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WengerOut van for Man City game

Arsenal fans continue to put pressure on Arsene Wenger as they fund van to drive message calling for his sacking before Manchester City game

Arsenal fans arrange van to drive at Emirates Stadium before Sunday's gameThe Gunners face Manchester City in a crucial make or break top four clashA group of fans are determined to force Wenger out of the club after 21 yearsArsenal have lost five of the last six Premier League games and dropped to sixthMessage on van is an Ivan Gazidis quote insisting Wenger is answerable to fansBy

Arsenal fans protesting against Arsene Wenger handed leaflets to fellow supporters ahead of Sunday's clash with Manchester City, with a large van carrying anti Wenger quotes also parking up outside the Emirates Stadium.

Wenger has increasingly split the Gunners fan base in fake hermes bags for sale recent weeks, with six defeats in nine games having left the north London club out of the Champions League and sixth in the Premier League ahead of City's visit.

The Frenchman's contract expires in the summer and he is yet to announce whether he will sign a new deal or leave the club he has managed for over 20 years.

A minority of fans are continuing to protest Wenger's continued reign at the north London club

Seven point plan being distributed. Still fairly quiet down here at the moment.

Almost 4,000 has been raised through a crowdfunding campaign, with some of the funds used to decorate a van with quotes from Wenger and Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis.

The Gazidis quote plastered to the side of the van read: 'Arsene is accountable to the fans they ultimately make judgement. If you are seeing the relationship between the fans and the manager break down over time, that is unsustainable.'

Two fans involved in the march hold a banner calling for 'Wexit' at their club this summer

A link to an online petition was included in the seven points, along with calls to donate to the crowdfunding, and encouragement to send tweets to the official Arsenal account as well as that of their main sponsors.

Earlier in the week, a prominent Arsenal supporters' club called for Wenger to leave as the majority of their members believe he is no longer the right man for the job.

The 1,000 members of the Arsenal Supporters' Trust (AST) were sent a survey which included the question: 'Do you support Arsene Wenger signing a new contract and remaining as Arsenal manager?' Only 15 per cent said 'yes', with 78 per cent of respondents saying 'no'.

Borussia Dortmund's Marco Reus is a longstanding forward target of Arsenal's

The handling of Wenger's contract situation drew even more negative replies, with 86 per cent responding 'no' when asked: 'Do you think the way that the Arsenal board have dealt with Arsene Wenger's contract is in the best interests of Arsenal Football Club?'

Sportsmail understands that as many as nine players could leave in the summer including Mesut Ozil, Alexis Sanchez and Alex Oxlade Chamberlain while several big name replica hermes enamel bracelet signings are sought.

Borussia Dortmund's Marco Reus is seeing as a potential replacement to Sanchez while Monaco's teenage sensation Kylian Mbappe is also on the radar.

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Was Hitler's favourite film

There is a scene in Race Stephen Hopkins's film about black athlete Jesse Owens and his four gold medal victories at Hitler's 1936 Berlin Olympics in which German filmmaker Leni cheap enamel on gold jewelry Riefenstahl and Joseph Goebbels have a furious confrontation.

Discovering that the Nazi propaganda minister has interfered with her documentary about the Games and told her cinematographer not to film the 200 metres, which he fears Owens will win, Riefenstahl storms into the stadium and pulls the covers off her cameras.

The director mounted her cameras in innovative positions, using balloons and rafts as well as trenches to capture the very best shots. Her camera moves were highly inventive, her editing added drama and tension not normally associated with documentaries of the time, and Riefenstahl's use of sound and music was groundbreaking.

Time magazine included Olympia in a list of the 100 greatest films of all time, praising its "narrative ingenuity" and claiming that its innovations directly influenced all future televised sports coverage.

Critic and biographer David Thomson, meanwhile, has described Riefenstahl as "arguably the most talented woman ever to make a film".

But while her talents as a filmmaker may be clear to many, her intentions and her character are far more opaque. Though she claimed the International Olympic Committee (IOC) commissioned Olympia, the film was made by a company funded by the German government (a fact conceded in Race). "The founding of the company is necessary because the Reich does not wish to be seen openly as the maker of the film," reads a 1936 letter from the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda.

