniac and atavistic, but it is building on an idea that is much more than a fantasy.
In June the leader of Islamic State declared the creation of a caliphate stretching across parts of Syria and Iraq Abu Bakr al Baghdadi named himself the caliph or leader. Edward Stourton examines the historical parallels and asks what is a caliphate, and what is its appeal?
When Islamic State (IS) declared itself a caliphate in June this year, and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi claimed the title of caliph, it seemed confirmation of the group's reputation for megalomania and atavistic fantasy. Al Baghdadi insisted that pledging allegiance to this caliphate was a religious obligation on all Muslims an appeal which was immediately greeted by a chorus of condemnation across the Middle East.
But is it dangerous to underestimate the appeal of IS? Al Baghdadi's brutal regime does not, of course, remotely conform to the classical Muslim understanding of what a caliphate should be, but it does evoke an aspiration with a powerful and increasingly urgent resonance in the wider Muslim world.
The last caliphate that of the Ottomans was officially abolished 90 years ago this spring. Yet in a 2006 Gallup survey of Muslims living in Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia and Pakistan, two thirds of respondents said they supported the goal of "unifying all Islamic countries" into a new caliphate.
Why do so many Muslims subscribe to this apparently unrealisable dream? The answer lies in the caliphate's history.
The Arabic khalifa means a representative or successor, and in the Koran it is linked to the idea of just government Adam, and then David and Solomon, are each said to be God's khalifa on earth. And when the Prophet Mohammed died in 632 the title was bestowed on his successor as the leader of the Muslim community, the first of the Rashidun, the four so called "Rightly Guided Caliphs" who ruled for the first three decades of the new Islamic era. He argues that their era established an ideal of a caliph as "the choice of the people appointed in order to be responsible to them, apply Islamic law and ensure it's executed". He adds that the true caliph "is not above the law".
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Shia Muslims challenge this version of history they believe that the first two caliphs effectively staged a coup to frustrate the leadership claims of the Prophet's cousin Ali and this dispute about the early caliphate is the source of Islam's most enduring schism. But to today's Sunni Muslims, many of them living under autocratic regimes, the ideal of a caliphate built on the principle of government by consent is likely to have a powerful appeal.
Another significant source of the caliphate's appeal today is the memory it stirs of Muslim greatness. The era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs was followed by the imperial caliphates of the Umayyads and Abbasids.
"Seventy years after the Prophet's death, this Muslim world stretched from Spain and Morocco right the way to Central Asia and to the southern bits of Pakistan, so a huge empire that was all under the control discount hermes handbags of a single Muslim leader," says historian Prof Hugh Kennedy. "And it's this Muslim unity, the extent of Muslim sovereignty, that people above all look back to."
This Islamic Golden Age was also marked by great intellectual and cultural creativity the Abbasid court in Baghdad valued literature and music, and fostered world changing advances in medicine, science and mathematics.
Yet these dynasties extended their rule so far, and so fast, that it became increasingly difficult for any one lineage to control all Muslim lands. As power fragmented, it was not just a political dilemma for any particular dynasty, but also a theological challenge to the very idea of the caliphate. The power of unity was closely linked to the idea of a caliph yet it only took just over a century of the Muslim faith for the world to see parallel and even competing caliphates emerge.
The Sunni theologian Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed argues: "While you do have two caliphs on earth proclaiming that they're the representatives of the Muslim community at this point, and more deeply that they are the shadow of God on earth, Muslims at that point were very pragmatic, and they acknowledged the fact that there could be more than one caliph representing the benefits and the concerns of the Muslim community and that was also understood and accepted by Muslim theologians."
The Abbasid caliphate lasted for half a millennium before coming to a brutal end in 1258. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the last of the city's caliphs was rolled in a carpet and trampled to death under the hooves of Mongol horses this was, bizarrely, a mark of respect, as the Mongols believed that people of rank should be killed without their blood being shed.