And while Race suggests Riefenstahl filmed some of Owens's gold medal wins and a smattering of other German defeats, such as the thrashing by India in the hockey final in defiance of Goebbels, the truth is Goebbels intended that the Olympics cheap hermes handbags present a positive and non discriminatory Nazi regime. There was even a cessation of anti Semitic propaganda in the run up to the Games.

"The whole aim of the Propaganda Ministry was to avoid anything that might cast a cloud over the image of the 'new Germany'," says German film expert Rainer Rother. Triumph of the Will, a film about the 1934 Nazi rally in Nuremberg, which portrayed Hitler as a Wagnerian demigod, proudly trumpeted the ruthless exclusion of Jews, gypsies, Leftists and homosexuals, but "the Olympic Games, along with the cinematic Olympia, concealed the policy of exclusion," he says.

When Olympia was broadcast in 1938 it aligned cheap white enamel bracelet with Goebbels's propagandist strategies and many overseas viewed it with that in mind. Riefenstahl's promotional tour of America in the same year started well, despite protests from the Anti Nazi League, but it stalled with news of the Kristallnacht pogroms and her subsequent assertion that she could not believe these reports to be true.

She also faced criticism for Olympia's obsession with the glistening, near perfect human form, which was seen as harmonious with Hitler's adoption of Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the Ubermensch.

This might be a stretch Riefenstahl had flourished as a dancer before injury curtailed her career and undoubtedly appreciated athletic beauty; her choice of buff lovers attests to the fact.

It is, however, harder to overlook suggestions that someone of her intelligence, and with such close ties to prominent Nazis (she was a regular guest at Goebbels's home and enjoyed picnics with the Fuhrer) would have been entirely ignorant of their doctrine.

"I can't figure her out," Van Houten tells me. "The more I watch or read, the more ambiguous she gets, because she was a Nazi, of course."

In truth, Riefenstahl was never prosecuted as such. Once the Nazi regime fell, both the French and the Americans detained her, though she was released in 1948. She lived until she was 101 and proved fiercely litigious, winning more than 50 libel suits against those who claimed that she was aware of Nazi policy. "My life became a tissue of rumours and accusations," she wrote in her memoirs. "They were all revealed to be false."

It was also true that she had many confrontations with Goebbels, and the propaganda chief bemoaned her "wild" demeanour and found their dealings exasperating.

Race director Stephen Hopkins describes Riefenstahl as a "bohemian, caf society artist with lots of Jewish friends". While discussing her role in his film, he says, "I wanted a view from that side, from someone who wasn't necessarily a political animal and who was seeing things in a different way. For us, she is an incredibly useful character and an incredibly ambiguous character."

For many, the ambiguity replica hermes bracelets has long since diminished. She was Hitler's favourite filmmaker for a reason. Her positive portrayal in Race only adds to the contention.

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review of blue eyed marys in west vancouver

In restaurant time, 12 years is like a dog's life a lot of restaurants have keeled over, dead, by that age.

That's how many years ago I first visited Blue Eyed Marys. A lot has changed in that time. When I went, it was on Bowen Island, sharing a funky space in a cute little house. By day, was Breakfast Cafe and by evening, it morphed into candlelit Blue Eyed Marys. Then they moved down the road into their own place.

Recently, husband and wife owners, Carol Wallace (the chef, once a sous chef at Bishop's restaurant) and Stephen Biddiscombe (front of house), moved the restaurant to West Vancouver with a ready made customer base because many of their Bowen Island patrons were from West Vancouver.

It's an older demographic for sure, in sharp contrast to the noisy, energetic dining crowds in restaurants du jour in Gastown, Downtown Eastside and Main Street.

Blue Eyed Marys dining room is cheerful and charming with robin's egg blue walls; a print of the namesake Blue Eyed Mary hangs on the wall it's a flower, not a person. Biddiscombe says some of the antique build ins came from a mansion under renovations in Shaughnessy, once home to the famous Woodward's family.