The institution of the caliphate, however, survived. Members of the Abbasid family were installed as titular caliphs in Cairo by the Mamluks, the main Sunni Islamic power of the day. They were more ornaments to the Mamluk court than anything else, but merely by existing they preserved the ideal of a single leader behind whom all Muslims could unite. So the title was still there for the taking when a new Islamic empire arose. Early in the 16th Century it passed in slightly murky circumstances to the Ottoman sultans, who ruled a new Islamic world power for a further 400 years.
The caliphate was finally extinguished by Kemal Ataturk, the father of modern Turkey, in 1924. He believed the abolition of the institution was essential to his campaign to turn what was left of the empire into a 20th Century secular nation state. The last Ottoman caliph was expelled from Istanbul to live out a life of cultured exile in Paris and on the Cote d'Azur.
But the institution he represented had by then existed for nearly 1300 years, and the impact of its abolition on Muslim intellectual life was profound. In the same way, he says, Muslim thinkers in the hermes bags replicas 1920s suddenly found they had to ask fundamental questions they had never confronted before: "Do Muslims need to live in an Islamic State? What should that state be like?"
By the mid 20th Century leaders like Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser had come up with an answer to those questions the ideology known as pan Arabism offered a kind of secular caliphate, and during the 1950s Nasser even established something called the United Arab Republic, which joined Egypt and Syria.
But everything changed in the Middle East with the foundation of the State of Israel, and Pankhurst argues that Pan Arabism was wrecked on the rock of Israeli military might. "Pan Arabism drew its legitimacy from the fact that it was going to return the Arabs to their position of glory and liberate Palestine," he says. "When we had the abject defeat of 1967 (the Six Day War) it exposed a hollowness to the ideology."
Pankhurst belongs to Hizb ut Tahrir, an organisation founded in the 1950s to campaign for the restoration of the caliphate, and he argues that the revival of the idea has been driven by a general disenchantment with the political systems under which most Muslims have been living. "When people talk about a caliphate they are talking about a leader who's accountable, about justice and accountability according to Islamic law," he says. "That stands in stark contrast to the motley crew of dictators, kings, and oppressive state security type regimes you have, which have no popular legitimacy at all."
The regimes that dominated the Middle East during the late 20th Century did not like Hizb ut Tahrir unsurprisingly, in view of its ideology. Pankhurst spent nearly four years in an Egyptian jail.
In the early days of the Arab Spring, the revolutions in countries like Tunisia, Egypt and Libya were interpreted in Western capitals as evidence that the Muslim future lay with democracy. Then in Egypt came the overthrow of the democratically elected Muslim Brotherhood government by the army under General Abdel Fatah al Sisi and then came the horrors of Islamic State amid the bloody chaos of civil strife in Syria and Iraq.
"Many people will say that IS begins with al Sisi's coup," says Salman Sayyid of Leeds University. "We right now have a growing gap of legitimacy in most governments that rule the Muslim peoples and that gap isn't closing One way of thinking about the caliphate is really a quest for Muslims to have autonomy. The idea that you should have capacity to write your own history becomes very strong and for Muslims I think the caliphate is the instrument for trying to write their own history."
Many classical Sunni scholars challenge the very notion that the caliphate is a political project. Sheikh Ruzwan Mohammed, for example, argues that the key to the caliphate is really spiritual. "I think the Islamic State should come from within," he says. "It should be an Islamic State first and foremost of mind and soul." And the overwhelming majority, even of those who do believe that a new caliphate is a realistic political objective, completely reject the violence espoused by the self styled Islamic State.
But IS has skilfully exploited the elements in the caliphate's history which best serve its purposes. The historian Hugh Kennedy has cheap fashion jewelry bracelet pointed out, for example, that their black uniforms and flags deliberately echo the black robes the Abbasids adopted as their court dress in the 8th Century, thus recalling Islam's Golden Age. And their original title the Islamic counterfeit hermes bags State of Iraq and the Levant harks back to the days when there was no national border between the two countries, because both territories were part of the great Islamic caliphate.
The success of IS does, in a grim way, reflect what a powerful and urgent aspiration the Caliphate has become. The IS project is certainly megalomaniac and atavistic, but it is building on an idea that is much more than a fantasy.
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