The restaurant is open for lunch and dinner and the menu offers West Coast bistro style food. Offerings are concise (three appies, five mains) but a couple of items are changed every week. Mains cost $18 to $28 when I visited.

While the restaurant is a great addition to a static West Van inventory of restaurants, the food some improvements. Some dishes sing. Some could use a plating make over. Some could imitation van cleef arpels clover necklace be cooked with more care.

The plum tomato tarte tatin with grilled asparagus and basil oil had a problem I would have eagerly chomped away except the puff pastry was undercooked and doughy and unpuffed. A smoked salmon and leek soup with red onion and caper crme fraiche was a winner with everything in very good balance. Salad with rhubarb orange vinaigrette and chili cashew praline featured fresh, crisp lettuce.

Plating can be sometimes heavy handed my halibut cheeks were delicious but some elements were piled on without form or function; the asparagus tarragon ravioli buried at the bottom was a happy discovery; a licorice root strawberry reduction and a green sauce messily circled the plate. Grilled bison flatiron steak with garlic potato croutons came with a refreshing butter lettuce salad but part of the otherwise tasty steak was extremely chewy.

Pan fried trout with quinoa was a generous dish of two large fillets atop a large mound of quinoa with almonds, cherries. Very good.

My favourite was grain crusted marmalade and mustard glazed chicken thighs over cole slaw a delicious flavourfest bordering on candied chicken.

Desserts are interesting. An espresso cake with mocha anglais caused an OMG moment. I was fake Van Cleef & Arpels Clover necklace black certain we wouldn't and shouldn't finish the multi layered lusciousness. But, OMG, we did. Pavlova with berries and buttermilk ice cream was a perfect taste of summer.

The wine list offers mid range wines chosen for the homey, affordable food.

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Spin pumping in magnetic trilayer structures with an MgO barrier

Views: 1,717Citations: 1More detailArticle Open

AbstractWe present a study of the interaction mechanisms in magnetic trilayer structures with an MgO barrier grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The interlayer exchange coupling, Aex, is determined using SQUID magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), displaying an unexpected oscillatory behaviour as the thickness, tMgO, is increased from 1 to 4nm. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the continuity and quality of the tunnelling barrier, eliminating the prospect of exchange arising from direct contact between the two ferromagnetic layers. The Gilbert damping is found to be almost independent of the MgO thickness, suggesting the suppression of spin pumping. The element specific technique of x ray detected FMR reveals a small dynamic exchange interaction, acting in concert with the static interaction to induce coupled precession across the multilayer stack. These results highlight the potential of spin pumping and spin transfer torque for device applications in magnetic tunnel junctions relying on commonly used MgO barriers.

IntroductionMuch attention is currently devoted to the study of spin transfer torque (STT)1,2,3,4, through which it is possible to realize spontaneous magnetization precession and switching. Spin pumping from a ferromagnet (FM) into a non fake Van Cleef & Arpels Clover necklace black magnetic (NM) material is one of the most promising candidates for these applications5. Spin pumping has been under intense scrutiny since it was first proposed in 20026, studying the generation of pure spin currents by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Of particular importance is the transmission of spins across NM barriers, such as the conductors Ag (ref. 7), Au (ref. 8), and Cu (ref. 9), or insulators like MgO (ref. 10) and SrTiO3 (ref. 11). The efficacy of spin pumping is governed by the spin diffusion length of the NM layer, and the spin mixing conductance of the FM/NM interface12. Spin pumping is heavily suppressed in insulators, leading to very short spin coherence lengths, often under a nm11. However, coupling of the spin and charge degrees of freedom, and associated charge pumping in tunnelling heterostructures with an insulating barrier, can complicate interpretation of the results5,13,14. It is useful to investigate spin pumping through insulating layers using probes that are insensitive to charge based effects.

Here, we present a study of spin pumping and static exchange coupling in MgO based magnetic heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). These magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are well established high tunnelling magnetoresistance ratio elements15,16. The strength and character of the interactions is determined in Co50Fe50/MgO/Ni magnetic heterostructures using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and vector network analyser (VNA) FMR. The structures are of high crystalline quality, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Static interlayer exchange is observed through shifts in the resonant field. X ray detected FMR (XFMR) measurements confirm the presence of static exchange coupling, but demonstrate that for the thinnest MgO barrier there is also a component of spin pumping. These results show the importance of spin transfer in technologically relevant MTJs, demonstrating that torques can be achieved for suitably thin barriers.

Ferromagnetic ResonanceIn the classical limit the spin dynamics of a ferromagnet are governed by the damped Landau Lifshitz Gilbert (LLG) equation of motion, describing the precession of the magnetisation about an effective field arising from internal and external fields:

with the gyromagnetic ratio, m is the unit magnetisation vector of the material, the dimensionless Gilbert damping parameter, and Heff the effective magnetic field. Through Heff the various energy terms, such as the exchange energy, the demagnetisation energy, the in plane cubic and uniaxial anisotropies, the static exchange, and the Zeeman energy enter the equation.

The static interlayer exchange coupling is a general term for any interaction that acts to (anti )align the magnetisations of the two layers in a magnetic trilayer structure such as a spin valve or an MTJ. Examples of such interactions include Ruderman Kittel Kasuya Yosida (RKKY), superexchange, Nel or orange peel coupling, and direct exchange through a discontinuous spacer layer. The presence of a static interaction modifies the LLG equation with an additional term17:

where is the interlayer exchange, and i, j index magnetic layers. The interlayer exchange is defined as18,19:

with Aex the interlayer exchange constant, t the thickness of the magnetic layer, M the equilibrium orientation of the magnetization, and i, j indices label the magnetic layers. The sign of Aex indicates whether the interaction favours parallel (positive) or antiparallel (negative) alignment.

In FMR experiments, additional interaction mechanisms must be considered. As the magnetisation of a ferromagnetic layer precesses on resonance it acts as a spin battery, generating a pure spin current transverse to the axis about which it precesses. When the FM layer is thicker than the ferromagnetic coherence length, a pure spin current can be driven into an adjacent NM layer. A spin current can persist across the spacer layer, and in a trilayer structure either return to the first FM/NM interface, or else flow through to a second NM/FM interface. If it is not reflected here, it crosses the interface and is absorbed by the FM, inducing precession through the STT4.

The increased flow of spin momentum out of the FM layer acts as an additional channel for energy loss, leading to an increase in damping. This damping is linear with resonant frequency, and can thus be described in the same terms as Gilbert damping. The absorbed spin current leads to a comparable anti damping term in the off resonance layer.

With the addition of these two coupling mechanisms, the LLG for a trilayer system becomes:

where superscripts denote magnetic layers, and is the effective field acting on layer i. The intrinsic Gilbert damping is , while are spin source (m=n) and spin sink (mn) terms. The XFMR results can be modelled using this a linearised solution of this equation.

The presence of these coupling mechanisms alters the magnetodynamics of the on and off resonance layer. The static coupling shifts the resonant field of both layers, as it functions as an additional field term in the Kittel equation. Spin pumping, on the other hand, broadens the resonances by providing an additional energy loss mechanism. However, the most important change is the precession induced in the off resonance layer, wherein the exchange interactions transfer energy between the two layers. This leads to changes in both the phase and amplitude of precession, with the phase being the more sensitive probe.

ResultsStructural properties of the magnetic trilayer structuresThe structural properties of the grown magnetic heterostructures were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Figure 1b d shows cross sectional TEM images of the magnetic heterostructures. These images demonstrate epitaxial growth of the films, and confirm that the MgO barrier is continuous (down to the thinnest barrier thickness of 1nm, see Supplementary Fig. S1 for details).

Figure 1: Heterostructure growth and structural properties.(a) RHEED images of the MgO substrate (at 700C), CoFe layer, 3 nm thick MgO barrier (after annealing at 300C), and Ag capped Ni layer (from left to right). (b d) Cross sectional TEM view of the magnetic heterostructure with a 2 nm thick MgO barrier. (b) Low magnification high angle annular dark field image of the magnetic heterostructure showing uniform thickness of the ferromagnetic layers and the MgO tunnel barrier. (c) High resolution bright field scanning TEM showing the atomic structure of the substrate, ferromagnetic layers, and barrier viewed along [010]. (d) Interface region of ferromagnetic layer(s)/MgO barrier showing the atomically abrupt interfaces and the well structured MgO barrier textured along the [010] direction.

Figure 2 shows hysteresis loops measured by SQUID VSM for all four magnetic heterostructures, displaying a reduction in static interlayer coupling as a function of increasing tMgO. For the thinnest MgO barrier (tMgO=1nm, Fig. 2a) the two layers are strongly bound, and there is a single switching step, with a coercive field of 2mT. As the thickness of the barrier increases, the layers decouple and behave independently. For tMgO=2 and 3nm (Fig. 2bc), the coupling between the two layers appears to cause winding, leading to a smeared out transition as opposed to sharp steps. Nevertheless, two distinct steps in the hysteresis loop can be identified. Strong coupling for the thinnest barrier aligns the magnetizations of the two layers at all fields, but as barrier thickness increases they start to move independently, leading to two distinct steps in (d).

As the TEM measurements show that the MgO barrier appears to be continuous, the observed coupling cannot be due to direct, large area contact between the two ferromagnetic layers, but it is more likely to be resulting from tunnelling across the barrier. However, there is some evidence of surface roughness of the MgO, which could lead to a Nel orange peel coupling.

Lab based FMR measurementsVNA FMR measurements were performed to determine values for the interlayer exchange coupling and magnetocrystalline anisotropy parameters for all samples. Figure 1a shows a representative field frequency map for the sample with tMgO=1 nm. Fits to resonance fields were performed as a function of RF frequency and magnetization alignment using the Kittel equation20, including the interlayer exchange field17,18, using Eq. (3).

The extracted interlayer coupling is shown in Fig. 3b, while values for all the copy van cleef jewelry fitting parameters are given in Table 1. 21). 18. Note that in spin dependent tunnelling such an oscillatory thickness dependence has been observed for MgO barriers in Fe/MgO/Fe tunnelling structures22. (b) Interlayer exchange coupling, Aex, as a function of MgO barrier thickness extracted from frequency dependence of the resonance field, using the Kittel equation. (c) Gilbert damping extracted from linewidth of resonance using Eq. (5). Results for both FM layers are plotted as a function of MgO barrier thickness in Fig. 3c. Within the error bars, there is no change in the Gilbert damping of the Ni layer, which supports the assertion that an insulating layer such as MgO does not permit a spin current to flow. The data for the CoFe layer is more complicated, showing at first a slight increase, then a drop in damping. Microscopy and magnetic characterization gave no evidence of a change in the structural or magnetic properties of the CoFe layer to account for this finding.

While a drop in damping with increasing interlayer thickness is usually indicative of spin pumping, the trend here does not match the exponential decay observed in previous studies7,11,24. Measurements on comparable bare CoFe layers yielded a Gilbert damping of 3103. This suggests that at least some of the spins pumped by the van cleef clover jewelry replica precessing magnetization of the CoFe are absorbed. The lower damping in the case of the thinnest MgO layer could be in part due to the strong static exchange coupling observed.

Synchrotron based FMR measurementsXFMR measurements were performed to study off resonance precession induced by static exchange coupling and the STT exerted by pumped spins. Figure 4 shows the amplitude and phase of precession at 4GHz for each layer in the sample with tMgO=1nm, with the magnetic field applied along the easy axis of the CoFe. The resonance in the Ni layer is easily identified, with a peak in amplitude at 28mT. Off resonance precession is induced in the CoFe layer; the resulting dynamic XMCD signal is approximately ten times smaller than that of the Ni. There is also a small phase feature in the Co, which is predominantly unipolar in character. Taken together with the bipolar shape of the Co amplitude variation, this indicates that the static interaction is primarily responsible for induced precession in the CoFe.

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